FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS

IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2013.

Geology, PAPER - I
Part I : Time Allowed: 30 Minutes .......... .. ..Maximum Marks:20
Part II : Time Allowed: 2 Hours & 30 Minutes ............ ..Maximum
Marks:80
PART-I ((MCQs) (COMPULSORY)
Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Circle on
the OMR Answer Sheet. (20x1=20)
(ii) Answers given anywhere, other than OMR Answer Sheet, shall not be
considered.
1. Mark the correct statement about Platinum Group Minerals (PGM).
(a) PGM occurs as immiscible segregation in early magmatic stage and is
locked up in silicates
(b) They are primarily localized in ultramafic rocks
(c) Hydro thermal activity plays a significant role in the concentration of
Platinum group elements
(d) All are correct
(e) None of these

2. Chrysolite Asbestos result from the:

(a) Magmatic liquid
(b) Alteration of Serpentine

(c) Alteration of Olivine to Serpentine

(d) Hydrothermal solutions
(e) None of these
3. Mn-ore of chemical grade should have:
(a) 0-95% of Mn
(b) 82-87% of Mn
(c) 74-78% of Mn
(d) 60-63% of Mn
(e) None of these
4. The major elements is Mn-nodules are:
(a) Fe and Mn
(b) Fe, Mn and Ni
(c) Fe, Mn, Ni and Cu
(d) Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu and Co
(e) None of these
5. Iron Sulphide minerals are often indicators of the?
(a) Geochemical conditions under which they are formed
(b) Depositional Environments
(c) Transportation agencies
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) None of these
6. Which is the correct statement about Pyrite:
(a) It has a wide range of thermal stability upto 743C
(b) It is formed in marine depositional environment
(c) It deposits under neutral to alkaline conditions
(d) All the above statements are correct
(e) None of these

7. Molybdenum Steels are used in:

(a) Aircraft
(b) Automobiles
(c) Oil machinery
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
8. Which is the most stable mineral towards weathering:
(a) Quartz
(b) Feldspar
(c) Hornblende
(d) Olivine
(e) None of these
9. Which rare earth element replaces Zirconium in Zircon:
(a) Thorium
(b) Cerium
(c) Hafnium
(d) None of these
10. Epidote crystallises in:
(a) Orthorhombic system
(b) Monoclinic system
(c) Triclinic system
(d) Cubic system
(e) None of these
11. The degree of transparency of a mineral is known as:
(a) Schillerization
(b) Diaphaneity

(c) Phosphorescence
(d) None of these
12. Polymorphous elements like carbon are called:
(a) Semi-ploytropic
(b) Polytropic
(c) Allotropic
(d) None of these
13. Which type of drainage pattern develops in folded or tilted blocks:
(a) Dendretic pattern
(b) Trellis pattern
(c) Rectangular pattern
(d) None of these
14. A plain of eroded bed rock developed between mountain and basin areas
is known as:
(a) Pediment
(b) Playa
(c) Piedment
(d) Peneplains
(e) None of these
15. Amorphous substances are:
(a) Isotropic
(b) Anisotropic
(c) Uniaxial
(d) Biaxial
(e) None of these
16. Wind does erosion in:

(a) Attrition
(b) Abrasion
(c) Deflation
(d) All these processes
(e) None of these
17. A fossil which assumes to be the intermediate form between man and
ape is:
(a) Australopithecus
(b) Ramapithecus
(c) Sivapithecus
(d) Sinanthropus
(e) None of these
18. Stromatolites are only preserved in:
(a) Shales
(b) Sandstones
(c) Carbonates
(d) Coal
(e) None of these
19. Trace fossils are also known as:
(a) Organic fossils
(b) Ichno fossils
(c) Ripple fossils
(d) None of these
20. What are the applications of condones:
(a) In Biostratigraphy
(b) In Paleoecology
(c) In Hydrocarbon Exploration

(d) All of these

(e) None of these
PART-II
NOTE:
(i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Candidate must write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance
with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.
(iii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry
EQUAL marks.
(iv) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted
question will not be considered.
Q. No.2. Discuss the processes of mineralization of Pegmatites. (20)
Q. No.3. Discuss in detail the geology of non-metallic minerals in Northern
Areas of Pakistan. (20)
Q. No.4. Discuss various types and patterns of slope failures in Pakistan and
their stability techniques (20)
Q. No.5. Describe the economic significance of the Pab Formation in Lower
Indus Basin. (20)
Q. No.6. (a) Discuss in detail the causative mechanisms of earthquakes in
Pakistan (15)
(b) How was the Rectors scale devised? (5)
Q. No.7. Discuss the occurrence and industrial utilization of bentonite
deposits of Pakistan. (20)

Q. No.8. Write short notes on FOUR of the following: (5 each)

(a) Types of Aquifers
(b) Hydrological cycle
(c) Sequence stratigraphic approach in exploration of hydrocarbons
(d) Foundation analysis
(e) Exploration in Badin Block in Lower Indus Basin with reference to
Stratigraphic Traps Exploration Strategy (20)

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2013.

Geology, PAPER - I
Part I : Time Allowed: 30 Minutes .......... .. ..Maximum Marks:20
Part II : Time Allowed: 2 Hours & 30 Minutes ............ ..Maximum
Marks:80
PART-I ((MCQs) (COMPULSORY)
Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Circle on
the OMR Answer Sheet. (20x1=20)
(ii) Answers given anywhere, other than OMR Answer Sheet, shall not be
considered.
1. According to the principle of uniformatarianism:
(a) Geologic processes we observe today have operated in the past
(b) Geologic process in the past operated at the same rate as they do today

(c) All of the planets formed from a uniform solar nebula

(d) Early earth was covered by a uniform magma ocean
(e) None of these
2. Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks. Which of the following
rock types could be the parent of a metamorphic rock?
(a) Sedimentary
(b) Igneous
(c) Metamorphic
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
3. Approximately how fast does an Earth lithospheric plate move?
(a) Several centimetres per year
(b) Several centimetres per day
(c) Several centimetres per hour
(d) Several centimetres per second
(e) None of these
4. Minerals:
(a) Can form by life-processesorganic
(b) Are crystalline solids
(c) Have a unique chemical composition
(d) Can be any state (solid, liquid or gas) as long as that state occurs
naturally
(e) None of these
5. Features useful in defining plate boundaries include all except:
(a) Shorelines between continents and oceans
(b) Distribution of volcanoes
(c) Distribution of earthquakes

(d) Distribution of mountain ranges

(e) All are correct
6. The age of the earth is currently thought to be:
(a) About 6,000 years old
(b) About 6 billion years old
(c) About 4,500,000 years old
(d) About 4,500,000,000 years old
(e) None of these
7. Volcanism is associated with which of the following types of plate
boundaries?
(a) Convergent plate boundaries
(b) Divergent plate boundaries
(c) Transform fault plate boundaries
(d) Divergent and Convergent plate boundaries
(e) None of these
8.A clastic rock is:
(a) A rock formed from the cementation of transported grains
(b) A rock formed from evaporation of sea water
(c) Transformed by heat into limestone
(d) Transformed by pressure into limestone
(e) None of these
9. What is the different between a breccia and a conglomerate:
(a) Breccias are coarse grained and conglomerates are fine grained
(b) Conglomerates are coarse grained and breccias are fine grained
(c) Breccias have rounded fragments and conglomerates have angular
fragments
(d) Breccias have angular fragments and conglomerates have rounded

fragments
(e) None of these
10.In regional metamorphism the source of increased temperature
and pressure is
(a)A local intrusive heat source
(b)Impact metamorphism
(c)The increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial
(d)Due to increase rate of radioactive decay
(e)None of these
11.Which of the following statements about metamorphism of a
shale is false?
(a)With increasing metamorphism, the clay minerals breakdown to form
micas
(b)With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the minerals gets
smaller
(c)With increasing metamorphism, foliation develops
(d)With increasing metamorphism, the amount of water decreases.
(e)None of these
12.What is the relationship between metamorphic foliation and
sedimentary bedding?
(a)Sedimentary bedding is required in order for a rock to develop
metamorphic foliation
(b)Sedimentary bedding and metamorphic foliation are two terms for the
same phenomenon
(c) Sedimentary bedding and metamorphic foliation are generally parallel
(d)There is no regular relationship between sedimentary bedding and
metamorphic foliation
(e) None of these

