71

T. Komine and M. Nakagawa: Integrated System of White LED Visible-Light Communication and Power-Line Communication

Integrated System of White LED Visible-Light Communication

and Power-Line Communication
Toshihiko Komine, Student Member, IEEE and Masao Nakagawa, Member, IEEE
Abstract - White LED offers advantageous properties
such as high brightness, reliability, lower power consumption
and long lifetime. Indoor optical wireless communication
systems employing white LED lighting have been proposed.
This system will enable high quality of sewice by the high
radiation power from this lighting equipment. And, this system
does not cause or suffer from radio or electromagnetic
inteflerence. But, it is difficult for existing o f f e s and house
holds to install the communication cable to the ceiling. In this
paper, an easy wiring system for optical communication using
existing power-line is proposed. This system is emitted as
visible-light from LED lighting according to the transmitted
signal waveform without demodulating the signal from the
power-line. This system is expected to be applicable from the
existing illuminant easily like exchanging electric bulbs. This
integrated system will surely have a big impact as a new
signal transmission system and its economical effect will be
great. The basic performance of this system is analyzed. The
actual system is built and its feasibility is shown through
experiments.
Index Terms -Visible-light communication, optical
wireless communication, indoor, white LED light, power-line.

Light sources are able to have enough power

for a high datarate optical transmission.
Shadowing is also avoided
by using distributed lighting sources.

Fig. 1. White LED visible-light communication system.

LED lighting is comprised.of some LEDs.

I\

Newly communication cable placing is required.

LED lights

Qi

I.

INTRODUCTION

ED is more advantageous than the existing incandescent in

terms of long life expectancy, high tolerance to humidity,
low power consumption, and minimal heat generation lighting.
LED is used in full color displays, traffic signals, and many
other means of illumination. Now, InGaN based highly
efficient blue and green LED has become commercially
available. By mixing three primary colors (red, green and blue),
we can produce white. This white LED is considered as a
strong candidate for the fbture lighting technology [ 11-[7].
Compared with conventional lighting methods, white LED has
lower power consumption and lower voltage, longer lifetime,
smaller size, and cooler operation. The Ministry of
International Trade and Industry of Japan estimates, if LED
replaces half of all incandescent and fluorescent lamps
currently in use, Japan could save equivalent output of six
mid-size power plants, and reduce the production of
greenhouse gases. A national program underway in Japan has
already suggested that white LED deserves to be considered as
a general lighting technology of the 21st century owing to
electric power energy consumption.

The authors are with the Department of Information and Computer Science,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University (e-mail:
komine@nkgw.ics.keio.ac.jp)
Contributed Paper
Original manuscript received January 24,2003
Reised manuscript received January 29,2003

Mobile terminal

Other fixed network

(PC,Set-Top Box, fiber networks, etc.)

Fig. 2. Complex wiring

Our group has proposed an optical wireless communication

system that employing white LEDs for indoors wireless
networks [8]-[lo]. In this system, LED is not only used as a
lighting device, but also to be used as a communication device
(Fig. 1). It is a kind of optical wireless communication that
uses the visible white ray as the medium. This dual function
of LED, for lighting and communication, emerges many new
and interesting applications. The function is based on the fast
switching of LEDs and the modulation of the visible-light
waves for free-space communications. The proposed system
has following advantages:
0
Compared with infrared wireless communication, visible
LED light has higher power, thus receiver terminal does
not need to narrow the angle.
0
The shadowing can be minimized, because LED lights
are distributed within a room.
The installation is easy, and LED is aesthetically
pleasing.
They do not cause or suffer from radio or
electromagnetic interference.

