AHM009

2016
ftyk ,oa l= U;k;ky; ghjkx<+ ds le{k

jkT; lh-ch-vkbZ
vfHk;ksxh

cuke

yfyrk ,oa vU;

vfHk;qDr

vfHk;qDr i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

laf{kIr kCnksa dh lwph -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

izkf/kdkjh dh lwph ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

{ks=kf/kdkj dk dFku ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

rF; foys[k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

eqs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10

rdksaZ dk lkj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------

11

fyf[kr rdZ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

12

1 yfyrk ,oa vU; Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds /kkjk 302 ds rgr nkskh ugha gSSA

12

1-1 ;ke ghjk ds }kjk iqfyl fgjklr esa fn;s Ck;ku ekU; ugha gSA

12

1-2 yfyrk ,oa vU; ds ikl eksfudk ds gR;k ds fy, dksbZ edln ugha FkkA

14

2- yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ i;kZIr lcwr ugha gS tks muds vijk/k fl) djrs gSA

16

2-1 ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; vfooluh; gSA

17

3 yfyrk ,oa vU; dks eqdnesa esa lansg dk ykHk feyuk pkfg,A

19

izkFkZuk

23

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

laf{kIr kCnks dh lwph

Hkk- n- l- & Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ] 1860

Hkk- lk- v- & Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872
n- iz- l- & n.M izf;k lafgrk] 1973
,l-lh-lh- & lqizhe dksVZ dsll
s
,l-lh-& lqizhe dksVZ
e- iz- & e/;iznsk
ek- & egkjkV
i- & iatkc
c- & cuke~
g- & gfj;k.kk
m- iz- & mRrj iznsk
,p-vkbZ-vkj & vkWy bafM;k fjiksVZ
ih-,p- & iatkc&fgj;k.kk
dy & dydRrk
,y-ts- & ykW tuZy
f- & ffeuy
vkbZ-ih-lh & bafM;u ihuy dksVZ
jkt& jktLFkku
,-ih- & vkU/kz iznsk
vky & vykgkckn
dj & dukZVd
iV &iVuk
dy & dydRrk

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

izkf/kdkjh dh lwph
dkuwu
1-

Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk ] 1960

2-

naM f;k lafgrk ] 1973

3-

Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872

U;kf;d fu.kZ;
1. vkksd dqekj pVTkhZ cuke e/; izns k jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1989 ,l-lh- 1890
2. vk;dj vk;qDr cuke nkl csjh jktk jke cSjh] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1982 ih-,p- 143. banj flag cuke iatkc jkT; 1991 f- ,y-ts- 2191 ,l-lh4. bjkn` cuke gSnjkckn jkT;] ,-vkbZ- vkj- 1956 ,l-lh- 316 (
5. bZ- dfyojFku cuke jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1996 ,l-lh- 61
6. bZjkHknzIik cuke dukZVd jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj-1983 ,l-lh- 446 (
7. mRrjnsk jkT; cuke nsoeu mik/;k; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1960 ,l-lh- 1125
8. mRrjiznsk jkT; cuke lq[kcklh] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1985 ,l-lh- 1224 (
9. mRrjiznsk jkT; cuke lrhk ( 2008 ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1609
10. mRrjiznsk jkT; cuke vkksd dqekj JhokLro 1992 fdz- ,y-ts- 1104
11. ,e-th- vxzoky cuke egkjkV jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1963 ,l-lh- 200 (
12. ,e- th vxzoky cuke egkjkV jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1963 ,l-lh- 200
13. ,l j?kwohj flag [kaMokyk cuke vkbZ-Vh- dfeuj ,-vkbZ-vkj 1958 iatkc 250
14. djrkj flag cuke iatkc jkT; 1962 2 ,l-lh-vkj- 395
15. dkyh jke cuke fgekapy izns k jkT;] 1974 fdz- ,-ts- 01 (
16. Dohu ,Esl cuke rkR;k vIikth 1896] 20 cks- 795
17. Dohu ,Esl cuke ukuk] 1889 14 cksEcs 2060] ,Q-ch]
18. dslj flag cuke gfj;k.kk jkT; 2008 15 ,l-lh-lh- 753
19. dkyhjke cuke fgekpy iznsk jkT; f-,y-ts- 183 ,l-lh20. Dohu ,Eisjsl cuke Hkhe 1894 vkbZ-,y-vkj- 17 ckEcs 485
21. Dohu ,Eisjsl cuke ckcwyky 1899 vkbZ-,y-vkj- 21 vkWy 106
22. xhtkxank lksebvkg] 2007 9 ,l-lh-lh- 315 320
23. xq:pj.k flag cuke iatkc jkT;] 1963 ,-vkbZ-vkj 340
24. t; fdku cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2015 3 ,l-lh-lh- 685
3

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

25. fnxacj xksis ,oa vU; cuke ifpe caxky jkT;] 1997 fdz-,y-ts- 2072 dy
26. nsouanu feJk cuke fcgkj jkT; 1955 2 ,l-lh-vkj- 570
27. nsvksuanu feJk cuke fcgkj jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1960 ,l-lh- 29
28. /kuefr Ms cuke ,Eisjj 19442 dy- 312]
29. /kwe flag cuke jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1957 vkWy 197
30. uk;c flax cuke jkTkLFkku jkT; 2007 3 jkTk 207
31. uk;d mesn flag cuke Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa vU; 2014 2 vkj-,l-ts- 658
32. ukjk;.k xksafon xokrs ,oa vU; cuke egkjkV jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1977 ,l-lh- 183
33. udoh cuke mRrjiznsk jkT; 1991 f-,y-th- 2462
34. cky d`.kdj ,oa vU; cuke ,p-ds- egkrc 2004 fdz-,y-ts 2527 ,l-lh- (
35. cq)sk cuke mRrjiznsk jkT;] 1980 ,l-lh-lh- 8 169
36. cyfoanj flag cuke iatkc jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1997 ,l-lh 350 (
37. Hkkck uanu oekZ cuke vle jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1977 ,l-lh- 2252 (
38. Hkxr jke cuke iatkc jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1954 ,l-lh- 621
39. e/;izns k jkT; cuke jesk] 2005 9 ,l-lh-lh- 705
40. ekyrh ,oa vU; cuke e/;nsk jkT; 2010 3 e-- MCY;w-,u-31 i`B 89
41. fy;kdr cuke mRkjkapy jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 2008 ,l-lh- 1537
42. kjn fcjf/k panz lkjnk cuke egkjkV jkT;] 1984 ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1622
43. fkokth kkgo jko cqnkos cuke egkjkV jkT; 1973 ,-lh-lh- 2 793
44. fot;h flax ,oa vU; cuke mRrj iznsk jkT;] 1990 ,l-lh-lh- 3 190 (
45. fouksn dqekj Hkwrkuh cuke jkT; }kjk lh-ch-vkbZ-] 2011 4 ts-lh-lh- 2786 (
46. foLrkjh ukjk;.k lsos cuke egkjkV jkT; 1978 f-,y-ts- 891
47. jaxkEey cuke dqIiwLokeh ,oa vU;] 2011 3 ,y-MCY;w- 48 ,l-lh-
48. jesk y{e.k ksas cuke egkjkV jkT; 1991 f- ,y-ts- 1636 cksEcs
49. jk/ks;ke ,oa vU; cuke mRrjiznsk jkT; ,oa vU;] 2011 5 ,l-lh-lh- 553 (
50. jk?ko iziUuk cuke mRrjiznsk jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1973 ,l-lh- 74 (
51. jkeflax cuke lksfu;k] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 2007 ,l-lh- 1218
52. jksdquvyh cuke ,EijZ ,-vkbZ-bZ- 1918 dy- 138
53. jktkfyaxe cuke jkT; iqfyl baLisDVj2012 III ,y-ts- 3353 ,l-lh54. jk?ko ikiUuk cuke mRrjiznsk jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1963 ,l- lh 74]
55. jkT; cuke es;j gal tktZ ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1965 ,l-lh- 722
4