13.A disconformity is
(a)A rock unit that does not contain fossils
(b)An erosional surface between igneous and metamorphic rocks
(c)An erosional surface between horizontal sedimentary rocks
(d)An erosional surface between different rock types
(e)None of these
14.What is the name for an erosion surface that separates two sets
of sedimentary layers with non-parallel bedding planes?
(a) Cross bedding
(b) Formation
(c)Fault unconformity
(d)Angular unconformity
(e)None of these
15. How do rock particles move during the passage of a P-wave
through the rock?
(a) Back and forth parallel to the direction of wave travel
(b) Perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
(c) In a rolling elliptical motion
(d) In a rolling circular motion
(e) None of these
16. Which of the following statement is false:
(a) Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries
(b) The time and location of most major earthquakes can be predicted
several days in advance
(c) Earthquakes can be caused by normal, reverse and strike-slip faulting
(d)P-waves travel faster than both S-waves and Surface waves
(e)None of these

17. Which of the following statement a bout rock deformation is

false?
(a) Deep crustal rocks are more likely to deform ductily than shallow crustal
rocks
(b) Hotter rocks are more likely to deform ductily than cooler rocks
(c) Most sedimentary rocks are more deformable than igneous rocks
(d) Rocks under low confining pressure are more likely to deformductily than
rocks under high confining pressure
(e) None of these
18. If the sedimentary rocks on a geologic map form a zigzag
pattern, the underlying structure probably consists of
(a) Horizontal anticlines and synclines
(b) Plunging anticlines and synclines
(c) Domes and basin
(d) Strike slip faults
(e) None of these
19. A fault plane strikes north-south and dips steeply to the west.
Geologic observations indicate that most of the fault movement was
vertical and that Mesozoic rocks occur east of the fault and
Paleozoic rocks occur west of the fault. What type of fault is this?
(a) Normal
(b) A right lateral strike slip
(c) Reverse
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
20. Which of the following types of tectonic forces tends to push
two sides of a body in opposite directions so that they slide

horizontally past one another?

(a) Tensional forces
(b) Shearing forces
(c) Compressive forces
(d) None of these

PART-II
NOTE: (i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Candidate must write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q.
No. in the Q. Paper.
(iii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions
carry EQUAL marks.
(iv) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will
not be considered

Q. No.2. Discuss three types of collision of Plate boundaries with reference

to Plate system of Pakistan. (20)
Q. No.3. How the Earthquake is located? How the destruction was made by
earthquake in 2005 in Pakistan? Discuss briefly. (20)
Q. No.4. Differentiate Structural Geology and Tectonics. Enlist classification
of fault based on Slip and attitude of fault and attitude of strata with brief
description and diagrams. (20)
Q. No.5. Describe the tertiary succession of lower Indus Basin. (20)
Q. No.6. How minerals are classified? Discuss and en list the classification of
minerals other than silicate. (20)

Q. No.7. What do you understand by Sedimentary Environment? Discuss in

details the Marine environment. (20)
Q. No.8.Write short notes on any FOUR of the following: (5 each)
(a) Present is key to the past
(b) Stages of deformation
(c) Stratigraphy of Khewra Gorge
(d) Kinds of unconformities
(e) Mechanism of metamorphism
(f) Hardness of the minerals and scale

Geology Paper 1 2010 subjective part

Part II
Q.2 How X-ray diffraction helps to determine the mineralogical composition of rocks?
Q.3 What is acidic igneous rocks? Describe the petrology of granite in detail.
Q.4 Describe the internal structure of the Earth and its relation to solar system.
Q.5 What are sedimentary structures? Describe its classification and discuss the
deformational sedimentary structures.
Q.6 Define correlation, describe the principle of correlation with examples from the
stratigraphy of Pakistan.
Q.7 Describe the Cretaceous sequence of Hazara Area and the Suleiman Range.
Q.8 Write notes on: 5+5+5+5
i. Metamorphic zones and facies
ii. Earth Magnetic Field
iii. Convergent Plate Boundary
iv. Chemical weathering

Geology Paper 2 2010 subjective part

Part II
Q.2 describe various modes of slope failures in rocks.
Q.3. What is meant by alkali aggregate reaction? Elaborate the concepts of Alkali Silica
reaction.
Q.4 How the geochemical survey is used for the exploration of mineral deposits?
Q.5 Describe the occurrence and industrial utilization of bentonite deposits of Azad Kashmir.
Q.6 Discuss salient feature of Tarbela Dam.
Q.7 What is the role of an Engineering Geologist in the site investigation of a mega project.
Q.8. describe the theories regarding the origin of Petroleum and Primary Migration of
Hydrocarbons.

PAPER II
PART I (MCQ)
(COMPULSORY)
Q.1. Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate box on the Answer Sheet. (20)
(i) The safe yield of groundwater basin is:
(a) The total quantity of water that can be withdrawn from it annually
(b) The total quantity of water obtained from a basin less the water lost on account of
evapotranspiration
(c) The amount of water that can be withdrawn from it annually without producing an
undesired result

(d) None of these

(ii) The lower 10 km of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called:
(a) Troposphere
(b) Hydrosphere
(c) Barosphere
(d) Biosphere
(iii) When moist air moves and encounters a mountain range, it flows up and down the
other side, rain occurs in the zone of cooling air, called:
(a) Convectine precipitation
(b) Cyclonic precipitation
(c) Orographic precipitation
(d) None of these
(iv) Clay is:
(a) More porous and more permeable
(b) Less porous and less permeable
(c) More porous and less permeable
(d) Less porous and more permeable
(v) In Alkali-Silica Reaction strained quartz is:
(a) Non-reactive
(b) Most reactive
(c) Prevent ASR
(d) Imparts high strength
(vi) In concrete ASR is exhibited by:
(a) Parallel Fractures
(b) Oblique fractures
(c) Transverse fractures
(d) None of these
(vii) Greywacke and other phillosilicates are generally prone to:
(a) Alkali Silica Reaction

(b) Alkali Carbonate Reaction

(c) Alkali Silicate Reaction
(d) All of these
(viii) An aquifer, not in contact with atmosphere, overlain by aquitards, have inflow or out
flow of groundwater through overlying (or underlying) aquitards, is known as:
(a) Semi-unconfined aquifer
(b) Confined aquifer
(c) Unconfined aquifer
(d) Semi-confined aquifer
(ix) A formation which can transmits water at a very low rate (sandy clay, fractures shales,
silts) forms:
(a) Aquitard
(b) Aquifuge
(c) Aquiclude
(d) Aquifer
(x) Maps having contour lines connecting points of equal depths of precipitation for the
aerial distribution of rainfall are called:
(a) Contour Maps
(b) Isopack Maps
(c) Isohyetal Maps
(d) Hydrological Maps
(xi) Having uniform grain size, choose the correct statement:
(a) Cubic packing has higher porosity than rhombohedral packing
(b) Rhombohedral packing has higher porosity than cubic packing
(c) Both type of packing have same porosities
(d) Packing of grains has no effect on porosity
(xii) The process of formation of deposits from channels at or near the surface is described
as:
(a) Syngenetic
(b) Epigenetic

(c) Paragenetic
(d) Pneumatogenetic
(xiii) Pegmatites are described as:
(a) Massive mineral deposits of sedimentary origin
(b) Huge outcrops of fine-grained volcano-plutonic rocks
(c) Very coarse-grained igneous or metamorphic rocks
(d) Bonanza of gold and silver
(xiv) Which of the following is an endogenetic deposit?
(a) Oxidation and supergene sulphide enrichment
(b) Residual concentration deposits
(c) Sedimentation deposits
(d) Fumarolic deposits
(xv) The deposits formed at the end of magmatic differentiation are termed as:
(a) Orthotectic deposits
(b) Metasomatic deposits
(c) Hydrothermal deposits
(d) Orthomagmatic deposits
(xvi) In a compaction test, maximum dry density is achieved at a particular moisture
content called:
(a) Maximum moisture content
(b) Optimum moisture content
(c) Ultimate moisture content
(d) Minimum moisture content
(xvii) Coal deposits are formed on:
(a) Continental slopes
(b) Deep Marine
(c) Shallow Marine
(d) None of these
(xviii) Uranium in Pakistan is found in:

(a) Volcanic Rocks

(b) Plutonic Rocks
(c) Sedimentary Rocks
(d) All of these
(xix) In stratigraphic trap the chief trap making element is:
(a) Lithology
(b) Porosity
(c) Permeability
(d) All of these
(xx) The Lines of Latitude and Longitude drawn on a globe as:
(a) Latitude lines are parallel and Longitude lines meet at the poles
(b) Latitude lines are parallel and Longitude lines meet at the equator
(c) Longitude lines are parallel and Latitude lines meet at the poles
(d) Longitude lines are parallel and Latitude lines meet at the equator

