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Research
Laboratory
GRL-TR-2528
June 2001
Abstract
Yield strengthobtainedfrom quasi-staticstrengthdata for rolled homogeneousarmor
@HA) was combinedwith dynamic strengthdata for 2-in (5lmtn) RHA to generate
Johnson-Cookparametersfor 2-in RHA. One parameterwas fixed basedon the quasistatic strengthdata, and a least-squaresmethod was used to fit the others individually.
The fit was tested with CTH by simulating the penetration of stacks of 2.5~in-thick
(63.5-mm) RHA plates(the closestavailableexperimentaldata). Parameteranalysisand
comparisonof the simulationsto experimentsubstantiatedthe approach.
ii
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledgeShuh Rong Chen for providing the raw data (in
digital form) that was usedin this report.
This work was supportedin part by a grant of high-performancecomputingtime from the
Departmentof DefenseHigh PerformanceComputingCenterat AberdeenProving Ground, MD.
INTENTIONALLY
iv
LEFT BLANK.
Table of Contents
...
..~.....,..~...,~....~.....~,........~...~.....................~.~..111
Acknowledgments ..... ..*......*.~...*...*.*.**..
List of Figures .......... .. .....*.*.*.......**............. ....*......*.......*.......*...............*...................
vii
vii
...**~...*...~+~I~*.~..*~......,..~......*.......*.*..
List of Tables .......*.~I..............~**~~~~..~~~~~....**.........
2.
3.
4
.......~.*.~.....**~*.~.*..*..*~**.~.*.~.....~.~~......~*~~-.--..~..
Quasi-Static Data .*.*.*.~....*~.*....*...****..*..
4.
ParameterA .........................................................................................................
ParametersB andn ..............................................................................................
Parameterc ..........................................................................................................
Parameterm .........................................................................................................
5
6
8
10
13
Setup....................................................................................................................
Results..................................................................................................................
Discussion............................................................................................................
13
14
17
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
Distribution
....*.....*..
23
List .~.~..~.............,...~...~*.....**~****..***.*.*~*.*~********.~~*.*..*......~.*.~~~..~.
vi
List of Figures
m
Figure
1.
2.
4
Dynamic Strengthof 2-in RHA ...~....****.*.......~.*....**...~~...~.......................*.....~....~....~.*
3.
4.
SimulationSetup........................................................................................................
14
5.
16
6.
18
List of Tables
Pap;e
Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
12
5.
RHA ParameterSetsEvaluated.................................................................................
1s
6.
15
vii
.. .
Vlll
1. Introduction
Class1 rolled homogeneousarmor @HA), designedfor maximum penetrationresistance,is
availablein thicknessesfrom l/4 in (6.35 mm) up to 6 in (152.4 mm). Military specification
ME-A-12560H (U.S. Departmentof Defense1991)allows a wide variation in hardnessover the
rangeof availablethicktressesaswell as within eachthicknessgroup (Figure 1). Sincehardness
is an indicator of several material strength properties, a significant variation in material
propertiesexists over the rangeof thicknessesof availableFWA and to a lesserextent, within
eachthicknessgroup.
400
375
325
275
250
225
2
3
4
Nominal Thicknessof Plate,in
Y=A
I+;$
(l+Cln$*)(I-T*-),
where A, B, C, m, and n are constants,E is the equivalentplastic strain, ti* is the strain rate
nondimensionalizedby the reference strain rate of l/s, and T* is the nondimensional
temperature. ParameterA, the initial (E = 0) yield strengthof the material at a plastic strainrate
of k = l/s and room temperature(298 K), is modified by a strain-hardeningfactor (containing
parameters B and n), a strain-rate-hardeningfactor (containing parameter C), and a
thermal-softeningfactor (containingparameterm).
T is definedby
-f
T-T,
T, -T,
(2)
where T, is room temperatureand T,,, is the melting temperatureof the material, 1,783K for
RHA. Equation(2) is the form usedin CTH andis valid for Tr I T I Tm,the regionof interestin
most ballistic applications,
CTH originally contained a single set of parametersthat had been typically used in
simulationsfor any thicknessof FW.A. Theseparameterswere taken from one of two data fits
for RHA presentedin Gray et al. (1994). Both of these fits (which will be discussed)were
determinedusing 2-in-thick FW4 that conformed to ML-A-12560H.
overprediction of the quasi-static yield strength (A in equation [Xl).