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

56. js nsok ;ke 1962] 1 ,e-,y-ts57. lgnsou cuke rfeyukMq jkT; 56 ,l-lh-lh- 403
58. lh- psaxk jsM~Mh cuke vka/kzinsk jkT;] 1996 10 ,l-lh-lh- 193
59. ljcthr flag ,oa vU; cuke mRrjnsk jkT; 1983 f ,y 961 ,l-lh- 201
60. lkofj;kyky cuke jktLFkku jkT; 2007] 12 ,l-lh-lh- 751
61. loky nkl cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1974 fdz-,y-ts- 169 ,l-lh62. lq[kfoanj flag cuke iatkc jkT; 1994 5 ,l-lh- 152
63. gdheu cuke Dohu ,Esl 1905 ih-vkj- ua- 20 1905 f64. gfj;k.kk jkT; cuke ksj flag ,oa vU;] 1981 fdz- ,y-ts- 465 ,l-lh
65. gqde flag cuke jktLFkku jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1977 ,l-lh-1063 (
66. guqear cuke e/;nsk jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1952 ,l-lh- 343
67. fgekapy iznsk jkT; cuke nhokuk] 1955 fdz- ,y-ts- 3002
68. ijHkw ,oa vU; cuke ,Eisjj] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1941 vy 402 ,Q-ch-(
69. ijrki cuke mRrjiznsk jkT;] 1976 ,l-lh-vkj- 1 757
70. inyk ohjk jsM~Mh cuke vka/kziznsk jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1990 ,l-lh- 79
71. iou dqekj cuke gfj;k.kk jkT; 2003 f ,y- ts- 355] 2 ,l-lh-
72. f=yksd panz tSu cuke fnYyh jkT;] 1977 ,-vkbZ-vkj- 666(

fdrkcsa
d jruyky rFkk /khjt yky] Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk] 34 ok laLdj.k ] 2016
[k M- jsxk lw;Z jko] O;k[;ku naM fof/k] Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk 1960 2014
x eqYyk ] naM f;k lafgrk] 1973 ] 20 ok laLdj.k] fnYyh y gkml
?k ds- Mh- xkSM+] Hkkjrh; naM fo/kku dh Vhdk] 2013 ] 2 ok laLdj.k
M+ jruyky rFkk /khjtyky] Hkkjrh; lk{; fof/k] 29 ok laLdj.k
p fgeka'kq ckafx;k] vijk/k dkuwu lafgrk 2016
N M- vorkj flag] lk{; fof/k 2013
t vkj-,- usyku vkbZ-ih-lh- okY;we 3 2667 ,l-ds- lkofj;k nlok izdkku 2008
> dsydj] naM izf;k 5 oka izdkku] 2011
jruyky ,aM /khjtyky ] ykW vkWQ bZe] 6 oka izdkku 2013
V foHkwr] da- vkbZ] ih-,l-,- fiYybZ] ffeuy ykW 11 oka izdkku 2012
B tsBeykuh jke] nk bafM;u isuy dksM igyk izdkku] 2014
5

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

M xkSj] ds-Mh-] ffeyu ykW] dsll
s ,oa esVsfj;y 6 oka izdkku 2009
<+ xkSj gfj] flag] Hkkjhr; nat lafgrk] 14 oka izdkku 2013
.k d`.kkekpkjh oh- ykW] vkWQ ,sohMsl
a 7 oka izdkku 2009
r psVyh ,aM jk] n bafM;u isuy dksM 1974
kCn dksk
1- Cysd ykW fMDkujh 10 oka izdkku] 2014
2- eSfj;e osoLV] yhxy fMDkujh 11 oka izdkku] 2015
osclkbZV
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www.lexisnexis.com
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www.legalserviceindia.com
www.law.cornell.edu
www.legalsutra.org

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

naM izfdz;k lfgark 1973 dh /kkjk 178 ds vuqlkj &

d tgka ;g vfufpr gS fd dbZ LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa ls fdlesa vijk/k fd;k x;k gS
vFkok
[k tgka vijk/k vakr% ,d LFkkuh; {ks=
+ esa vkSj vakr% fdlh nwljs esa fd;k x;k gS
vFkok
x tgka vijk/k pkyw jgus okyk gS vkSj mldk fd;k tkuk ,d ls vf/kd LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa
pkyw jgrk gS
vFkok
?k tgka og fofHkUu LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa fd;s x;s dbZ dk;ksZa ls feydj curk gS, ogka mldh
tkap ;k fopkj.k ,slh LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa ls fdlh ij vf/kdkfjrk j[kus okys U;k;ky; }kjk
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g /kkjk fofHkUu {ks=kf/kdkjksa ds chp erHksn ,oa U;k;k/khk ds fokskkf/kdkjksa ds fok; esa
lak; gksus ij mith leL;k dk lek/kku djrk gSA
;g lHkh lfou; vfHkoknu ds lkFk U;k;ky; ds le{k fuosfnr djrs gS A

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

rF; foys[k

1- ukbZnk iqfyl ghjk uke dh ,d k[l dks voS/k :i ls fiLVy j[kus ds vkjksi esa fxjrkj
djrh gSa iqfyl dh iwNrkN esa ghjk crkrk gS fd mlus igys Hkh dbZ tqeZ fd;s gS ftlesa 2012
esa fd;k gqvk ,d gR;k Hkh kkfey gSA ghjk iqfyl ds le{k [kqykls esa crkrk gS fd eMZj djus
ds ckn mlus ykk dks ghjkx<+ ds taxyksa esa tyk;k vkSj fQj mls nQuk fn;kA
2- ukbZnk ls djhc 102 fd-eh- nwj ghjkx<+ ftys dh taxyksa esa ,d efgyk dh v/ktyh ykk
ds dqN fgLls feyrs gS LFkkuh; iqfyl ejus okyh efgyk dh fkuk[r ugha dj ikrh gS vkSj
fjiksVZ fy[kus ds ckn v/ktyh ykk ds fgLlksa dk laLdkj dj nsrh gSA