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION -2016
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
GEOLOGY
Time Allowed: Three Hours
Part-I (MCQs): Maximum 30 Minutes
Part-I (MCQs): Maximum Marks = 20
Part-II: Maximum Marks = 80

PART II
SECTION I
Q 2. Weathering is a natural process to break down the rocks and the minerals. This process
involves a set of physical, chemical and biological processes. Explain different types of
physical and chemical weathering, and describe the role of water in chemical weathering
process. (20)
Q.3 Global society is heavily dependent on minerals and metals. Earth is the source of all
these resources. All minerals are grouped into silicate and non silicate minerals, and further
are divided into seven major classes according to their economic use. For example, class
Sulfides has mineral Galena whose chemical formula is PbF, and is a source of LEAD. Make a
Table of four columns; 1st column should carry the title 'Minerals Class', 2nd column 'the
Names of Minerals of the classes', 3rd column is Chemical formulae of minerals of 2nd
column, 4th column the economic use of minerals of column-2.
Mention 10 minerals in the Table, giving their class (1st column), mineral name (2nd
column, chemical composition (3rd column), and economic use (4th column) (20)
Q.4 Mountain Belts are made of several mountain ranges, usually with related histories.
There are some familiar mountain ranges of the world, mention simply their names and
localities. However, discuss in detail the tectonic frame work of Himalayas. (20)
Q.5 Earth scientists are aware of the fact and metamorphism and plate tectonics are
intimately linked and are responsible for the development of different metamorphic facies.
Explain with diagrams(s) the type of plate tectonic boundary and formation of the related
facies. (20)

SECTION II
Q.6 Pakistan has plenty mineral resources. Massive sulfide bodies are also found in different
places. Electromagnetic geophysical methods is considered most suitable for the exploration
of such high electrical conductivity bodies buried under surface. Discuss in detail the
electromagnetic method, the controlling factors for increasing depth penetration and its

other applications. (20)

Q.7 Earthquakes are produced by fracturing the rocks in the subsurface. How it happens?
How tsunamis are produced? What characteristics make the earthquake dangerous, and
what characteristics make tsunami dangerous? Make a plot of the seismic waves which are
recorded during earthquake. (20)
Q.8 Write short notes on any TWO of the following. (10 each) (20)
(a) Role of Bouguer anomaly map in oil exploration
(b) Suitable geophysical technique used for groundwater exploration
(c) Unconformaties in Salt Range Startigraphy

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR
RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2015

Geology - Paper I
TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS
PART - I (MCQS): MAXIMUM 30 MINUTES
PART - I (MCQS): MAXIMUM MARKS = 20
PART - II: MAXIMUM MARKS = 80
NOTE: (i) Part - II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART - II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at
different places.
(iv) Candidate must write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the
Q.Paper.
(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book
must be crossed.
(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not be

considered.

PART - II
Q. 2. Discuss compositional variations between the end members and describe substitutions
of the major cations in the feldspars, pyroxenes and olivines.
Q. 3. Discuss the Primary clastic structures in sedimentary rocks.
Q. 4. Explain the relationship between magma chemistry and the production of pyroclastic
material and discuss the classification of pyroclastic rocks.
Q.5. What processes cause the origination of flood plains and how do they contribute to the
development of floodplains? Also compare and contrast the Depositional and Erosional
Terraces.
Q. 6. Describe the nature of contacts in the stratigraphic record. Also discuss the types of
grain size trends associated with transgression and regression.
Q. 7. Discuss the Barrovian type metamorphism with the example from Indian plate margin
in Kaghan valley.
Q. 8. Write notes on any TWO of the following:
(a) Fauna of Permean Sequence of Salt Range
(b) Ditrigonal Scallenohedral Class or Calcite type.
(c) Sites of magma generation on the basis of tectonic setting

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR
RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2015

Geology - Paper II
TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS

PART - I (MCQS): MAXIMUM 30 MINUTES

PART - I (MCQS): MAXIMUM MARKS = 20
PART - II: MAXIMUM MARKS = 80
NOTE: (i) Part - II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART - II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at
different places.
(iv) Candidate must write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the
Q.Paper.
(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book
must be crossed.
(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not be
considered.

PART - II
Q. No. 2. Compare the geological conditions responsible for the formation of coal, oil, and
natural gas. (20)
Q. No. 3. Discuss the Geological factors in hydro power projects. (20)
Q. No. 4. Discuss the Uranium mineralization in Siwalik fluvial depositional system of
Pakistan. (20)
Q. No. 5.Give a detailed account of the types of landslides, the causative factors and the
methods to prevent landslides. (20)
Q. No. 6. Discuss the various laboratory and field tests carried out to determine the
engineering properties of rocks. (20)
Q. No. 7. Discuss the lithostratigraphic units of Salt range regarding the raw materials for
cement industry. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on any TWO of the following. (10 each)

(a) Path finders in geochemical exploration
(b) Evaporite mineral deposits
(c) C14 dating

Geology MCQs 2015-16 (Solved)

(i) Diamonds are stronger than graphite because they have:
(a) Van der Waals bonds
(b) covalent bonds
(c) ionic bonds
(d) metallic bonds
(ii) Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum is actually which type of soil:
(a) pedalfer
(b) pedocal
(c) caliche
(d) laterite
(iii) The term groundwater recharge refers to:
(a) the supply of groundwater that remains stored in the ground for long periods of time
(b) the infiltration and addition of water into the groundwater aquifer
(c) absorption of water by the soil
(d) how fast the groundwater is flowing
(iv) Which of the following aquifers are most at risk to contamination?
(a) deep, confined aquifers
(b) aquifers in igneous rocks
(c) shallow, unconfined aquifers recharged by rivers that drain agricultural or industrial areas
(d) All of these
(v) Doubling of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is predicted to cause:
(a) change in rainfall patterns

(b) increase in average global temperature of 1.2 *C

(c) northward movement of optimal growing zones
(d) All of these
(vi) Platinum and chromium deposits are typically associated with:
(a) pegmatites
(b) hydrothermal deposits
(c) black smokers
(d) igneous mafic layered intrusions
(vii) With increasing metamorphism, a shale will go through which of the following textural
changes:
(a) phyllite, gneiss, schist, slate
(b) schist, slate, gneiss, phyllite
(c) slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist
(d) slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
(viii) Most petroleum is generated from source rocks deposited:
(a) in oxic to dysoxic
(b) dysoxic-to-suboxic
(c) suboxic-to-anoxic
(d) dysoxic-to-oxic environments
(ix) The main driving force behind secondary migration in absence of hydrodynamics is:
(a) buoyancy
(b) capillarity
(c) surface tension
(x) Mendeleer proposed that, metallic carbides deep within the Earth reacted at high
temperature with H2O, to form hydrocarbons:
(a) methane
(b) ethane
(c) acetylene
(d) benzene

(xi) Good hydrocarbon source rocks are usually:

(a) Coarse grained
(b) fine grained
(c) medium grained
(xii) Oil and Gas Development Corporation was established in:
(a) 1956
(b) 1965
(c) 1961
(d) 1971
(xiii) First discovery of oil Field was made at Khaur in Potwar Basin in:
(a) 1885
(b) 1951
(c) 1915
(d) 1947
(xiv) The zone of leaching in a soil is also called the:
(a) A-horizon
(b) B-horizon
(c) C-horizon
(d) O-horizon
(xv) To be an aquifer, a rock unit must have::
(a) both permeability and porosity
(b) neither permeability nor porosity
(c) permeability, but not porosity
(d) porosity, but not permeability
(xvi) Which formation is most objective as reservoir rock in Potowar region?
(a) Khewra sand stone
(b) Datta sand stone
(b) Pab sand stone
(d) Sakesar Lime stone

(xvii) Geologists use the equation called Darcys Law to calculate:

(a) the depth to the water table
(b) the discharge through an aquifer
(c) the water pressure in an aquifer
(d) the porosity of an aquifer
(xviii) Kalabagh Dam was proposed to built on:
(a) Swat River
(b) Kabul River
(c) Indus River
(d) Nilam River
(xix) Chromite ore mines are located in:
(a) Axial folded Belt
(b) Sulaiman Ranges
(c) Trans Indus Ranges
(d) Kharan Ranges
(e) None of these
(xx) Most of the Oil and Gas Fields of Indus Basin discovered in:
(a) Punjab Platform Area
(b) Thar Platform Area
(c) Sargodha High
(d) Kohat-Potwar Basin
(e) None of these
(i) Which of the following is a part of the definition of a mineral?
(a) a liquid that may become solid
(b) man-made
(c) definite chemical composition
(d) unorganized structure
(e) All of these