0098 3063/00 $10.00 02003 IEEE

IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2003

72

However, since lighting equipment is usually distributed over

the ceiling (Fig. 2), it is difficult to install new communication
cables between other fixed network (PC, Set-Top Box, fiber
networks, etc.) and LED lights or among the LED lights. This
wiring problem is especially serious for existing offices and
houses.
On the other hands, power-line communications (PLC)
make it possible to use ubiquitous electricity power-lines for
the medium of communications. In a house, already installed
power-lines and outlets behave as data-networks and ports.
Since many data equipments and electric appliances are
already connected to outlets, there is no necessity to introduce
tangled cables for data communications. In fact, the
standardization activities of high-speed (several Mbps) PLC
systems have recently started in many countries [11][12], and
variety of high-speed PLC systems are being to be purchased
off-the-shelf. In PLC, all terminals connected to the power-line
can be communicated. However, battery driven terminals (like
personal digital assistants (PDA) or mobile personal
computers (PC)) have to be connected to wireless network.
In this paper, we propose to make use of the existing powerline for visible-light communication [13]. We can assume that
the power-line has already installed in the position of lighting
on the ceiling, because lighting always need power supply.
Here, we use the power-line for communication between white
LED lights and other fixed networks. Therefore, it remedies
the wiring problem in LED based visible-light communication.
Moreover, it is possible to emit the LED light according to
signal waveform transmitted through power-line, with no need
of demodulation. It means that, this system can also be
considered as a very simple integration between power-line
communication and wireless communication. It is also
proposed, the socket of the existing electric bulb can be used
in the proposed system, thus what we should do is just
replacing a conventional electric bulb with a set of LED lights
for the visible communication.
This paper is organized as follow. In Section 11, the
composition of the proposed system is shown and the
computer simulation-model is described. In Section 111, the
feature of the proposed system based on the computer
simulation is shown. In Section VI, the actual system of LED
table lamp is built, and its feasibility is shown through
experiments. And finally, our conclusion is given in Section V.
11. SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION
A. Proposed System

The proposed system is shown in Fig. 3. The main features

of the proposed system are easy wiring and easy installing. We
assume that power-line modem has been plugged into and
power-line network has already been built. The waveform of
signals in power-line is shown in Fig. 4. Like optical intensity
modulation, the transmitted signals are added to cyclic
waveform of the alternating current (AC). The power supply is
obtained from the existing power-line in the ceiling. In the

The signal is biased

The transmitted signal is picked up
LED lighting

-.