3- ukbZnk iqfyl ,d Vhe ghjkx<+ tkdj ghjk ds crk;s txg ij [kqnkbZ djrh gS rks irk
pyrh gS fd ghjk lp cksy jgk gSA [kqnkbZ esa efgyk dh ykk ds dqN fgLls feyrs gSA ckn esa
;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd ghjkx<+ iqfyl us u rks dksbZ fjiksVZ ntZ dh vkSj u gh dksbZ buDosLV
cuk;h vkSj fjikVZ Hkh ntZ ukbZnk ls tkap vkus ds ckn dh A
4- ghjk iqfyl dh iqNrkN esa crkrk gS fd og jekdkar kkL=h dh iRuh dk MkbZoj FkkA vkSj
mldh iRuh yfyrk ds dgus ij gh mlus eksfudk uke dh efgyk dk dRy fd;kA ghjk
crkrk gS fd oks mldk ,d lkFkh vkSj yfyrk ukbZnk dh psd ukdk bykds ls dkj esa x;s Fks
vkSj dkj esa gh mUgksaus igys eksfudk dh xyk nckdj gR;k dj nh vkSj fQj ghjkx<+ ds
lqulku taxy esa isVksy Mkydj ykk dks tykus ds ckn ckdh fgLlk nQuk fn;kA
5- iqfyl kq:okrh lcwr feyus ds ckn yfyrk dks fxjrkj djrh gS iwNrkN esa yfyrk ghjk
dh bYtkeksa ls badkj djrh gS vkSj dgrh gS fd eksfudk mldhs cgu gS vkSj og vesfjdk esa
gSA yfyrk ds ckn iqfyl us cq/kokj kke dks muds iwoZ ifr ta;r vjksjk dks dksydkrk ls
fxjrkj djrh gSA iqfyl dh lkjh rQ~rhk yfyrk ds fjrksa vkSj dkjksa okyh iSlksa ds
bZnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh jgrh gSA iqfyl ds vuqlkj eksfudk dh vius lkSrsys HkkbZ ls izse izlx
a vkSj
dqN izkiVhZ vkSj iSlksa dks ysdj yfyrk ls vucau Fkh vkSj ;gh eksfudk dh dRy dh otg
cuhA jekdkar kkL=h ds eqrkfcd oks vHkh rd lHkh ?kVukvksa ls vutku Fkk vkSj vc yfyrk
ds [kqykls ds ckn eksfudk ds dRy ds ckjss esa irk pyk gSA
8

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

6- U;kf;d fgjklr esa jgrs gq,s yfyrk us nks ckj c;ku ntZ djk;s ftles mlus dcwyk fd
jekdkar kkL=h ls igys mlus nks kknh dh FkhA kknh ds ckn yfyrk dks nkSyr vkSj kksgjr
gkfly gqbZ ijarq og ekurh gS fd nksuks dh chp dh fjrs geskk Mxexkrs jgsA lu 2007 esa
jekdkar kkL+=h us nacx pSuy kq: fd;k og [kqn ps;jeSu cus vkSj yfyrk n`fV ehfM;k dk
lh-bZ-vks- cuk;k 2008 esa tujy fxYM laLFkk esa yfyrk dks nqfu;k dh 50 fctusl foesua dh
fyLr esa 15 LFkku fn;kA
7- iqfyl dh ukdke dksfkkksa ,oa ekeys dh xaHkhjrk dks ns[krs gq, dsl lh-ch-vkbZ- dks ns nsrh
gSA lh-ch-vkbZ rQ~rhk djrh gS vkSj viuh fjiksVZ ntZ djrh gS ftlds eqrkfcd eksfudk dh
gR;k esa yfyrk] ghjk o t;ar vjksjk vijk/k esa fyIr gksrs gSA

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

eqs
1-

D;k yfyrk ,ao vU; Hkkjrh; naM lfgrk dh /kkjk 302 ds rgr nkskh gS \

2-

D;k yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ i;kZIr lcwr gSa tks muds vijk/k fl) djrs gS\

D;k yfyrk ,oa vU; dks eqdnesa esa lansg dk ykHk feyuk pkfg, \

10

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

rdksaZ dk lkj
1-

yfyrk ,ao vU; Hkkjrh; naM lfgrk dh /kkjk 302 ds rgr nkskh ugha gSA

Hkkjrh; naM lfgark dh /kkjk 302 dks fl) djus ds fy;s vkijkf/kd eu% fLFkfr dk ekStwn gksuk
t:jh gS ,oa vijkf/k;ksa ds ikl vkijkf/kd d`R; dks djus ds fy;s bjknk ,oa edln dk gksuk Hkh
t:jh gSA bl ekeys esa uk rks yfyrk] uk gh t;ar vjksjk vkSj uk gh ghjk ds ikl eksfudk dks ekjus
dh Bksl otg Fkh ftlls mldh gR;k dk bjknk ;k edln lkfcr gks ldsA flQZ ,d ,sls c;ku
ek= ij tks U;k;ky; esa ekU; ugha gS] yfyrk ,oa vU; dks gR;k dk nkskh ekuuk Hkkjrh; naM lfgark
,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjkvksa ds fo:) gSA vr% yfyrk ,oa vU; dks Hkk-n-la- dh /kkjk
302 ds varxZr nkskh ugha ekuk tk ldrkA
2-

yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ i;kZIr lcwr ugha GS tks muds vijk/k fl) djrs gSA

uk gh tkap ,tsl
a h vkSj uk gh vfHk;ksxh i{k yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kYkkQ lk{; izLrqr djus esa lQy
gq;s gSA iqfyl dks feyh ghjkx<+ ds taxyksa esa feyh ykokfjk ykk dh Hkh fkuk[r ugha gks ikbZ gSA
uk gh tkap ,tsl
a h ds ikl ;g lcwr gS fd ko fdldk gS] ;k ;fn yfyrk dk Hkh gS rks gR;k dc]
dgka vkSj dSls dh x;h bldk dksbZ lk{;] lqjkx ;k ekU; xokg tkap ,tsl
a h dks feyk gSA vfHk;ksxh
i{k flQZ ikfjfFkfrd tU; lk{;ksa dh v/kwjh dM+h dks vius eqdnes dk v/kkj cukdj py jgk gSA
vr% blls LiV gksrk gS fd yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kYkkQ i;kZIr lcwr ugha gS tks muds vijk/k fl)
djrs gSA

yfyrk ,oa vU; dks eqdnesa esa lansg dk ykHk feyuk pkfg, A

lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872 dh /kkjk 101 o 103 ;g lkQ rkSj ij dgk x;k gS fd tks dksbZ
U;k;ky; ls ;g pkgrk gS fd og ,sls fdlh fof/kd vf/kdkj ;k nkf;Ro ds ckjs esa
fu.kZ; ns tks mu rF;kssa ds vfLrRo ij fuHkZj gS mls mu rF;ksa dk vfLrRo lkfcr djuk
gksxkA vfHk;kstu i{k dks vfHk;qDr dks nksk mfpr lansg ls ijs lkfcr djus dh viuh
ftEesnkjh iwjh djuh gksrh gSA lHkh lk{; pkgs os lh/ks rkSj ij gks ;k ikfjfLFkfrd tU;
gks /;ku esa fy;s tk;sxas ,oa ^^mfpr lansg ls ijs ,oa lansg dk YkkHk]** bu nks fla)krksa ij
xkSj fd;k tk;sxkA vr% vfHk;qDr ds f[kykQ mfpr lansg lkfcr u gks ikus ij
vfHk;qDr dks lansg dk ykHk feyuk pkfg,A
11