(ii) Which of the following minerals are arranged in order of increasing hardness?
(a) talc, apatite, corundum, diamond
(b) topaz, quartz, fluorite, corundum
(c) talc, quartz, calcite, diamond
(d) quartz, topaz, diamond, fluorite
(e) fluorite, calcite, gypsum, talc
(iii) How do the crystal structures of micas and feldspars differ from each other?
(a) feldspars are framework silicates, micas are double chain silicates
(b) feldspars are double chain silicates, micas are sheet silicates
(c) micas and feldspars have the same crystalline structure
(d) feldspars are single chain silicates, micas are double chain silicates
(e) micas are sheet silicates, feldspars are framework silicates
(iv) Sima is a general term used to refer to:
(a) rocks of the ocean basins
(b) rocks of the continents
(c) None of these
(d) all rocks that compose Earths crust
(e) rocks that compose the crust of terrestrial planets
(v) Which of the following parameters influences the viscosity of magma?:
(a) temperature of the magma
(b) oxygen content of the magma
(c) depth of the magma beneath Earths surface
(d) quantity of minerals in the magma
(e) all of these
(vi) The Continuous Series of Bowens Reaction Series is composed of minerals.
(a) with different chemical compositions but the same mineral structures
(b) with different chemical compositions and different mineral structures
(c) with similar chemical compositions and different mineral structures
(d) with similar chemical compositions and similar mineral structures
(e) None of these

(vii) Plutonic igneous rocks always have:

(a) olivine, calcium feldspar, pyroxene
(b) amphibole, sodium feldspar, biotite
(c) quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar
(d) phaneritic texture
(e) None of these
(viii) Weathering processes:
(a) only affect igneous rocks
(b) only affect sedimentary rocks
(c) affect all rocks at Earths surface
(d) do not adversely affect rocks
(e) cannot be observed directly at Earths surface.
(ix) Mud cracks preserved in sedimentary rocks:
(a) are indicative of arid environments characterized by occasional rain
(b) occur only in rain forests
(c) occur whenever plants germinate in rocks
(d) have never been observed in nature
(x) Which of the following lists is arranged in order from lowest to highest grade of
metamorphic rock?
(a) gneiss, slate, schist, phyllite
(b) gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate
(c) slate, gneiss , phyllite, schist
(d) slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
(e) phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist
(xi) The asthenosphere is:
(a) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as brittle solids
(b) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as plastic solids
(c) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as fluids
(d) that portion of Earth where rocks can be found
(e) None of these

(xii) Which of the following is associated with continent-continent convergent plate

boundaries?
(a) explosive volcanism
(b) andesite volcanism
(c) large, damaging earthquakes
(d) volcanic mountain chain
(e) All of these
(xiii) An example of a convergent plate boundary is:
(a) the Ouachita Mountains
(b) the Appalachian Mountains
(c) the Himalaya Mountains
(d) the Cascade Mountains
(e) All of these
(xiv) The strike of a layer is:
(a) the angle at which that layer intercepts a horizontal surface
(b) the degree to which the layer has compressed during mountain building
(c) a line formed by the intersection of the layer with the Earths surface
(xv) An anticline is a structure in which:
(a) the oldest rock layers are located at the top of the structure
(b) the rock layers dip away from the axis of the structure
(c) rock layers are down warped
(d) All of these
(xvi) The V-shaped outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline will:
(a) be tilted
(b) close in the direction of plunge
(c) open in the direction of plunge
(d) not be observed
(e) point toward the axis

(xvii) Which of the following is not a feature of an anticline?

(a) youngest rocks on the flanks
(b) oldest rocks near the axis
(c) layers dip toward the axis
(d) upwarped rock layers
(e) All of these
(xviii) Which of the following is not a principle used in relative dating?
(a) the Principle of Superposition
(b) the Principle of Original Horizontality
(c) the Principle of Faunal Succession
(d) the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
(e) The Theory of Evolution
(xix) What is the half-life of a radioactive element?
(a) the time required for one-half of a given quantity of the element to decay to its daughter
element
(b) the time required for all of the radioactive element to decay to its daughter element
(c) half of the time required for a given quantity of the element to decay to its daughter
element
(d) the time required for the radioactive element to decay half of the time
(e) if you observe a radioactive element, half the time it decays, half the time it doesnt
(xx) The Principle of Faunal Succession states that:
(a) fossils preserved in rock layers are less complex in older rocks
(b) the Theory of Evolution is proven by the succession of fossils observed in rocks
(c) the fossil record of life proves that life has succeeded on Earth
(d) it is unlikely that life could have succeeded on other planets
(e) None of these
FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2009.

GEOLOGY, PAPER-I

TIME ALLOWED: (PART-I) 30 MINUTES, MAXIMUM MARKS: 20

(PART-II) 2 HOURS & 30 MINUTES MAXIMUM MARKS: 80
NOTE: (i) First attempt PART-I (MCQ) on separate Answer Sheet which shall be
taken back after 30 minutes.
(ii) Overwriting/cutting of the options/answers will not be given credit.

PART I (MCQ)
COMPULSORY
Q.1. Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate box on the Answer
Sheet. (20)
(i) Which of the following is a part of the definition of a mineral?
(a) a liquid that may become solid
(b) man-made
(c) definite chemical composition
(d) unorganized structure
(e) All of these
(ii) Which of the following minerals are arranged in order of increasing hardness?
(a) talc, apatite, corundum, diamond
(b) topaz, quartz, fluorite, corundum
(c) talc, quartz, calcite, diamond
(d) quartz, topaz, diamond, fluorite
(e) fluorite, calcite, gypsum, talc
(iii) How do the crystal structures of micas and feldspars differ from each other?
(a) feldspars are framework silicates, micas are double chain silicates
(b) feldspars are double chain silicates, micas are sheet silicates

(c) micas and feldspars have the same crystalline structure

(d) feldspars are single chain silicates, micas are double chain silicates
(e) micas are sheet silicates, feldspars are framework silicates
(iv) Sima is a general term used to refer to:
(a) rocks of the ocean basins
(b) rocks of the continents
(c) None of these
(d) all rocks that compose Earths crust
(e) rocks that compose the crust of terrestrial planets
(v) Which of the following parameters influences the viscosity of magma?:
(a) temperature of the magma
(b) oxygen content of the magma
(c) depth of the magma beneath Earths surface
(d) quantity of minerals in the magma
(e) all of these
(vi) The Continuous Series of Bowens Reaction Series is composed of minerals.
(a) with different chemical compositions but the same mineral structures
(b) with different chemical compositions and different mineral structures
(c) with similar chemical compositions and different mineral structures
(d) with similar chemical compositions and similar mineral structures
(e) None of these
(vii) Plutonic igneous rocks always have:
(a) olivine, calcium feldspar, pyroxene
(b) amphibole, sodium feldspar, biotite
(c) quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar
(d) phaneritic texture
(e) None of these
(viii) Weathering processes:
(a) only affect igneous rocks
(b) only affect sedimentary rocks

(c) affect all rocks at Earths surface

(d) do not adversely affect rocks
(e) cannot be observed directly at Earths surface.
(ix) Mud cracks preserved in sedimentary rocks:
(a) are indicative of arid environments characterized by occasional rain
(b) occur only in rain forests
(c) occur whenever plants germinate in rocks
(d) have never been observed in nature
(x) Which of the following lists is arranged in order from lowest to highest grade of
metamorphic rock?
(a) gneiss, slate, schist, phyllite
(b) gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate
(c) slate, gneiss , phyllite, schist
(d) slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
(e) phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist
(xi) The asthenosphere is:
(a) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as brittle solids
(b) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as plastic solids
(c) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as fluids
(d) that portion of Earth where rocks can be found
(e) None of these
(xii) Which of the following is associated with continent-continent convergent plate
boundaries?
(a) explosive volcanism
(b) andesite volcanism
(c) large, damaging earthquakes
(d) volcanic mountain chain
(e) All of these
(xiii) An example of a convergent plate boundary is:
(a) the Ouachita Mountains