w=b

='Power-line
~

~~

~~~~~

@ 1~ e m o d u l a t i o n ~ P h o t o d i o d e 1

modem

~....
.
.
.

PC

Mobile terminal

Fig. 3. System model.

Voltage

1n

Transmitted Waveform

~OHZ,
AClOOV

Fig. 4. Waveform on power-line.

LED lighting, the power-line is divided as shown in Fig. 3.

The first one is supplied to the band pass filter (BPF) and the
bias circuit, after being rectified by direct current as the drive
power supply of each circuit. The other one takes off the
waveform of AC 100 V (50 or 60 Hz in Japan) by letting BPF
pass. That is, only the waveform of the transmitted signal is
taken out, which is the AC waveform. Since LED passes only
a direct current, the signal is biased. The power of each LED
in the LED lighting is varied according to the waveform of this
signal. (The frequency to transmit information is short enough
to be humanly imperceptible, so that it does not affect function
of lighting.) The light from the LED lighting is received at the
mobile terminal. The signal is demodulated according to the
receive level of light. By doing so, this system can be realized
with very easy composition.

B. Model of Narrow-Band PLC Noise

Noise in PLC is mainly caused by all electric appliances that
are connected to power-line. In PLC, the statistical behavior of
this man-made noise is quite different from that of stationary
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) [14][15], which is
commonly used for communication systems.
According to previous experiments and measurements, the
dominant components of the noise in narrow-band PLC can be
categorized into three classes: stationary continuous noise,
cyclic stationary continuous noise, and cyclic impulsive noise
synchronous to mains.
0
Stationary continuous noise: This noise is time invariant.
Its power is almost constant over time in terms of minutes

T. Komine and M. Nakagawa: Integrated System of White LED Visible-Light Communication and Power-Line Communication

''I

TABLE I

EbNo = 10 [dB] (transmitted power 1)

: "_j'

"

"

AN EXAMPLE OF NOISE PARAMERTERS

AI
0.13

I
1

A3

16

50Hz image

Time

13

n1
0

A2
0.26

(33

161 [deg.]

(32

128 [deg.]

n3

6900

n2
9.3

8.8~10-~

phase, and ( n l , n2, n3) for impulsiveness or power

concentration in time domain. Fig. 5 shows the computergenerated waveform with parameters given in Table I, which
are extracted from the measured noise waveforms.
C. Optical Wireless Channel
In this paper, we assume an optical wireless channel, and
this condition is applied to later analyses.
In an optical link, the channel direct current (DC) gain is
given as: [16][17]

[SI

Fig. 5. Narrow-band PLC noise.

to hours.
Cyclic stationary continuous noise: This noise changes its
level continuously and cyclically synchronous to' the
mains frequency (50 or 60 Hz in Japan). Many electric
appliances often emit this non-stationary but nonimpulsive noise.
Cyclic impulsive noise, asynchronous to mains: Impulses
of this noise often has repetition rate much higher than
the mains frequency, between 50-200 kHz. Switching
power supplies
often causes these impulses.
__
The noise represented by sum of these three components can
be assumed as cyclic-stationary additive Gaussian noise whose
mean is zero [14]. The time-frequency dependent variance of
noise waveform n(t) is represented as

where A is the physical area of the detector in a photo diode

(PD), d is the distance between a transmitter and a receiver, ly
is the angle of incidence, $ is the angle of irradiance, T,(ly) is
the gain of an optical filter, and g(ly) is the gain of an optical
concentrator. Yc denotes the width of the field of vision at a
receiver. The optical concentrator g(ly) can be given as [22]:

where n denotes the refractive index.

where

and

(3)

In the above equations, TAC is a cycle duration of the mains AC,

typically 1/50 or 1/60 seconds. In (l), the function 2 denotes
the instantaneous power of the noise, and a@ represents the
noise power spectral density (PSD) normalized by the total
noise power in the frequency range fo to fo+W. The
instantaneous power of the noise (2) can be represented by a
set of parameters, (Al, A2, A3) for amplitude, ( ( 3 1 , (32, (33) for

D. Noise Model
Next, we assume that the noise is AWGN. In optical channels,
the quality of transmission is typically dominated by shot noise
[ 161[ 171. The desired signals contain a time-varying shot-noise
process which has an average rate of lo4 to lo5 photonshit. In
our channel model, however, intense ambient light striking the
detector leads to a steady shot noise having a rate of order of
lo7 to 10' photonsibit, even if a receiver employs a narrowband optical filter. Therefore, we can neglect the shot noise
caused by signals and model the ambient-induced shot noise as
a Gaussian process [23]. When little or no ambient light is
present, the dominant noise source is receiver pre-amplifier
noise, which is also signal-independent and Gaussian (though
often non-white), Accordingly, the optical wireless channel
model is expressed as follows:

y ( t ) = Rx(t)0 h(t)+ n(t),

(6)

[EEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 1 , FEBRUARY 2003

74

where y(t) represents the received signal current, x(t)

represents the transmitted optical pulse, n(t) represents the
AWGN noise, and the symbol 0 denotes convolution. R
represents an optical / electric (O/E) conversion efficiency at a
user terminal's PD.
In this paper, a non-directed line-of-sight (LOS) path is