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

fyf[kr rdZ
1-

yfyrk ,oa vU; Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds /kkjk 302 ds rgr nkskh ugha gSSA

dsUh; vUosk.k C;wjksa }kjk yfyrk ,oa vU; ij yxk, x, lHkh vkjksi fujk/kkj gSA yfyrk ,oa vU;
ds f[kykQ fdlh Hkh tkWap ,tsl
a h pkgs og ukbZnk iqfyl gks] ghjkx<+ iqfyl gks ;k dsUh; vUosk.k
C;wjksa gks] fdlh ds ikl dksbZ Hkh Bksl lcwr ugha gS ftUgsa lEEkkuuh; U;k;ky; ds le{k Lrqr fd;k
tk ldsa ;k tks ; nkkZrs gks fd eksfudk dh gR;k gqbZ Hkh gS ;k ughaA vkSj blesa yfyrk ,oa vU; ds
f[kykQ iqfyl ds }kjk fdlh Hkh dkj ds lcwr LFkkfir ugha fd;s x;s gSA

1-1

;ke ghjk ds }kjk iqfyl fgjklr esa fn;s Ck;ku ekU; ugha gSA

Hkk-lk-v- 1872 dh /kkjk 25

ds vuqlkj fdlh iqfyl vkfQlj ds le{k dh xbZ dksbZ Hkh lLohfr

fdlh vijk/k vfHk;qDr O;fDr ds fo:) lkfcr ugha dh tk;sxhA ;g ,d LFkkfir fl)kar gS fd
U;kf;dsRrj LkLohfr ,d detwj dkj dk Lkk{; gSA 2 lLohfr og dFku gksrk gS] ftlesa ;k rks
vijk/k dks Lohdkj fd;k gks] ;k rks og lHkh rF; ds }kjk vijk/k fl) gksrk gSA3 vijk/kh dk ?kVuk
dh txg ls Hkkxrs gq, idM+k tkuk vkSj EkkQh dh ekax djuk U;kf;dsRrj lLohfr ds Js.kh esa
vk,xk vkSj mls LFkkfir djus ds fy, leiqfV dh vko;drk gksrh gSA4
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 26 ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh lLOkhfr tks fdlh O;fDRk us ml le; dh gks tc og
iqfyl vkWfQlj dh vfHkj{kk esa gks] ,sls O;fDRk ds fo:) lkfcr ugha dh tk,xh] tc rd fd og
eftLVsV dh lk{kkr mifLFkfr esa ugha dh xbZ gksxhA

tc dksbZ Hkh c;ku ntZ djk;k tkrk gS tks

iw.kZ :i ls lLohfr ugha nsrk gS ijarq ftlls nksk dks vuqekfur fd;k tk ldrk gks rks bl /kkjk
ds varxZr LkLohfr gksrk gSA6

foLrkjh ukjk;.k lsos cuke egkjkV jkT; 7 esa U;k;ky; us ekuk fd ;g ,d LFkkfir fl)kar gS fd
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 25 ds varxZr iqfyl ikfVy dh le{k fn;k x;k c;ku U;k;ky; esa ekU;

/kkjk 25 Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872

ekyrh ,oa vU; cuke e/;nsk jkT; 2010 3 e-- MCY;w-,u-31 i`B 89] jksdquvyh cuke ,EijZ ,-vkbZ-bZ- 1918 dy- 138
3
/kuefr Ms cuke ,Eisjj 19442 dy- 312] rqjk ljnkj cuke ,EijZ ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1980 dy- 710
4
jesk y{e.k ksa s cuke egkjkV jkT; 1991 f- ,y-ts- 1636 cksEcs] Dohu ,Esl cuke rkR;k vIikth 1896] 20 cks- 795
5
/kkjk 26 Hkkjrh; lk{; fu;e 1872
6
Dohu ,Esl cuke ukuk] 1889 14 cksEcs 2060] ,Q-ch] gdheu cuke Dohu ,Esl 1905 ih-vkj- ua- 20 1905 f7
1978 f-,y-ts- 891] Dohu ,Eisjsl cuke Hkhe 1894 vkbZ-,y-vkj- 17 ckEcs 485
2

12

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

ugha gksxkA bl /kkjk dks cukus dk dkj.k vfHk;qDr ds c;ku dks fdlh Hkh iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds cy ck
;kruk ,oa yksHku ls nwj j[kk tk ldsA8
ukbZnk iqfyl 43 lky ds ghjk uked O;fDRk dks vk;q/k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 25 ds varxZr voS/k
gfFk;kj j[kus ds tqeZ esa 21-vxLr 2012 dks fxjrkj djrh gS iqfyl [kkst esa mlds ikl ,d
fiLVy ik;h tkrh gS blh dM+h esa tc iqfyl /kkjk 161 n.M f;k lafgrk dh rgr iwNrkN djrh
gS rks ghjk vius }kjk iwoZ esa fd;s vU; tqeksZ dk Hkh [kqyklk djrk gSA bUgha tqeksZ esa 24 vSy 2012
dh xbZ eksfudk uked ;qfDr dk gR;k dk Hkh [kqyklk djrk gS ghjk ds eqrkfcd mlus yfyrk ,oa
,d vU; lkFkh ds lkFk feydj ukbZnk ls ghjkx<+ ds jkLrs esa eksfudk dh xyk jsrdj gR;k dh nh
FkhA

/kwe flag cuke jkT; 9 esa U;k;ky; us ekuk fd tgka rF; ;g ckrrs gSa fd vkjksih ds lkFk c;ku ls
igys wjrk dh xbZ ,slh fLFkfr esa ,sls C;ku ds }kjk LFkkfir lcwr dk dksbZ ewy ugha gSA ghjk dk
c;ku fdlh eftLVsV dh xSj ekStqnxh esa ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA Hkk-lk-v- dh /kkjk 25 ds vuqlkj
iqfyl vkfQlj ls dh xbZ lLohfr dks U;k;ky; esa lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

lgnsou cuke rfeyukMq jkT;

11

10

esa U;kf;d fu.kZ; nsrs gq, loksZPp U;k;ky; us U;k;sRrj lLOkhfr

dh ekU;rk ds lnaHkZ es fa uEu fcanqvksa ij dkk MkykA

d-

U;k;sRRkj LkLohfr vius vki esa detksj lk{; gSA U;k;ky; dks ,slh lLOkhfr dk ijh{k.k
cM+s gh /;ku ls djuk pkfg,A

[k-

;g LosPNk ls fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

x-

bls fookl mRiUu djuk pkfg,A

bl ekeys esa ghjk us viuk c;ku iqfyl ds le{k fn;k Fkk ftls U;k;ky; esa fdlh lcwr ds :i esa
isk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj muds c;ku ds vk/kkj ij yfyrk ,oa t;ar vjksjk dh fxjrkjh
fujk/kkj gSA flQZ ghjk ds c;ku ds vk/kkj ij yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ nksk lkfcr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSaA

Dohu ,Eisjl
s cuke ckcwyky 1899 vkbZ-,y-vkj- 21 vkWy 106
,-vkbZ-vkj- 1957 vkWy 197
10
/kkjk 25 Hkk-lk-v- 1872
11
2012] 56 ,l-lh-lh- 403
9