(b) the Appalachian Mountains

(c) the Himalaya Mountains
(d) the Cascade Mountains
(e) All of these
(xiv) The strike of a layer is:
(a) the angle at which that layer intercepts a horizontal surface
(b) the degree to which the layer has compressed during mountain building
(c) a line formed by the intersection of the layer with the Earths surface
(xv) An anticline is a structure in which:
(a) the oldest rock layers are located at the top of the structure
(b) the rock layers dip away from the axis of the structure
(c) rock layers are down warped
(d) All of these
(xvi) The V-shaped outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline will:
(a) be tilted
(b) close in the direction of plunge
(c) open in the direction of plunge
(d) not be observed
(e) point toward the axis
(xvii) Which of the following is not a feature of an anticline?
(a) youngest rocks on the flanks
(b) oldest rocks near the axis
(c) layers dip toward the axis
(d) upwarped rock layers
(e) All of these
(xviii) Which of the following is not a principle used in relative dating?
(a) the Principle of Superposition
(b) the Principle of Original Horizontality
(c) the Principle of Faunal Succession
(d) the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

(e) The Theory of Evolution

(xix) What is the half-life of a radioactive element?
(a) the time required for one-half of a given quantity of the element to decay to its daughter
element
(b) the time required for all of the radioactive element to decay to its daughter element
(c) half of the time required for a given quantity of the element to decay to its daughter
element
(d) the time required for the radioactive element to decay half of the time
(e) if you observe a radioactive element, half the time it decays, half the time it doesnt
(xx) The Principle of Faunal Succession states that:
(a) fossils preserved in rock layers are less complex in older rocks
(b) the Theory of Evolution is proven by the succession of fossils observed in rocks
(c) the fossil record of life proves that life has succeeded on Earth
(d) it is unlikely that life could have succeeded on other planets
(e) None of these
PART II
(i) PART-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not
be considered.
Q.2. How many Tectonic Plate Boundaries are found? Describe them briefly with emphasis to
Indian Plate. (20)
Q.3. Describe Volcanic processes in detail with emphasis to volcanic activity in Indus and
Balochistan Basins. (20)
Q.4. What do you understand with rock failure theory? Describe various features result due
tectonic forces. (20)
Q.5. What importance has micro fossils in stratigraphy? Give the Classification of Phylum
Sarcodina up to Family level. (20)

Q.6. Describe the succession (Various Formations) of Mesozoic Era from Salt Range. (20)
Q.7. Describe principal types of metamorphic rocks in details. (20)
Q.8. Define/describe briefly the following terms: (20)
(i) Horst and Graben Fault
(ii) Range Fossils
(iii) Law of superposition
(iv) Lithosphere
(v) Type section
(vi) Continental Rise
(vii) Disconformity
(viii) Jhlum Group
(ix) Alluvial Fan
(x) Jasper
(xi) Mohs Scale
(xii) Differential Weathering
(xiii) Primary structures
(xiv) Meandering Stream
(xv) Detritus Rocks
(xvi) Geosyncline
(xvii) Petrifaction
(xviii) Panel Diagram
(xix) Transform Fault
(xx) Graded Bedding

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2009.

GEOLOGY, PAPER-II

TIME ALLOWED: (PART-I) 30 MINUTES, MAXIMUM MARKS: 20

(PART-II) 2 HOURS & 30 MINUTES MAXIMUM MARKS: 80
NOTE: (i) First attempt PART-I (MCQ) on separate Answer Sheet which shall be
taken back after 30 minutes.
(ii) Overwriting/cutting of the options/answers will not be given credit.

PART I (MCQ)
COMPULSORY
Q.1. Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate box on the Answer
Sheet. (20)
(i) Diamonds are stronger than graphite because they have:
(a) Van der Waals bonds
(b) covalent bonds
(c) ionic bonds
(d) metallic bonds
(ii) Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum is actually which type of soil:
(a) pedalfer
(b) pedocal
(c) caliche
(d) laterite
(iii) The term groundwater recharge refers to:
(a) the supply of groundwater that remains stored in the ground for long periods of time
(b) the infiltration and addition of water into the groundwater aquifer
(c) absorption of water by the soil
(d) how fast the groundwater is flowing
(iv) Which of the following aquifers are most at risk to contamination?
(a) deep, confined aquifers

(b) aquifers in igneous rocks

(c) shallow, unconfined aquifers recharged by rivers that drain agricultural or industrial
areas
(d) All of these
(v) Doubling of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is predicted to cause:
(a) change in rainfall patterns
(b) increase in average global temperature of 1.2 *C
(c) northward movement of optimal growing zones
(d) All of these
(vi) Platinum and chromium deposits are typically associated with:
(a) pegmatites
(b) hydrothermal deposits
(c) black smokers
(d) igneous mafic layered intrusions
(vii) With increasing metamorphism, a shale will go through which of the following textural
changes:
(a) phyllite, gneiss, schist, slate
(b) schist, slate, gneiss, phyllite
(c) slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist
(d) slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
(viii) Most petroleum is generated from source rocks deposited:
(a) in oxic to dysoxic
(b) dysoxic-to-suboxic
(c) suboxic-to-anoxic
(d) dysoxic-to-oxic environments
(ix) The main driving force behind secondary migration in absence of hydrodynamics is:
(a) buoyancy
(b) capillarity
(c) surface tension

(x) Mendeleer proposed that, metallic carbides deep within the Earth reacted at high
temperature with H2O, to form hydrocarbons:
(a) methane
(b) ethane
(c) acetylene
(d) benzene
(xi) Good hydrocarbon source rocks are usually:
(a) Coarse grained
(b) fine grained
(c) medium grained
(xii) Oil and Gas Development Corporation was established in:
(a) 1956
(b) 1965
(c) 1961
(d) 1971
(xiii) First discovery of oil Field was made at Khaur in Potwar Basin in:
(a) 1885
(b) 1951
(c) 1915
(d) 1947
(xiv) The zone of leaching in a soil is also called the:
(a) A-horizon
(b) B-horizon
(c) C-horizon
(d) O-horizon
(xv) To be an aquifer, a rock unit must have::
(a) both permeability and porosity
(b) neither permeability nor porosity
(c) permeability, but not porosity
(d) porosity, but not permeability

(xvi) Which formation is most objective as reservoir rock in Potowar region?

(a) Khewra sand stone
(b) Datta sand stone
(b) Pab sand stone
(d) Sakesar Lime stone
(xvii) Geologists use the equation called Darcys Law to calculate:
(a) the depth to the water table
(b) the discharge through an aquifer
(c) the water pressure in an aquifer
(d) the porosity of an aquifer
(xviii) Kalabagh Dam was proposed to built on:
(a) Swat River
(b) Kabul River
(c) Indus River
(d) Nilam River
(xix) Chromite ore mines are located in:
(a) Axial folded Belt
(b) Sulaiman Ranges
(c) Trans Indus Ranges
(d) Kharan Ranges
(e) None of these
(xx) Most of the Oil and Gas Fields of Indus Basin discovered in:
(a) Punjab Platform Area
(b) Thar Platform Area
(c) Sargodha High
(d) Kohat-Potwar Basin
(e) None of these

PART II

(i) PART-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.

(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not
be considered.
Q.2. Describe the characteristics of reservoir rocks and enlist producing reservoir rocks of
Indus Basin.(20)
Q.3. Describe the Trap mechanism and classify the kinds of traps according to Allen Allen.
(20)
Q.4. Describe the Seismic method of Exploration and briefly discuss the mechanism of
seismograph and geophones. (20)
Q.5. Discuss with reference to geographical distribution, economic value and occurrences of
Non-Metallic Minerals of Pakistan. (20)
Q.6. Discuss the characteristics features of Building Material and enlist all those factors
consider for construction of a Dam. (20)
Q.7. Discuss the future prospect of coal mining in Pakistan with reference to Sindh region
especially. (20)
Q.8. Define/describe briefly the following terms: (20)
(i) Photosynthesis
(ii) Bitumen Shale
(iii) Hematite Ore
(iv) Seal Rock
(v) Career Bed
(vi) Buoyant Force
(vii) Buckle Fold Trap
(viii) Directional Drilling
(ix) Fuel Minerals
(x) Drilling Mud

(xi) Oil Fields of Kohat

(xii) Stable Slopes
(xiii) Remote sensing
(xiv) Water Logging
(xv) Aquifer Well
(xvi) Expulsion of soil
(xvii) Vuggy Porosity
(xviii) Exinite Matter
(xix) Gas Chromatography
(xx) Gravity Method of Exploration

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2007.