assumed. Thus, transmitted pulses are not obstructed and the
relation h(t)=H(O) stands. The received optical power P, is
derived by the transmitted optical power Pt, as follows:

p, =H(O).C.

h/

center luminous intensity Z(0)

'

/d

(7)

Further, multipath fading can be neglected in optical

wireless channel. In our channel model, the information carrier
is a lightwave whose frequency is about l O I 4 Hz. Hence, the
Doppler frequency of fading is higher than the data rate.
Moreover, detector -dimensionsare in the order of thousands of
wavelengths, leading to efficient spatial diversity, which
prevents multipath fading. For the above reasons, multipath
fading can be neglected.
Therefore, the received electrical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
is givenby [16][17]:

R P,'
SNR = NOB '
assuming that n.(t) is dominated by a Gaussian component
having double-sided power-spectral density No over the
desired bandwidth B. We can neglect the shot noise caused by
signals and model the ambient induced shot noise as a
Gaussian process. The power-spectral density of n(t) is given
by the optical power of background light Pbg as [ 161:
(9)

where q represents an elementary change 1 . 6 ~ 1 0 -C)

' ~ and R
represents an O/E conversion efficiency.
E. Basic properties of LED Lights
We will explain the basic properties of LED lights. LED
lights have two basic properties, a luminous intensity and a
transmitted optical power. The relationship between
photometric and radiometric quantities is explained in [ 1SI[21]. Luminous intensity is the unit that indicates the energy
flux per a solid angle, and it is related to illuminance at an
illuminated surface. At this time, the energy flux is normalized
with visibility. The luminous intensity is used for expressing
the brightness of an LED. On the other hand, the transmitted
optical power indicates the total energy radiated from an LED,
and as is a parameter from the point of view of optical
communication.
The luminous intensity is given as:

I = -d@
dQ '

Reference point (x,y)

Fig. 6. Calculation for horizontal illuminance.

where @ is the luminous flux, which can be given from the

energy flux@, as:

where V(A) is the standard luminosity curve, K, is the

maximum visibility, and the maximum visibility is about 683
lm/W at ,
I= 555 nm.
The integral of the energy flux @, in all directions is the
transmitted optical power P,,given as:

are determined by the sensitivity curve of

where A,,,,, and Amnx
the photodiode.

F. Illuminance of LED lighting

In this subsection, the distribution of illuminance at a desk
surface will be discussed. The illuminance expresses the
brightness of an illuminated surface. As shown in Fig. 6, the
.
luminousintensity in angle 9 is given by

I($) = I(0)COSm($).

(13)

A horizontal illuminance Eho,. at a point (x,y ) is given by

Ehor= I ( O ) C O S " ( $ ) / ~.cos(Y/),

~

(14)

where Z(0) is the center luminous intensity of an LED, 4 is the

angle of irradiance, ,vi is the angle of incidence, and d is the
distance between an LED and a detector's surface. In this
paper, it is assumed that an LED chip has a Lambertian
radiation pattern [ 16][17][24]. Thus, the radiant intensity
depends on the angle of irradiance 4. m is the order of
Lambertian emission, and is given by the semi-angle at half
illuminance of an LED
as m = In 2 / In (cos Q1,3.For
example,
= 60.0 deg. corresponds to m = 1.

T. Komine and M. Nakagawa: Integrated System of White LED Visible-Light Communication and Power-Line Communication

SNR pl

10'

75

lo2

Power-Line
(wire)

lo3

lo4

n:

G2
I

SNRvl

1 o5

Fig. 7. The different medium of communication.

lo6
TABLE I1
SIMULATION PARAMETERS.

,-,

, '

Modulation scheme
Data rate
Noise on power-line
Optical channel

SC-BPSK
1 [Mhk]

1071

'

'

'

'

10

'

'

'

20
I

SNR pl [dB]
Fig. 8. BER on power-line vs. SNR,,I.

Eq. (1)-(2)

Non-directed LOS
(only AWGN channel)

The consideration for illuminance of LED lighting is

required. Generally, illuminance of lights is standardized by
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). By this
set of standards, illuminance of 300 to 1500 lx in required for
office work.
111. SIMULATION
RESULTS
In the proposed system, a transmitted signal travels along
two kinds of medium, power-line and wireless (visible-light).
As shown in Fig. 7, we define the SNR as SNR,, (power-line)
and SNR,, (visible-light), respectively. There is no correlation
between SNR,, and SNR+

10'

lo2
g!

,g

lo3 I

i i
104

!'22

A. BER Performance
First, we evaluate the BER performance on power-line. Fig.
8 shows the average BER performance on power-line. The
vertical axis shows SNR in power-line, the horizontal axis
shows the average BER on power-line. As mentioned in
Section 11-B and Equation (1) and (2), the noise variance is not
fixed, it fluctuates, here we compare the performance of PLC
with communication cable (like LAN cable), whose noise
variance is fixed. If SNR,, is more than 4 dB, the performance
on power-line diminishes, compared with the communication
cable. From this figure, it van be seen that the solid curve is
deformative. It is caused by fluctuation of the variance of noise
on power-line according to cycle of frequency of power supply.
When cyclic impulse noise occurs, the signal is overwhelmed
by noise, and it brings about bust error. We consider that
gentle decline at the middle part of the curve, is because of the