13

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

1-2

yfyrk ,oa vU; ds ikl eksfudk dh gR;k ds fy, dksbZ edln ugha FkkA

Cysd ykW fMDkujh

12

ds vuqlkj bjnk] mn~ns; dks nkkZrk gS ftlds fy, d`R; fd;k x;k gks vkSj

edln og gksrk gS tks d`R; ds fy, mRrsftr djsAa 13 gR;k dks fl) djus ds fy, bjknk] dkj.k]
tkudkjh vko;d lw= gksrs gSA

14

tqeZ dks fufeZr djus ds fy, d`R; vkSj edln dk feyuk

vko;d gSA15 edln og gksrk gS tks fdlh O;fDRk foksk :i ls dksbZ dk;Z djus ds fy, mRrsftr
djsAa 16 vijk/k dh eu% fLFkfr nkskh ds bjkns dks nkkZrh gSA 17 t?kU; vijk/k djus ds fy, ,d Bksl
dkj.k dh vko;drk gksrh gS tks O;fDr dks vijk/k ds fy, izsfjr djrh gksA

18

/kkjk 8

19

ds

vuqlkj ifjfLFkfr tU; lk{; esa edln egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

js nsok ;ke

20

ekuuh; enzkl mPpre U;k;ky; esa dgk fd tkudkjh o bjknk dks vkijkf/kd rF;

LFkkfir djus esa vko;d :i ls ekStwn gksuk t:jh gSA loksZPPk U;k;ky; us efLrd dh fufpr
fnkk tks fdlh foksk edln dh vksj ys tk;s ;k fdlh f;k dh foksk :i ls lekfIr dks bjknk
crk;kA

21

vkijkf/kd eu fLFkfr vko;drkvksa iw.kZ djus ds fy, gR;k esa ekufld gkykr ds nks

rRoksa esa ls dksbZ ,d bjknk ;k tkudkjh gksuk pkfg,A22

yfyrk ,d vPNs pfj= dh o ,d vehj ifjokj ls laca/k j[kus okyh efgyk gS] ftlus eksfudk dks
lekt esa ,d vPNk ntkZ fnykus ds fy, o mlds csgrj Hkfo; ds fy,] eksfudk dks viuh csVh dh
txg cgu cukdj j[kkA yfyrk us viuh csVh ds vPNs Hkfo; dh pkg esa mls ,d cM+h jkfk nsdj
vkxs dh i<+kbZ ds fy, vesfjdk Hkst nsrh gSA ftlds ckn yfyrk us eksfudk ds lkFk dksbZ laca/k ugha
j[kk vkSj u gh buds chp dks laidZ gqvkA
gR;k tSls laxhu tqeZ dks lkfcr djus ds fy, Bksl edln dh vko;drk gksrh gS] ftlds pyrs
gR;k dks vatke fn;k x;k gks ijarq bl eqdnesa esa yfyrk ds ikl eksfudk dh gR;k ds fy, dksbZ
Bksl edln ugha FkkA iqfyl o tkWp ,tsfa l;kW Hkh yfyrk o vU; ds e/; fdlh dkj ds edln o
bjkns dks LFkkfir djus esa foQy jgh gSA

12

Cysd ykW fMDkujh 10 oka izdkku 2014

,l j?kwohj flag [kaMokyk cuke vkbZ-Vh- dfeuj ,-vkbZ-vkj 1958 iatkc 250
14
uk;c flax cuke jkTkLFkku jkT; 2007 3 jkTk 207
15
djrkj flag cuke iatkc jkT; 1962 2 ,l-lh-vkj- 395
16
Ogh-ih- lkjFkh lk{; dkuwu 60 6 oka dkku 2006
17
vk;dj vk;qDr cuke nkl csjh jktk jke cSjh] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1982 ih-,p- 1418
udoh cuke mRrjizns k jkT; 1991 f-,y-th- 2462
19
/kkjk 8] Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872
20
1962] 1 ,e-,y-ts21
dslj flag cuke gfj;k.kk jkT; 2008 15 ,l-lh-lh- 753
22
vkj-,- usylu vkbZ-ih-lh- okY;we 3] 10 oka dkku 2008
13

14

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

vr% U;k;ky; ds le{k ;g nyhy dh tkrh gS yfyrk ,oa vU; ds ikl eksfudk dh gR;k ds fy,
u gh dksbZ edln o bjknk Fkk vkSj u gh iqfyl ,sls dksbZ lcwr bDdBs dj ikbZ gS ftlls ;g
lkfcr gksrk gks fd vijk/k yfyrk ,oa vU; us gh fd;k gksA vr% U;k;ky; ls lfou; vkosnu gS fd
yfyrk ,oa dks gR;k ds vkjksi dk nkskh u ekurs gq, mUgsa mDr vijk/kksa ls cjh djsAa

15

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

2-

yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ i;kZIr lcwr ugha gS tks muds vijk/k fl)
djrs gSA

iqfyl ds ikl yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ fdlh Hkh dkj ds iqDrk o LiV lcwr ugha gS tks muds
vijk/k dks fl) djrs gSA lcwrksa ds vHkko esa vkjksfi;ksa ij gR;k dk vkjksi fl) ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
UkkbZnk iqfyl tc ghjkx<+ iqfyl ls tc laidZ djrh gS rks ;g irk pyrk gS fd mUgsa ebZ 2012 esa
tyh gqbZ ykk ds dqN fgLls feyrs gSA ftldk ghjkx<+ iqfyl tkap ds ipkr laLdkj dj nsrh gSA
ghjkx<+ iqfyl dks tc tyh gqbZ ykk ds fgLls feyrs gS rks u gh mUgksaus dksbZ ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ntZ dh
Fkh vkSj u gh baDosLV fjiksVZ cukbZ FkhA iqfyl dh tkap esa fdlh Hkh rjhds ls LFkkfir ugha gks ik;k
gS (
d

tks ykk ds fgLls ghjkx<+ iqfyl dks feyh o tks fgLls ukbZnk iqfyl dks feys gS o ,d gh
ykk ds gSA

[k

vkSj tks ykk iqfyl dks feyh gS og yfyrk dh csVh eksfudk dh gS] ykk dh fkuk[k
eksfudk ds :i esa ugha gks ik;h gSA

bu lHkh rF;ksa ls lfcr gksrk gS fd iqfyl ds ikl yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ vijk/k lkfcr djus
ds fy, dksbZ Hkh Bksl lcwr ugha gSA ghjk us iqfyl ds le{k fn;s x;s dFkuksa esa yfyrk dk uke
crk;k ,oa iqfyl us bl vk/kkj ij yfyrk dks fxjrkj fd;kA vkSj lkFk gh vU; lkFkh ds rykk esa
dksydrk ls t;ar vjksM+k dks fxjrkj djrh gSA
iqfyl ghjk ls Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e ds /kkjk 2723 /kkjk 27 varxZr iqyl dks fn;s dFku dks lk{;
ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us mRrjnsk jkT; cuke nsoeu mik/;k; 24 esa
;g LFkkfir fd;k x;k fd lk{; vf/kfu;e /kkjk 27 ek= oLrq dh cjkenxh ,oa rF;ksa dh iwfV gsrq
;kssx esa ykbZ tk ldrh gSA

lq[kfoanj flag cuke iatkc jkT;