GEOLOGY, PAPER - I

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

NOTE: (i) Attempt FIVE questions in all including question No. 8 which is
compulsory. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
(ii) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not be
considered
(iii) Candidate must draw two straight lines (==================) at the
end to separate each question attempted in Answer Books.
1. When and how the Plate Tectonic Theory was established? Describe various layers of
Earth with their characteristics.
2. How many kinds of Geomorphic Cycles are possible? Discuss process of chemical
weathering in detail.
3. Describe various kinds of primary sedimentary structures and their role in identification of
top and bottom of a Bed surface.

4. What is the importance of Fossils in Geology? Describe various processes of fossilization.

5. Enlist generalized succession of Paleozoic Era found in Salt Range and discuss the
regional Unconformities established in Indus Basin of Pakistan.
6. Describe various Crystal System briefly and give examples of two minerals at least for
each system.
7. Differentiate between Plutonic and volcanic rocks in detail and give examples of rocks
from Pakistan and at least five for each kind.

COMPULSORY QUESTION
8. Define/Describe briefly the following terms:
1. Index fossil
2. Detachment fault
3. Braided river
4. Uniformitarianism
5. Isostacy
6. Asthenosphere
7. Mass wasting
8. Stratigraphic code
9. Lithification
10. Textual maturity
11. Abyssal plain

12. Type locality

13. Travertine
14. Coquina
15. Nonconformity
16. Kirana group
17. Diaper fold
18. Deltas
19. Stenos law
20. Complete the following chemical equation: 2KAISi3O8 + Carbonic acid + Water =
_________ + _________ +_________ +_________
FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2007.

GEOLOGY, PAPER - II

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

NOTE: (i) Attempt FIVE questions in all including question No. 8 which is
compulsory. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
(ii) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not be
considered
(iii) Candidate must draw two straight lines (==================) at the
end to separate each question attempted in Answer Books.
1. Describe the factors controlling organic productivity of organic mass. Discuss the
mechanism of oil trapping.

2. Discuss the efficiency of expulsion and also discuss how this expulsion (primary
migration) does occur form source rocks?
3. Describe the process of Magmatic concentration during formation of mineral Deposits.
4. Discuss with reference to geographical distribution, economic value and kind of
occurrences, various metallic ores and minerals from Pakistan.
5. What geological factors are considered for the sites of Bridges especially in Hilly areas
and what consideration should be taken into account for its long life?
6. How photo geology and remote sensing does help in mineral exploration?
7. Why we have more water logging in Sindh region and also discuss various kinds of
Aquifer found in this region.

COMPULSORY QUESTION
8. Define/Describe briefly the following terms:
1. Carbon cycle
2. Lipids
3. Seismograph
4. Bacterial degration
5. Rotary drilling
6. Wire line logging
7. Anthracite coal
8. Drape structure
9. S&P Waves

10. Auger boring

11. Spillways
12. Rotational slides
13. Borehole deflection
14. Limonite
15. Geophone
16. Collector well for water
17. Water reservoir
18. Metallogeny
19. Coefficient of permeability
20. Dolomitization
FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2005.

GEOLOGY, PAPER - I

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is
COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
1. Define mineral, crystal and rock. Describe the Feldspar group of minerals.
2. How do you classify Folds? Discuss the types of Folds in the mountains of Balochistan.
3. Discuss the process of weathering and erosion. What is the importance of these

processes?
4. Describe the morphology of Brachiopods. What is their significance in the stratigraphy of
Pakistan?
5. What is the difference between magnitude and intensity of an earthquake? What are
earthquake resistant structures?
6. What is Stratigraphic Code of Pakistan? Describe the Paleozoic rocks of the Salt Range.
7. How do the sediments convert to sedimentary rocks? Describe a few elastic sedimentary
rocks.

COMPULSORY QUESTION
8. Write very short note on the following:
1. Sedimentary facies
2. Lithosphere
3. Ropy lava
4. Flute cast
5. Continental shelf
6. Fossil fuel
7. Gray wack
8. Extension joints
9. Submarine fan
10. Garnet
11. Graded river

12. Chevron folds

13. Hornfels
14. Axis of symmetry
15. Marker bed
16. Peridotite
17. Interference colors
18. Discocyclina
19. Cyclosilicate
20. Pyrite
FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2004.

GEOLOGY, PAPER - I

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is

COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
1. What methods are available to determine the age of the Earth? Describe its internal
structure.
2. Discuss the origin of MAGMA in relation to plate tectonics. How different types of igneous
rocks are formed from a single magma?

3. What is the significance of physical properties of mineral? Describe the PYROXENE group
of minerals.
4. Define Formation. Describe the Tertiary sequence of strata in Sindh.
5. How do you classify Faults? Discuss the importance of CHAMAN FAULT in the geology of
Pakistan.
6. How do you locate the epicenter of an earthquake? What measures are necessary for
those areas of Pakistan which are seismically active?
7. Describe the morphology of CEPHALOPODS. What is their significance in the stratigraphy
of Pakistan?

COMPULSORY QUESTION

8. Write very short answers on the following:

1. Turbidites
2. Asthenosphere
3. Pillow lawa
4. Cross bedding
5. Continental slope
6. Index fossil
7. Arkose
8. Enfoliation

9. Submarine fan
10. Kaolinite
11. Braided river
12. Main mantle thrust
13. Eclogite
14. Centre of symmetry
15. Marker bed
16. Syenite
17. Bireferengence
18. Globogerina
19. Phyllosilicate
20. Chert
FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
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IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2004.

GEOLOGY, PAPER - II

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is

COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.

1. What is PORPHYRY Copper deposit? Describe the geology of SAINDAK area.

2. Describe the ranks of Coal. What are the problems of Utilization of THAR Coal?
3. What geological factors must be considered in the selection of sites for DAMS? Discuss
the silting problem in Mangla and Terbela.
4. Explain the DARCY Law. Can groundwater exploration be an alternate to Kalabagh Dam?
5. Describe the structure and stratigraphy of SUI gas field. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of an international gas pipeline to Pakistan?
6. Discuss two common geophysicians techniques employed in the exploration of oil and for
groundwater.
7. What factors are responsible for Landslides? How will you stabilize a frequently sliding
mass of shales and mudstone?

COMPULSORY QUESTION

8. Write very short answers on the following:

1. Artesian Well
2. Cable tool drilling
3. Talcthermal deposits
4. Ceramic minerals
5. Tar sands
6. Water logging

7. Karez
8. Lapidary
9. Bouger anamoly
10. Vitrinite
11. Stratigraphic traps
12. Geophones
13. Sour gas
14. Aquitards
15. Formation pressure
16. Pile foundation
17. Onyx
18. Resistivity log
19. Compressive strength
20. Decorative stones

GEOLOGY. PAPER-1
Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including QUESTIOiN N0.8 which is
COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks, illustrate your answer with the help
of sketches and diagrams where needed.
1. What are Sedimentary Rocks? How are these classified?

2. How Earth came into being? Briefly discuss theories about its origin.
3. What are EARTHQUAKES? How are these produced? What measures need to be
adopted to mitigate the damage caused by the earthquakes?
4. What is meant by CONTINENTAL DRIFT and PLATE TECTONICS? Discuss various
tectonic elements of the Earth. :
5. What are FOSSILS? How are these preserved? List the most important INDEX
Fossils of Pakistan.
6. What is STRATIGRAPHY? Briefly describe various stratigraphic units? Summarize
the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Salt Rage.
7. What is a MINERAL? Discuss various ROCK-FORMING MINERALS with the help of
examples.

EOLOGY, PAPER-2

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including QUESTION NO.8 which is
COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks. Illustrate your answer with the help
of sketches and diagrams where needed.
1. Discuss METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES of Pakistan? Suggest economically
viable, mineral-based industries for various deposits?
2. What are the major COALFIELDS of Pakistan? Discuss their Rank and Quality, and
propose their suitable industrial applications.
3. Briefly describe ORIGIN, MIGRATION AND OCCURRENCES of hydrocarbons.
Discuss HYDROCARBON PROVINCES of Pakistan.
4. What are the important RADIOACTIVE MINERALS? Discuss their host rocks and

occurrences in Pakistan.
5. What are LANDSLIDES? Discuss various hazards associate with them. Describe
measures to control landslides.
6. Write any essay on the WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN. Suggest measures to
controf water-logging and salinity.
7. Discuss GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING: TECHNIQUES employed for the exploration
of metals, water and hydrocarbons.
PAPER - I
COMPULSORY QUESTION
8. Write very short notes on the following:
1. Foraminifers
2. Pseudotachylite
3. Trachite
4. Magma
5. Seafloor spreading
6. Magnetic anomalies
7. Transform faults
8. Strike slip faults
9. Graben
10. Trench
11. Island Arc

12. Sheet Volcanic Eruption

13. Liquefaction
14. Crystal
15. Salt pseudomorph structure
16. Cross bed
17. Ripple mark
18. Pryope
19. Amphibole
20. Manganese Nodule
PAPER - II
COMPULSORY QUESTION
8. Write very short notes on the following:
1. Confined and unconfined aquifer
2. Monocline
3. Orocline
4. Gemstones
5. Geochemical exploration
6. Soils
7. Any two engineering properties of soils
8. Reservoir rocks

9. Salt dome
10. Porosity
11. Permeability
12. Rockslide
13. Any two properties of building stones
14. Avalanche
15. Point source of pollution
16. BOD
17. Bentonite
18. Wire line logs
19. Kerogen
20. Trace elements
21. FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
22. COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
23. IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2002.