overall BER is dominated by such burst error.
Next, we discuss the performance of proposed system which
emits as light of LED lighting from the power-line signal
without demodulation as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 9 shows the
result of average BER versus SNRpI. And their simulation
parameters are shown in Table 11. The vertical axis shows SNR
in power-line, the horizontal axis shows the average BER of
whole system. As the SNR,I increases the performance
approaching that of the PLC. In this system, the noise in

OdB

Fig. 9. BER of whole system vs. SNR,I.

power-line spreads throughout visible-light communication

since the signal in power-line goes thought the white LED
lights without demodulation system. That is, it turns out that
degradation of the characteristic in the power-line has
influenced the whole system. Moreover, we know that
performance of proposed system depends on the power-line
greatly if SNR obtains more than 22 dB.
B. SNR Distribution

Next, the characteristic of the visible-light from LED

lighting is examined. That is, SNR when required illuminance
obtained is calculated. A room at our university was assumed
for the purpose of these analyses. The room size is 6.64 x 4.75
x 3.0 m3. Fixtures in the room were arranged as shown in Fig.
10. LED lights, capable of optical transmission, were installed
at a height of 2.5 m from the floor. The height of the desk is
0.85 m, and a user terminal was put on the desk. The number
of LED lights was 6, and each LED light was filled with many
LEDs. And, we have a LOS link between the receiver and the
LED lighting as transmitter. The optical signal is modulated by

IEEEl Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2003

76

1600
1400

1200

1600

1200

1000
800

400

600

cw

400

Y [ml
200

xi.]

v
5

Fig. 11. The distribution of illuminance.

6.64m

Fig. 10. The assumed room for numerical analyses.

34

TABLE 111

32

CONDITIONS FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSES.

30

FOV of a terminal
Physical area of PD
Cain of optical filter
Reflective index
Absolute temperature
O/E conversion efficiency
Load resistance
Noise factor
Optical modulation index
Background current values
Data rate
Transmitted power
Semi-angle at half power
Center luminous intensity
The number of LEDs
The size of lighting
equipments

60.0 [deg.]
1.O [cm]
1.o
1.5
298 [K] .
0.53 [MW]

SNII I

28

34
30
26

26
24

22

22

I8

20

10.0 [kn]

1.o
1.o
5 1 0 0 ~ 1 0[A]
-~
1.O [Mbis]
4.0 [mW]
50.0 [deg.]
1.56 [cd]
20 x 100

18

Fig. 12. The distribution of SNR.

m/

20 [cm] x 100 [cm]

intensity modulation. As modulation scheme, we employ subcarrier binary phase-shift keying (SC-BPSK). We use 2000
(20 cm x 100 cm) LEDs in lighting equipment. The semi-angle
at half-power of an LED chip is 50 deg., the center luminous
intensity of an LED chip is 1.56 cd, respectively. The
transmitted optical power of an LED chip is 4.0 mW. At a
receiver, the field of view (FOV) is 60 deg., and the detector
physical area is 1.0 cm. The gain at an optical filter is 1.O, and
the refractive index of an optical concentrator is 1.5. The O/E
conversion efficiency of a PD is 0.53 A/W, and a silicon
photodiode whose peak sensitivity is in visible wavelength is
assumed. The spectral response at a PD has wavelength
selectivity, whereas we can design the optical bandpass filter
with multiple thin dielectric layers. Besides, white LEDs emit
light at a wide wavelength. Consequently, we can use a desired
wavelength at which the response at a PD is good. These
conditions are summarized in Table I11 The distribution of
illuminance and S N R is shown in Fig. 1 1, 12.
Fig. 11 shows the distribution of horizontal illuminance at a
user terminal equipped with the LED lights listed in Table 111.
From this figure, the sufficient illumination (300 to 1500 Ix by
ISO) is obtained in all the places of the room. Therefore, this

Q14
Q16

0s

SNR [dB]
Fig. 13. The histogram of SNR and the cumulative SNR.

result shows that this LED lighting has function as lighting.

We found from Fig. 11, 12 that the each form of distribution is
different. And SNR and illuminance are distributed unevenly
in the room. The histogram of Fig. 12 and the cumulative are
shown in Fig. 13. It shows that SNR more than 19 dB on all of
the room is achieved. And, the ratio of the area which is less
than 22 dB is about 1.1 % of the whole room. In Fig. 12, we
know that SNR diminishes around the corner area in the room.

T. Komine and M. Nakagawa: Integrated System of White LED Visible-LightCommunication and Power-Line Communication

PC

I7

Power-line modem

LED table lamp

Receiver

PG

Fig. 14. The model of demonstration sys

Increase of a room size diminishes ratio of comer areas in the
room. Therefore we will expect low ratio less than 1.1 %. So,
we will evaluate that received SNR is more than 22 dB in
almost all area.
In those figures, we know that when sufficient illumination
is obtained (when function as lighting), SNR 22 dB or more is
achieved. Since the high power as lighting can be used for
communication, visible-light communication can obtain high
quality easily. Moreover, lighting is arranged so that the
brightness within a room is equal. Consequently, high quality
is communication is possible in all the area of the room.
In the proposed system, the signals pass through the
different medium of communication.
This system emits LED light according to the transmitted