25

esa ;g LFkkfir fd;k x;k dh tc iwNrkN ds nkSjku vkjksih tqeZ

ds ckn ykk Nqikus okyh txg dk fooj.k nsrk gS rks ,slh fLFkfr esa vxj crkbZ gqbZ txg ij ykk
feyrh gS rks mlds dFku dk flQZ ykk dh cjkenxh gsrq ;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
ghjk ds }kjk iqfyl ds le{k dh xbZ Lohfr dks /kkjk 24 26 ds varxZr fdlh dkj dk dksbZ cy
ugha feyrk gS blfy, ghjk }kjk iqfyl ds le{k fn;s c;ku dk dksbZ lkf{kd ewY; ugha gSA
23

/kkjk 27 Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872

,-vkbZ-vkj- 1960 ,l-lh- 1125
25
1994 5 ,l-lh- 152
26
/kkjk 24 Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872
24

16

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

2-1

ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; vfooluh; gSA

ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; ,slh fLFkfr esa gksuk pkfg, tks fcuk fdlh lansg vijk/kh ds vijk/k dks dks
lkfcr dj jgs gks vkSj fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa vijk/kh ds funksZk gksus dh vksj bkkjk ugha dj jgs
gksA 27 ikfjfLFkfr tU; lk{; vR;{k :i ls lcwr dks LFkkfir o rF;ksa ls lk{; LFkkfir fd;s tkrs
gSA 28 ;fn lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij nks jk; LFkfkir gks jgs gksa ,slh fLFkfr esa og jk; dks ekuuk pkfg,
tks vijk/kkh dk funksZk gksuk nkkZ jgh gksA 29 ifjfLFkr ftlesa rdZ laxr vk/kkj ij lansg dh fLFkfr
fufeZr gks jgh gks vkjksih dks mldk ykHk feyuk pkfg,A

30

oks gj rF; izklafxd gksxk tks fdlh

vU; izklafxd rF; dk edln ;k ;kstuk dks nkkZrk gks ;k xfBr djrk gksA31

ljcthr flag ,oa vU; cuke mRrjnsk jkT; 32 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us dgk fd lcwrksa ds vHkko esa
vkjksih dh nkskh ugha crk;k tk ldrk gS ifr ij viuh iRuh dh gR;k dk vkjksi yxk Fkh] ijarq
vfHk;qDr dksbZ Hkh lcwr Lrqr ugha dj ik, o vfHk;qDr ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; ds vk/kkj ij ifr
dks nkskh lkfcr djuk pkgrk Fkk] U;k;ky; us ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; dks vfooluh; ekurs gq,]
ifr dks cjh dj fn;kA

iou dqekj cuke gfj;k.kk jkT;

33

esa ;g dgk x;k fd vkjksih ds dFku ds vk/kkj ij mlds ikl

ls e`Rkd dh lksus dh pSu o vaxwBh dk feyuk fdlh Hkh dkj ds vkjksi dks fl) ugh djrk gS
U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj ifjfLFkfr;kW fdlh Hkh dkj vkjksih ds tqeZ esa kkfey gksuk ugha nkkZrh gS vRk%
mls cjh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, lHkh ?kVuk,W o ?kVukvksa dh J`a[kyk tks xqukg dks
nkkZrh gS fu.kkZ;d o lqlaxr gksuk pkfg,A 34 vkjksih dks e`rd dks e`R;q ls igys lkFk ns[kk tkuk]
vkjksih ij nksk fl) ugha djrh gS] vfHk;qDRk dks ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; esa gj ,d lcwr ds vk/kkj
dks LFkkfir djuk gksxkA35 ikfjfLFkfrd lk{; ij vk/kkfjr eqn~nksa esa tgka dksbZ penhn xokg ekStwn

27

nsouanu feJk cuke fcgkj jkT; 1955 2 ,l-lh-vkj- 570] dkyhjke cuke fgekpy izns k jkT; f-,y-ts- 183 ,l-lhfy;kdr cuke mRkjkapy jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 2008 ,l-lh- 1537
29
fgekpy izns k cuke nhokuk 1955 f- ,y- ts- 3002
30
jk?ko ikiUuk cuke mRrjizns k jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1963 ,l- lh 74] ,e- th vxzoky cuke egkjkV jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1963
,l-lh- 200
31
jkT; cuke es;j gal tktZ ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1965 ,l-lh- 722
32
1983 f ,y 961 ,l-lh- 201
33
2003 f ,y- ts- 355] 2 ,l-lh-
34
guqear cuke e/;nsk jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1952 ,l-lh- 343
35
banj flag cuke iatkc jkT; 1991 f- ,y-ts- 2191 ,l-lh28

17

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

u gks ogk xqukg djus dk edln t:jh gks tkrk gSA

36

ifjfLFkfr;kW fu.kkZ;d fr dh gksuh

pkfg, tks ;s nkkZrh gks fd lHkh ekuuh; laHkkouksa esa vijk/k vfHk;qDr us gh fd;k gSA37
bl ekeys esa iqfyl ds }kjk fdlh Hkh :i ls ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; dh dksbZ Hkh dM+h LFkkfir ugha
gksrh gS ftlls ;g lkfcr fd;k tk lds fd eksfudk dh gR;k esa yfyrk o vU; lfEEkfyr FksA vr%
U;k;ky; ds le{k ;g nyhy dh tkrh gS fd yfyrk o vU; eksfudk dh gR;k esa nkskh ugha gSA

36
37

lkofj;kyky cuke jktLFkku jkT; 2007] 12 ,l-lh-lh- 751

mDRk 9

18

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

3- yfyrk ,oa vU; dks eqdnesa esa lansg dk ykHk feyuk pkfg,A
lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872 dh /kkjk 101 o 103 eas lk{;ksa ds Hkkj ds ckjs esa ckr dh x;h gSA 38 ftlesa
/kkjk 101 esa ;g ckr lkQ rkSj ij crk;h x;h gS fd tks dksbZ U;k;ky; ls ;g pkgrk gS og ,sls
fdlh fof/kd vf/kdkj ;k nkf;Ro ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ns tks mu rF;ksa ds vfLrRo ij fuHkZj gS] mls
lkfcr djuk gksxk fd mu rF;ksa dk vfLrRo gSA

