SOOT RR US Trey Ty (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Character B,_, Al, Ga, In, TL Metalloid Metals iene Alis the most abundant metal and third most abundant element by massin the Earth’scrust, orice © Atomic radii, ionic radii, density and stability of +1 oxidation state increase down the group. e Electronegativity, boiling point and stability of +3 oxidation state decrease down the group. e The melting point decreases from B to Ga and then increases. © IE, is lower than the corresponding group 2 elements. © 1Ey ishigher than the corresponding group 2 elements. © IE followsthe order:B>TI>Ga>Al> In © Molecules such as BCly, AICI, etc. behave as Lewis due to incomplete octet. © They form complexes because of small size, increased charge and availability of vacant d-orbitals.| Reactivity towards air: | | They react with dioxygen at high temperatures to | form trioxides of the formula M,O,. e Except Ga, In, Tl other react with dinitrogen at high temperature to form nitrides of the formula MN. e Basic character of their oxides and hydroxides increases down the group. B,0, ALO, Ga,0; In,0, TIO or or or or or B(OH), .AI(OH), Ga(OH),, In(OH), TIOH Acidic Amphoteric Basic Reactivity towards water: e Bdoes not react with water or steam. Al reacts with water and forms protective layer of Al,O3. e Gaand Indo not react with cold or hot water. e TlformsTIOH in moistair. Reactivity towards acids: e Bdoes not react with non-oxidising acids like HCl. e B reacts with strong oxidising acids at high temperature forming boric acid (H;BO,). e All other elements react with both non-oxidising and oxidising acids, liberating H, gas. Reactivity towards alkalies: © Above 773 K, B reacts with alkalies forming borates and liberating H, gas. © Aland Ga being amphoteric react with alkalies, liberating H, gas. Anand Tldo not r e They react with halogens at high temperature forming trihalides of the formula MX, except TIL.ElectronicConfiguration [Noble gas}ns?np? tivity towardsair: ‘They form oxides of the formula MO and! MO, oneating withait, ‘© Acidic strength of their oxides decreases down the group, [Oy 510, _ GeO, $10, PbO, Wand Sree Gy SiGe, Sn,Pb Nowneal Melos "Metals CC is the seventeenth and Si isthe second most abundant elementby massin the Earthiscrust Atomic adi, metalic character and stability ‘+205 .increasedown the group. * Ionisation enthalpy, melting point, boing point, reducing character and stability of +4 ‘oxidation state decrease down the group. 4 1 of Pb is slightly higher than Sn due to Janthanide contraction. + Tendency of catention decreases down the group. 4 Except Ph, allothersshowllotropy. C : Diamond, graphite, coal, charcoal and lampblack Si + Crystalline (grey) and amorphous (Grown) Ge: Two crystalline forms (and) Sn:Grey.whiteand chombictin. Except Gall other form complexes due to presenceofvacantdorbitals ‘Anomalous Behaviour of C Due to small size high ionisation enthalpy and) absence of d-orbitals: ‘© Cishardesthavinghighestm ptandb pt. ‘© C shows maximum covalency of 4 while rest show maximum covalency of6. © Chas maximum tendency for catenation and multiple bonding (pt-pn) and shows Reactivitytowards waters Si and Ge react with water, berating Hyeas. © Pb do not react with water due to protective layerofoxide. Reactivity towardeacids: © C and Si do not react with non-oxidising acids. ‘© Ge (metal) forms germanium chloroform (GeHCl,)on heating with HCL © Sn reacts slowiy with di, HCI and readily withcone. HCL ‘© Preactswithdi, HCL Reactivity towards alkalies © Coesnotreact withakalies, ‘© Si reacts slowly with cold alkali and reaily ‘withhotalkal 1+ Smand Po react slowly with cold sali and readily withhotalkal. Reactivity towardshalogens 4 They form halides of the formula 0, and| MX, © Except, allreat directly with halogens. © ExceptCand all form dihalies (iieeaekeont eee Oxides ‘© COispoisonousand neutral oxide ‘© CO, is greenhouse, non-combustible and acidicoxide. ‘© Used in artifical respiration as ‘Carbogen' (05%0,+5%CO,) ‘Silica (S10,) : Purest form of silica is quartz ‘or rockerystal «Silicones: Contin repeated S10 unis heldbySi-O-Siinkages + Steates:Bascunitis SiO" allotropy. © All other elements react with both men-oxilsiny andoxdisingacids liberating, gaa Reactivity towards alkalies: ‘© Above 773 KB reacts with al andliberating Hy gas. © Al and Ga bein ales forming borates rc react wt + They react with Malogens at high semperere {_termineinde ofthat cece eSRer eee Due to small size, high lonisation enthalpy and absence ofd-oxbitals: © Bishardesthaving highestm.pt.andbpt {© Bshows maximum covalency of 4 while rest show ‘maximum covalencyof6 Bexhibitsallotropy. # Bdoes not form ions in solution, Borax # Na,B,0,10H,0 orNa,{8,0,(0H),18H,0 © Hexistsinthree forms: ~ Prismatic borax : Na,B,0,-10H,0 (also called ‘Tincal or'Suhage!) ~ Octahedral borax : Na,B,07-5H,0 (also called ‘Tewellersborax’) ~ Anhydrous borax : NaB,O, (also called "bors sass) Boron hydrides (boranes) 4¢, Nido-boranes:B Hy. ©" Arachno-boranes:B,H, Bilge 2NH, PUES aon, sn, 2NH, E> 28,04 120, orl nine Structure ofdiborane(B,H,) I o Fourtcensecsecronbonds |ing(AD yar] + rsamieadcenatih ARI {bananabonds) ore 2 Ubedasmidamisepicandeyenash ae ates: Zeolites (NaAlSi,0¢H,0) lunderthename’boriclotion: | #0} nt