24.
25. GEOLOGY, PAPER - I

26.
27. TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

28.
NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is
COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
1. Define bedding and stratification. Discuss various types of bedding. Which features
are employed to check whether the beds are right side up or over turned?

2. What are unconformities? Discuss various stages involved in their development

and describe with the help of diagrams various types of unconformities.
3. What is he base of division of crystals into Systems and Classes? What are the
peculiarities of the Normal class of a system? Describe the symmetry of the normal
class of the Hexagonal System.
4. What are Feldspars? Keeping in view the Al/Si distribution over the non-equivalent
tetrahedral sites in the structure of feldspar. What is a disordered feldspar?
5. Write an essay on the Foraminifera with special reference to their distribution in
Pakistan.
6. What is incongruent melting? Draw Phase diagram of the binary system-LeuciteSilica. Describe the characteristic features of this system.
7. Discuss the difference in the Petrography; chemistry and occurrence of the Alkali
basalt and tholeiitc basalt.

29. COMPULSORY QUESTION

8. (A) What is the difference between the following pairs (answer only in one or
two lines).
(1) Orthoclase and Sanidine
(2) Microcline and Maximum Microline
(3) Biotite and Phlogopite
(4) Octahedral and Six-fold Coordination
(5) Normal and reverse fold
(6) Stalactite and stalagmite
(7) Gabbro and granite
(B) What is wrong with the following sentences:
(8) There is no difference between a fault and a joint.
(9) Forsterite is formed by the thermal metamorphism of sandstone

(10) In the thermal metamorphism of impure Mg-limestone a series of reaction are involved
with progressive elimination of O2 from the system.
(11) Essential minerals within Granite and Gabbro are quartz, alkali, feldspar and biotile.
(12) M.K.T. separates the Indo-Pak Plate from the Kohistan Island arc.
(13) Hardness of quartz is 4 in the Hohs Scale of hardness.
(14) Kyanite and sillimanite are polymorphs of AI2O3.
(C) Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the
questions.
(15) Mg occupies the octahedral/tetrahedral coordinated positions in the silicate structure.
(16) The average thickness of oceanic crust is:
(a) 5 km
(b) 35 km
(c) 40 km
(d) None of these
(17) Eclogite is the high pressure equivalent of:
(a) Gabbro
(b) Diorite
(c) Sandstone
(d) None of these
(18) The basalt-andesite dacite-rhyolite series of rocks occur in:
(a) Island arc environment
(b) Continental marginal area
(c) Orogenic belts
(d) None of these
(19) On the A.F.M. diagram, the tholieiitic series exhibit:
(a) A non-iron enrichment trend
(b) A high-iron enrichment trend
(c) A moderate iron enrichment trend
(d) None of these

(20) When there are two generations of crystals in the igneous rocks, the texture is
described as:
(a) Porphyritic
(b) Porphyroblastic
(c) Aphyric
(d) None of theseFEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2002.

GEOLOGY, PAPER - II

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is
COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.

1. What are salt domes? Discuss their evolution and economic significance.
2. Discuss mineral deposits of Hydrothermal Origin.
3. Make a diagram of a modern drilling rig, label its various parts and discuss the function of
the water-based and oil drilling muds in Oil well drilling.
4. Briefly discuss the geological factors, which should be taken into consideration while
selecting a suitable site for the construction of dams.
5. Give an account of the geological materials used as building stones.
6. What geophysical technique(s) is/are recommended for the prospection of iron-ore
deposits? Give details of the techniques and instrument(s) used for this type of survey.

7. Write notes on the following:

(a) Lag time or bottom-up figure
(b) Coal and its varieties
(c) Marble deposits in Pakistan.

COMPULSORY QUESTION
8. Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the questions.
(1) Ax type carbonate minerals are:
(a) Calcite
(b) Dolomite
(c) Magnesite
(d) Siderite
(e) None of these
(2) Economic deposits of chronite occur at:
(a) Muslim bagh Baluchistan
(b) Chillas .. Kohistan
(c) Drgai .. Malakand
(d) Hazara Kohistan
(e) None of these
(3) Barite in the drilling mud is used for increasing:
(a) Mud weight
(b) Viscosity
(c) None of these
(4) Beside marble, which of the following rock(s) is/are used for making tiles (after cutting
and polishing):
(a) Dolerite
(b) Serpentinite
(c) Granite
(d) Sandstone

(e) None of these

(5) Is it true that a rock may be porous but not permeable?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(6) Which of the following minerals are used in the glass industry:
(a) Silica minerals
(b) Feldspar
(c) Olioine
(d) Garnet
(e) None of these
(7) Which of the following minerals are used as gem minerals?
(a) Talc
(b) Diamond
(c) Corundom
(d) None of these
(8) How much percent of total energy is produced through nuclear and hydle style power
generation in Pakistan?
(a) 10.3%
(b) 41.1%
(c) 43.5%
(d) Any other
(9) What is the total production of crude oil (daily basis) is Pakistan?
(a) 60,000 bbls
(b) 1,00,000 bbls
(c) 70,000 bbls
(d) Any other figure.
(10) Which of the following minerals is oxide of iron?
(a) Hemafite
(b) Magnetite

(c) Periclase
(d) Siderite
(e) None of these
(11) The dam constructed on river Jhelum is known as:
(a) Tanda Dam
(b) Warsak Dam
(c) Terbeila Dam
(d) Mangla Dam
(e) None of these
(12) Which of the following rock(s) is/are ideal for the accumulation of oil?
(a) Fractured limestone
(b) Shale
(c) Marle
(d) Sandstone
(e) None of these
(13) Landslide are commonly seen in:
(a) Muree Formation
(b) Hazara Slates
(c) Abbottabad Formation
(d) None of these
(14) Raw material for cement industry include:
(a) Limestone
(b) Shale
(c) Clay
(d) Slate
(e) Gypsum
(f) None of these
(15) Best quality is reported from:
(a) Ophiolitic mlange at Mingora
(b) Hunza

(c) Chaagai
(d) None of these
(16) Which type of Coal shows highest carbon content?
(a) Pest
(b) Lignite
(c) Bituminous
(d) None of these
(17) Kimberlite are high Pressure ultrabic rocks and are the main source of the terrestrial:
(a) Diamond
(b) Phlogopite
(c) Jad. Pyroxene
(d) None of these
(18) Among the geophysical methods, resistivity method is most suitable for:
(a) Ground water survey
(b) Metallic mineral deposits
(c) Oil and gas exploration
(d) None of these
(19) How much energy is produced through burning natural gas in Pakistan?
(a) 41.4%
(b) 4.5%
(c) Any other figure
(20) Why the O.G.D.C. is called as O.G.D.C.L. now? FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2001.