39

lk{;ksa dks laiw.kZ :i ls LFkkfir djus dk Hkkj vfHk;ksxh i{k ij gksrk gSA

40

;g ,d ekU; fla)kr gS

fd lHkh lfo/kkauksa esa lk{;ksa dks fl) djus dk cks> geskk vfHk;ksxh i{k ds a da/kks ij gksxk flok;
Qzkal dsA ekeys esa vge loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;k vfHk;kstu i{k us vfHk;qDr dk nskk mfpr
lansg ls ijs lkfcr djus dh viuh izkjafHkd ;k lkekU; vkSj izkFkfed ftEesnkjh iwjh dh gsS\41
bl ekeys esa vfHk;ksxh i{k ls uk gh dksbZ Bksl lk{; U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] uk gh
dksbZ ,slh ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{;ksa dh dfM+;k isk dh x;h gS ftUgsa tksM+dj ;g lkfcr fd;k tk
lds&
1- ghjkx<+ ds taxyksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh ykk eksfudk dh gh ykk gS Hkh ;k ugha]
2- ghjkx<+ iqfyl }kjk ykk ds dqN fgLls vly esa izkIr gq;s Hkh Fks ;k ugha] ;k izkIr gq;s Hkh Fks rks
ukbZnk iqfyl }kjk [kqnkbZ esa ik;h tkus okyh ykk ds fgLlksa ls mudk dksbZ esy gS Hkh ;k ugha]
3- lkFk gh lkFk iqfyl }kjk xfBr bl euxa<r vkSj cscqfu;kn dgkuh ftldk vk/kkj ghjk dk
c;ku ek= gS] mlesa yfyrk ,oa vU; ds }kjk gh ;g d`R; fd;k x;k gS Hkh ;k ugha] bl ckr dk u
rks dksbZ LiV lcwr vkSj u gh dksbZ ,sls ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{;ksa dh dM+h U;k;ky; ds le{k tkap
,tsl
a h ,ao vfHk;ksxh i{k }kjk izLrqr dh x;h gS] tks lkQ rkSj ij ;g nkkZ, fd ;g d`R; vLky esa
gqvk Hkh gS ;k ugha ;k bl d`R; esa fdlh izdkj ls yfyrk ,oa vU; kkfey gS Hkh ;k ughaA

uk;d mesn flag cuke Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa vU;

42

esa U;kf;d fu.kZ; nsrs gq, ;g dgk x;k gS fd

lHkh lk{;] pkgs os lh/ks rkSj ij gks ;k ikfjfLFkfrd tU; gks] /;ku esa fy;s tk,axs ,oa ;fn mfpr
lansg dk ykHk gksrk gS] rks ml O;fDr dks og ykHk fn;k tk,xkA

38

jaxkEey cuke dqIiwLokeh ,oa vU;] 2011 3 ,y-MCY;w- 48 ,l-lh-

jk/ks;ke ,oa vU; cuke mRrjizns k jkT; ,oa vU;] 2011 5 ,l-lh-lh- 553 ( ijHkw ,oa vU; cuke ,Eisjj] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1941
vy 402 ,Q-ch-( fouksn dqekj Hkwrkuh cuke jkT; }kjk lh-ch-vkbZ-] 2011 4 ts-lh-lh- 2786 ( ukjk;.k xksfa on xokrs ,oa vU;
cuke egkjkV jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1977 ,l-lh- 183 ( f=yksd panz tSu cuke fnYyh jkT;] 1977 ,-vkbZ-vkj- 666( ijrki cuke
mRrjizns k jkT;] 1976 ,l-lh-vkj- 1 757
40
cky d`.kdj ,oa vU; cuke ,p-ds- egkrc 2004 fdz-,y-ts 2527 ,l-lh- ( gfj;k.kk jkT; cuke ksj flag ,oa vU;] 1981
fdz- ,y-ts- 465 ,l-lh
41
loky nkl cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1974 fdz-,y-ts- 169 ,l-lh42
2014 2 vkj-,l-ts- 658
39

19

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

fkokth kkgo jko cqnkos cuke egkjkV jkT; 43 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; dh
mi;ksfxrk ds fy;s fuEu fcanqvksa ij izdkk Mkyk gS% &
d- ;s izkFkfed fla)kr gS fd vfHk;qDr iw.kZr% nkskh gksuk pkfg;s] u fd nkskh gksus ;k u gksus ij
lak; gksuk pkfg,A
[k eqdnesa esa dk;e fd;s x;s rF;] vfHk;qDr ds xqukg dh ifjdYiuk ls lqlaxr gksus pkfg,A
x- ifjfLFkfr;ksa fu.kkZ;d izd`fr ,oa izo`fRr dh gksuk pkfg,A
?k ckdh lkjh ifjdYiukvksa dks vyx djus ds ipkr] flQZ ,slh ifjdYiuk ftlesa tqeZ lkfcr gks
jgk gks] mls ekuuk pkfg,A
M-- ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{;ksa dh J`a[kyk bruh iw.kZ gksuh pkfg, fd dksbZ mfpr lansg tks vfHk;qDr
dh xqukg dh vksj bkkjk u djrk gks ,oa lHkh ekuuh; laHkkoukvksa esa vfHk;qDr }kjk fd;s x;s
xqukgksa dks nkkZrk gksA

44

tSlk fd mDr ekeys eas mPp U;k;ky; us ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{; 45 dks ifjHkkfkr fd;k x;k x;k
gS46] ;g nkkZrk gS fd ikfjLFkfrd tU; lk{; ds }kjk lkekU; fLFkfr esa tqeZ dks LFkkfir ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA

47

bl ekeys esa iqfyl dh tkap ,slh dksbZ Hkh fooluh;] fu.kkZ;d ikfjfLFkfrd lk{;

LFkkfir ugha dj ikbZ gSa48 ftlls d`R; ds gksus dh laHkkouk,Wa lqfufpr gksrh gksA
bu ifjLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kdj ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd budh vkil esa dskbZ dM+h cu jgh gS ,o
auk gh mfpr lansg ls ijs gR;k dk nksk nkkZrh gksA49 ,slh fLFkfr esa U;k;ky; us vfHk;kstu i{k }kjk
isk fd;s x;s rFkk dfFkr ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{;ksa dks ekU; ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA yfyrk ,oa
vU; ij fdlh d`R; dks djus ds dksbZ vkjksi fl) ugha gksrs gSA ,slh fLFkfr eas ^^mfpr lansg ls ijs
lk{; fl) djuk ** ,oa ^^ vfHk;qDr dks lansg dk ykHk** nsuk ] tks ,sls fl)kar gS tks U;k;ky; dks
fdlh fu.kZ; ij igaqpkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA

50

43

1973 ,-lh-lh- 2 793

gqde flag cuke jktLFkku jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1977 ,l-lh-1063 ( mRrjizns k jkT; cuke lq[kcklh] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1985 ,llh- 1224 ( cyfoanj flag cuke iatkc jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1997 ,l-lh 350 ( bjkn` cuke gSnjkckn jkT;] ,-vkbZ- vkj- 1956
,l-lh- 316 ( bZjkHknzIik cuke dukZVd jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj-1983 ,l-lh- 446 ( vkksd dqekj pVTkhZ cuke e/; iznsk jkT;] ,vkbZ-vkj- 1989 ,l-lh- 1890
45
xhtkxank lksebvkg] 2007 9 ,l-lh-lh- 315 320
46
kjn fcjf/k panz lkjnk cuke egkjkV jkT;] 1984 ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1622 ( mRrjizns k jkT; cuke lrhk ( 2008 ,-vkbZ-vkj1609
47
inyk ohjk jsM~Mh cuke vka/kzinz s k jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1990 ,l-lh- 79
48
xq:pj.k flag cuke iatkc jkT;] 1963 ,-vkbZ-vkj 340
49
t; fdku cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2015 3 ,l-lh-lh- 685
50
bZ- dfyojFku cuke jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1996 ,l-lh- 61
44