2. Dynamic Data
Gray et al. (1994) generatedcompressivestress-straindata for a variety of metals over a
range of temperaturesand strain ratesusing the split-Hopkinsonpressurebar. The digital data
consistedof the results of dynamictests of 2-in-thick RHA. At room temperature,tests were
conductedat four strain rates(0.001;0.1; 3,500; and7,000/s). At elevatedtemperatures(473 and
673 K) testswere conductedat a strainrate of 3,000/s. Strainswere recordedfrom nearzero up
to about0.20.
To expediteprocessingtime andutilize all of the availabledata, the digital datawas not used
directly to obtain the Johnson-Cookparameters,rather it was fit to analyticalfunctionsthat were
suitableto the software availablefor useduring this study. The fits of the six datasetsare shown
l
graphicallyin Figure 2 and algebraicallyin Table 1, The functions in Table 1 arefits to the RHA
.
T=298K
T=298
i=7,OCO/s
K, i=3,soo
Is
T=298 K, 1=0.100 IS
T=298Y
.k=O.OOl/s
T=473K
i=3.OoO/s
f
T=673K,
i=3,OOO/s
I
0.02
0.04 0.06
0.08
0.1
0.2
True Strain
II
298
298
298
473
673
n nnl
1
3,5ocb
7,000
3,000
3.000
Function
-. 1.4905E oMo7 1
_I
,= 1.5206~ o.w23
v = 1.5935Eo.0529
y = 1.6048~o*0415
y = 1.3410E o0231
i mm o.0357
EquationNo.
II
(3a)
(W
(3c)
(34
(W
(?fi
II
3. Quasi-Static Data
Benck (1976) determinedseveralpropertiesfor three thicknessesof RHA. He measuredthe
quasi-statictensile yield strengthin the three principal plate directions(in the rolling direction,
acrossthe rolling direction, and through the thickness)at a strain rate of 0.0003/s. For present
purposes, these values were averaged to obtain a representativeisotropic value.
The
compressiveyield strength of the material is then assumedto be equal to the tensile yield
strength;this is only approximatelytrue for RHA. The dataare presentedin Table2 and include
unpublisheddatafor 3/16-in (4.76 mm) RHA (Bruchey1997).
The values from Table 2 and an analytical fit to these data are plotted in Figure 3. A
logarithmicform was chosen;the computedfit of the datais
y = (- 0.142X@ + 0.8772,
(4)
PlateThickness
Yield Strength
(inb4)
@Pa>
0.1875 [4.76]
0.5
[ 12.71
1.5
[38.1]
4.0
[101.6]
1.14
0.94
0.82
0.69
l/s. Equations(3a) through (3d) in Table 1 were interpolatedto generatea function describing
the behaviorof the 2-in RHA at a strainrate of l/s. Theresulting functionis
y = 1.5384so.0436.
(5)
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
(6)
Equation (6) representsthe yield strengthat room temperatureand strain rate of l/s, conditions
that renderthe last two terms in equation(1) equalto unity. Equation(6) is rearrangedto
Y -A=Bs.
(7)
g=ln(Y-A)
(8)
q=nlns+b,
(9
Let
so that
where b=lnB.
The dataat theseconditionsare givenby equation(5), which is of the form
y=pEa.
(10)
(11)
and
3 =ln@~ -A).
(12)
The error incurredby approximatingthe data (equation[ 111)with the model (equation[83) at a
strain &i is pi - Yi.
(13)
C( Cj3pi
-Yi)2 =minimum
i=l
The sum canbe minimized with respectto parametersI3 andn if the derivativesare set equalto
zero. That is,
$~(
1-I
Ipi-Yi)2 =O,
(14)
and
(15)
(16)
(cln&i)z
-7C(lnEi)2
and
n=CYi-7b
ChE,
(17)
=Si,
(18)
where, for simplicity, this contributionto the strengthis termed Si, Thus, for room temperature,
equation(1) becomes
Yi =si(l+chI~*)(l-o)=si
+sichG*.
(19)
so
y=ui+Vi~~*
Ui
EquationNo.
Vi
0.01
1.2587
0.0035
(2Oa)
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
1.3370
1.2972
1.3780
1.4026
1.4203
1.4342
0.0044
0.0039
0.0050
0.0053
0.0055
0.0057
CW
(2Oc)
(20d)
(20e)
(2Of)
(2On)
(20)
=Si
+Siki~*,
(21)