GEOLOGY, PAPER - I

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is
COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
1. Classify the fault genetically and briefly describe with the help of suitable diagrams.
2. Discuss the rock cycle and explain how it is related to plate tectonics.
3. What are the basic time stratigraphic units and their corresponding time units? Why did
geologist find it necessary to establish these two kinds of units?
4. Briefly describe Phylum molluska and give its classification up to class level with ages.
5. Briefly describe the major plutonic and volcanic rocks with their composition. Give some
examples from Pakistan.
6. Write a comprehensive note on Geodynamics of Pakistan.
7. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Different weathering.
(b) Primary structures of igneous rock
(c) Geomorphic cycle
(d) Metamorphic Facies

COMPULSORY QUESTION

1.
8. Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the
questions.
(1) The two minerals calcite and aragonite are polymorphs. This means that they
have the same:
(a) Crystal habit

(b) Hardness
(c) Crystalline structure
(d) Chemical composition
(e) Density
(f) None of these
(2) The sentence The present is the key to the past is a common restatement of
the:
(a) Law of superposition
(b) Principle of lateral continuity
(c) Principle of uniformitarianism
(d) Law of diminishing returns
(e) Principle of cross cutting relationships
(f) None of these
(3) When a conglomerate contains particles that are sharp and angular, geologists
call it:
(a) An arkose
(b) A travertine
(c) A breccia
(d) A quartz arenite
(e) A coquina
(f) None of these
(4) What type of rock makes up the greatest portion of the volume of the continental
crust:
(a) Limestone
(b) Gabbro
(c) Granite
(d) Basalt
(e) Shale
(f) None of these
(5) Geologists can recognize a gap in a sequence of sedimentary rocks that
represents a hiatus in the record of geologic time by locating a feature known as:

(a) An exfoliation dome

(b) Am isograd
(c) A geologic column
(d) A varve
(e) An unconformity.
(f) None of these
(6) A fossil is most useful to geologists as an index fossil if:
(a) It is only found in one particular place in the world.
(b) The species from which it formed had survived, unchanged, for an extremely long
time.
(c) The species from which it formed is closely related to a modern species.
(d) It is only found in sediments deposited during a short interval in Earths history.
(e) It is very different in appearance from other fossils around it.
(f) None of these
(7) A geologist wants to distinguish between mineral samples by seeing how well
they resist scratching. What standard should he use as the basis for comparing
samples?
(a) The Richter scale
(b) Stenos laws
(c) The Mobs scale
(d) The Hutton scale
(e) The Carnegie index.
(f) None of these
(8) Chalk, coquina, tufa and travertine are names applied to different varieties of:
(a) Mudstone
(b) Congloinetate
(c) Sandstone
(d) Evaporite
(e) Limestone
(f) None of these
(9) Seismic body waves:

(a) Travel more slowly than surface waves

(b) |May be either compressional or shear waves
(c) Are produced by the energy that is released at an earthquake epicenter.
(d) Cannot be detected by an inertial seismograph
(e) Are produced in the Earths outer crust
(f) None of these
(10) A geologist describing a fault discovers that rocks in the footwall block have
moved upward, relative to rocks in the hanging wall block. What kind of fault has he
discovered?
(a) A strike-slip fault
(b) A transform fault
(c) A reverse fault
(d) A normal fault
(e) An oblique fault
(f) None of these
(11) According to the 19th century geologist who first developed the idea, a
geosyncline:
(a) Filled almost entirely with volcanic rocks
(b) A huge fold in the middle of craton
(c) Produced by continental convergence
(d) A great trough that gradually deepens as it fills
(e) Produced by seafloor spreading
(f) None of these
(12) All of the deep earthquakes in the world are associated with:
(a) Spreading centers
(b) Mantle plumes
(c) Ocean trenches
(d) Plate triple junctions
(e) Continent al shelves
(f) None of these
(13) The oldest rocks on the Earth are found:

(a) In accreted terrains

(b) On mud-ocean ridges
(c) In cratons
(d) An orogens
(e) In subduction zones
(f) None of these
(14) One important outcome of H. F. Reids study of the great 1906 earthquakes in
San Francisco was the development of a new concept called:
(a) Isostasy
(b) Elastic rebound
(c) Free oscillations
(d) Mantle convection
(e) Risk assessment
(f) None of these
(15) Ophiolite complexes that are located high in the Himalayas Mountains of Asia
were probably once pieces of:
(a) An island arc
(b) A craton
(c) The outer core
(d) The oceanic crust
(e) A continental shelf
(f) None of these
(16) What part of the Earth is immediately beneath the Moho?
(a) The outer core
(b) The asthenophere
(c) The inner core
(d) The lower lithosphere
(e) The mesosphere
(f) None of these
(17) Andesitic magma is commonly produced by:
(a) Wet partial melting in subduction zones

(b) Friction in fold and thrust mountains

(c) Compression due to deep burial
(d) Pressure release at midocean ridges
(e) Heat rising in mantle plumes
(f) None of these
(18) Porosity is a measure of:
(a) The percentage of a sediments (or a rocks) volume that is open space
(b) How high the water pressure in a rock or sediment can be
(c) The shape and average size of open spaces in a rock or sediment
(d) How well the open spaces in a rock or sediment are connected to each other
(e) How easily water will flow through a rock or sediment
(f) None of these
(19) Geologists use the equation called Darcys Law of calculate:
(a) The depth to the water table
(b) The discharge through an aquifer
(c) The water pressure in an aquifer
(d) The volume of an aquifer
(e) The porosity of an aquifer
(f) None of these
(20) A sinkhole is caused by:
(a) Pumping water from a well
(b) Collapse of the land over a cave
(c) A violent eruption of heated groundwater
(d) Tectonic settling between normal faults
(e) Melting of buried ice
(f) None of these
2. FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
3. COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS
4. IN BPS 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2001.

5.
6. GEOLOGY, PAPER - II

7.

8. TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100

9.
NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is
COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
1. Briefly describe the case histories of the following oil and gas fields:
(a) Marl Gas Field
(b) Khaskhaili Oil Field
(c) Dhulian Oil Field
(d) Dhodhak Condensate Field
2. How gravity and magnetic techniques are useful in hydrocarbon exploration?
3. Describe various kinds of gemstones and give their occurrences from Pakistan.
4. Describe the environmental conditions of the transformation of organic matter into
kerogen. How the expulsion occurs from the source work?
5. Write in detail note on salinity and water logging problems in Sindh Region.
6. How sites for dams construction are investigate? Which site you will suggest for
dam construction on Indus River? Discuss.
7. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Types of aquifers
(b) Geochemical exploration technique
(c) Radioactive minerals of Pakistan
(d) Metallogeny of Pakistan

10. COMPULSORY QUESTION

11.
8. Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the
questions.
(1) The most necessary property of a reservoir is:

(a) Porosity
(b) Voids
(c) Permeability
(d) None of these
(2) The oldest coal field of Pakistan is found in rock of:
(a) Cambrian age
(b) Tertiary age
(c) Permian age
(d) None of these
(3) The youngest oil reservoir rock of Indus Basin is:
(a) Khera Sandstone
(b) Murree sandstone
(c) Pab Sandstone
(d) None of these
(4) The dam situated on Kabul River in Pakistan is known as:
(a) Warsak dam
(b) Hub dam
(c) Tarbela dam
(d) None of these
(5) The toposheet that is used for geological mapping is usually of scale:
(a) 1:50,000
(b) 1:100,000
(c) 1:63,360
(d) None of these
(6) One ton of oil is equal to US bbl:
(a) 7.33
(b) 3.77
(c) 37.7
(d) None of these

(7) In Khewra Salt Mines which method is used for mining salt:
(a) Open mining
(b) Pillar & room
(c) None of these
(8) Best quality of Barite is reported from:
(a) Khuzdar
(b) Kallat
(c) Ziarat
(d) None of these
(9) In which of the following carbon content is the highest:
(a) Peat
(b) Bituminous
(c) Lignite
(d) None of these
(10) Measuring units for natural gas is:
(a) BTU
(b) MMCF
(c) BBL
(d) None of these
(11) The Petroleum geology of Pakistan books is written by:
(a) V. N. Qadri
(b) S. M. G. J. Qadri
(c) I. B. Qadri
(d) None of these
(12) Velocity of P waves is minimum in:
(a) Salt dome
(b) Basalt
(c) Shale
(d) None of these

(13) Isopach contour map represent:

(a) True thickness
(b) Drill thickness
(c) Apparent thickness
(d) None of these
(14) The Travertine mineral is considered to be the result of:
(a) Placer deposit
(b) Hot spring deposit
(c) Fluvial deposit
(d) None of these
(15) Aquifer causes of land slide is:
(a) Connate water
(b) Percolated water
(c) Meteoric water
(d) None of these
(16) Major cause of land slide is:
(a) Gravity
(b) Vertical bedding
(c) Rainfall
(d) None of these
(17) The instrument which measure the intensity of earthquake is:
(a) Geophone
(b) Seismograph
(c) Magnetometer
(d) None of these
(18) Coal is found in one of the following environment:
(a) Marine
(b) Terrestrial
(c) Shoreline
(d) None of these

(19) Remote Sensing Exploration is highly useful for:

(a) Water
(b) Mineral
(c) Hydrocarbon
(d) None of these
(20) Which one of the following is a trace element in petroleum hydrocarbon?
(a) C
(b) H
(c) S
(d) None of these