20

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

4 ghjk ds c;ku ds vk/kkj ij cukbZ x;h iqfyl }kjk ,d eux<+r dgkuh o ghjk ds c;ku tks
U;k;ky; esa ekU; ugha gksxk] ml c;ku esa mYysf[kr ,d vU; O;fDr dh rykk esa fcuk fdlh iq[rk
lcwr ds vkHkko esa yfyrk ds iwoZ ifr t;ar vjksj+k ftudk rykd mijkar uk rks dskbZ laca/k yfyrk
ls gS] uk gh dksbZ lac/a k eksfudk ls gS vkSj uk gh ftl c;ku ds vk/kkj ij mUgs fxjQ~rkj fd;k x;k
gS] ml c;ku nsus okys O;fDr ghjk ls gSA
iqfyl }kjk /kkjk 25] vk;q/k vf/kfu;e ds varxZr fxjQ~rkj fd;s gq;s ,sls O;fDr ftldk ekufld
larqyu Bhd ugha] mldk og c;ku tks U;k;ky; ds le{k ekU; ugha gS] ,sls c;ku dks c[kwch viuh
ykijokgh dks Nqikrs gq;s ,d cscqfu;knh] vfooluh;] euxa<r] vk/kkjghu dgkuh dk fuekZ.k djrh
gS o U;k;ky; ds le{k rksM+ ejksM +dj izLrqr djrh gS] o U;k;ky; dks ,d LiV Nfo u nsrs gq;s
lak; dh fLFkfr esa Mkyrh gSA
ij mYysf[kr lHkh rdZ bl ckr dks lkQ nkkZrs gS fd U;k;ky; ds le{k ,d mfpr lansg dh
fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZ gSA
tkap ,tsl
a h ,ao vfHk;ksaxh i{k viuh vksj ls izLrqr lk{; ,oa nyhyksa ls mfpr lansg ls ijs 51 ;s ckr
LFkkfir djus esa foQy gq;s gS fd vly esa ;g d`R; gqvk Hkh gS ;k ugha

52

;k bl d`R; esa fdlh

izdkj ls yfyrk ,oa vU; dk gLr{ksi gS Hkh ;k ugha A ,d mfpr lansg] dkYifud] rqPN ;k egt
laHko lansg

53

ugha gksuk pkfg;s] cfYd mfpr dkj.k ,oa lkekU; Kku ls mRiUu gksuk pkfg;s] tSlk

dh bl ekeys esa gqvk gSA

gR;k ds eqdneksa esa U;k; dk izca/ku lnSo vfHk;qDr dh csxqukgh dh vksj bkkjk djrk gSA ;g
fl)kar rc foksk egRo j[krk gS tc xqukg dks ikfjfLFkfrd tU; lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij lkfcr fd;k
tk jgk gksA

54

^^ lR; gks ldrk gS** ,oa ^^lR; gS** dh ekufld fLFkfr esa cgqr cM+k varj gksrk gS ,oa ;gh rF;
fu.kkZ;d QSlys ij igaqpus ls jksdrk gS A

55

ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vfHk;qDr dks nkskh Bgjkus ds fy;s

fookl fd;k x;k gSA os iw.kZ :i ls LFkkfir dh tkuh pkfg;s

lkfcr djus okyh gksuh pkfg,A

57

56

,oa vijk/k dh lHkh laHkkoukvksa dks

;fn LFkkfir Lkk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij nks n`fVdks.k cuk;h tk lds]

51

Hkkck uanu oekZ cuke vle jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1977 ,l-lh- 2252 ( fot;h flax ,oa vU; cuke mRrj izns k jkT;] 1990 ,llh-lh- 3 190 ( cq)sk cuke mRrjizns k jkT;] 1980 ,l-lh-lh- 8 169
52
fnxacj xksis ,oa vU; cuke ifpe caxky jkT;] 1997 fdz-,y-ts- 2072 dy
53
e/;izns k jkT; cuke jesk] 2005 9 ,l-lh-lh- 705
54
dkyh jke cuke fgekapy iznsk jkT;] 1974 fdz- ,-ts- 01 ( Hkxr jke cuke iatkc jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1954 ,l-lh- 621
55
jkeflax cuke lksfu;k] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 2007 ,l-lh- 1218
56
lh- psx
a k jsM~Mh cuke vka/kzinsk jkT;] 1996 10 ,l-lh-lh- 193
57
nsvksuanu feJk cuke fcgkj jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1960 ,l-lh- 29

21

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

og n`fVdks.k tks vfHk;qDr dh csxqukgh nkkZrk gks] ekU; gksxkA 58 vkSj ;fn dksbZ ,slk mfpr
LiVhdj.k tks vijk/k fl) djus esa lansg iSnk djrk gks] rks mldk ykHk vfHk;qDr dks fn;k
tk;sxkA

59

jktkfyaxe cuke jkT; iqfyl baLisDVj

60

ds ekeys esa djsVa ds }kjk O;fDr dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS

,oa vkjksih ij vkjksi yxrk gS fd mlh ds dgus ij ykbZu esa djsVa pkyw fd;k x;k Fkk] ;gka fLFkfr
nkkZrh gS fd vkjksih ds }kjk funsZk nsuk laHko ugha gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa lak; dk ykHk nsrs gq;s
U;k;ky; vkjksih ds mij yxs nksk o ltk ls cjh dj nsrh gSA
U;k;ky; ds le{k ;g fouezrkiwoZd izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS fd yfyrk ,oa vU; dks /kkjk 302 ds rgr
nkskh djkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA e`rd dh gR;k ds vkjksi esa iqfyl mfpr lansg ls ijs yfyrk
,oa vU; ij vijk/k fl) djus esa ukdke jgh gSA ;g fu.kkZ;d :i ls fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS
fd gR;k yfyrk ,oa vU; ds }kjk dh x;h gSA

58

fgekapy iznsk jkT; cuke nhokuk] 1955 fdz- ,y-ts- 3002

jk?ko iziUuk cuke mRrjizns k jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1973 ,l-lh- 74 ( ,e-th- vxzoky cuke egkjkV jkT;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1963
,l-lh- 200 ( mRrjizns k jkT; cuke vkksd dqekj JhokLro 1992 fdz- ,y-ts- 1104
60
2012 III ,y-ts- 3353 ,l-lh59

22

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks

izFke ,feVh jkVh; fganh ewV dksVZ izfr;ksfxrk

izkFkZuk
lHkh rdksZa] rF;ksa izkfrf/kdkjksa vkSj dkj.kksa ds ifjizs{; esa vfHk;kstu i+{k ekuuh; U;k;/khurk
ds le{k ;g fuosnu djrk gS fd %&
1- yfyrk ,ao vU; Hkkjrh; naM lfgrk dh /kkjk 302 ds rgr nkskh ugha gSA
2- yfyrk ,oa vU; ds f[kykQ i;kZIr lcwr ugha gS tks muds vijk/k fl) djrs gSA
3- yfyrk ,oa vU; dks lansg dk ykHk nsrs gq, mDr vijk/k ls cjh djsA

U;k;ky; ls vuqjks/k gS fd U;k;] ln`lf}osd ,oa fui{krk ls U;k;laxr fu.kZ; nsus dh

d`ik djsAa
;g lHkh lfou; vfHkoknu ds lkFk U;k;ky; ds le{k fuosfnr djrs gS A

LFkku %& ghjkx<+

fnukad %& 04 vDVwcj 2016

vfHk;qDRk i{k dh vksj ls

23

vfHk;qDr ds i{k dk eseks