signal waveform without demodulating the signal from the
power-line. When the SNR is high, the overall performance is
greatly influenced by the performance of PLC, because the
SNR for visible-light is sufficient (Fig. 9).
IV. DEMONSTRATION
SYSTEM
The actual system is built and its feasibility is shown
through experiments. The demonstration system model is
shown in Fig. 14. The LED table lamp is built (Fig. 15-18).
This system is made up of 120 LEDs (the directivity of LED is
50.0 degree and the center luminous intensity is 1.56 cd) and
electrical power consumption is 8.64 W (Fig. 16). The result
of our experiment shows that the illuminance is 200-300 lx.
The integrated system can transmit signals through the LED
lighting device without new wiring from another network to
the LED lighting device. We would like to focus attention on
,this simple system. We can see from Fig. 17, 18 that this
system is very compact size. Thus what should do is just
replacing the conventional electric bulb with the proposed
system. The result of our experiment makes certain that the
files can receive. This demonstration system uses the powerline modem. The data rate of the power-line modem is 100
kbls. (According to the Japanese regulations, unlicensed PLC
should use frequency in the range'of 10-450 kHz. Recently,

Fig. 15. The demonstration system.

Fig. 16. The LED stand lamp.

many countries, including Japan, have begun to consider the

deregulation of the frequency band for PLC, up to about 30
MHz. For example, the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) has defined the band plan for the
purpose of coexistence of access and in-house PLC systems, in
which 1.6-10 MHz is assigned exclusively (or with priority)
for access, and 10-30 MHz is assigned in-house with priority.
There are already some commercial products which provides
10-45 Mbps using thiS expanded bandwidth.) This proposed
system is prospective for high-speed, if the penetration of
power-line communication increase.
And the composition of the proposed system is very simple
as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, this system is able to insert in
the base of electric bulb as shown in Fig. 19. By inserting this
electric bulb into an existing socket (Fig. 20), we can
communicate easily. And this system does not require new
installation of communication wiring. We can communicate by
replacing an existing lighting with this white LED lighting
(including electric bulb type). Hence, we will expect that all

IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2003

78

Fig. 19. Electric bulb type.

do
Existing socket is used.

LI4

The proposed system in packed

into a base of electric bulb.

Fig. 20. Electric bulb white LED lighting and existing socket.

Fig. 17. Inside of the LED stand lamp.

system is very simple. The visible-light communication using

power-line is applicable from the existing illuminant easily like
exchanging electric bulbs. This integrated system will surely
have a big impact as a new signal transmission system and its
economical effect will be great. The basic performance of this
system is analyzed. As a result, the degradation of
performance on power-line depends on the performance of
proposed system. The actual system was built and its
feasibility was shown through experiments.
The diffusion rate of power-line is very high. And many
light sources can substitute LED. Consequently, this integrated
system will expect as indoor and outdoor communication
system of next generation. Further research on these would
make LED lighting communication feasible.
.

Fig. 18. Inside of the receiver.

lights can communicate by using this system. And various

applications using electric bulb type white LED light is
expected by this proposal.
V. CONCLUSION
In optical wireless communication systems employing white
LED lighting, it is very difficult for existing offices and
households to install the communication cable to the ceiling. In
this paper, easy wiring system for optical communication using
existing power-line is proposed. The composition of this

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79

[7]

Toshihiko Komine was bom in Shizuoka, Japan, on

November 17, 1978 He received the B.E degree in
Information and Computer Science from Keio
University, Yokohama, Japan, in 2001. He is currently
studying for the M S degree at Department of
Information and Computer Science, Keio University. His
current research interests are optical wireless
communications and LED communications

Masao Nakagawa was born in Tokyo in 1946. He

received the B E., M.E., and Ph D degrees in electrical
engineering from Keio University, Yokohama, Japan, in
1969, 1971 and 1974 respectively Since 1973, he has
been with the Department of Information and Computer
Science, Keio University, where he is a Professor His
research interests are in CDMA, OFDM, Consumer
Communication, ITS(Intel1igent Transport Systems) and
Wireless Home Link. He received 1989 IEEE Consumer Electronics Society
Paper Award He was the executive committee chairman of International
Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications in 1992 and
the technical program committee co-chairman of ISlTA(Intemationa1

Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications) in 1994 He is an

editor of Wireless Personal Communications and was a guest editor of the
special issue on CDMA Networks I, 11, III and IVpublished in IEEE JSAC
in 1994 and 1996.