FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

BFF2821 MECHANICS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO:
EXPERIMENT NAME:
0SUBMISSION DATE:
SESSION NUMBER:
GROUP NUMBER:

11
TORSION
22 NOVEMBER 2016
01 P
4

GROUP MEMBERS
NAME
NUR SYAMIZA BINTI ZAMRI
SAMSIAH BINTI SUAILY
NIK NURHARYANTIE BINTI NIK MOHD KAMIL

ID
FA 14030
FA 14031
FA 14115

LAB INSTRUCTOR
MR AIDIL SHAFIZA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No.

Contents

Page

Objectives

Introduction

3-5

Apparatus and Procedure

5-8

a) Apparatus
b) Procedure

Result and Calculation

Discussion

8-11
12

Experiment 1
6

Experiment 2
Conclusion

12

References

12

Rubrics

13

1) OBJECTIVE
-

To examines the relationship between torque and angular deflection of solid

circular section

To show how the properties of the material affect this relationship

2) INTRODUCTION

Torque, moment, or moment of force is the tendency of a

force to rotate an object around an axis,[1] fulcrum, or
pivot. The object rotates about an axis, which we will
call the pivot point, and will label 'O'. We will call the
force 'F'. The distance from the pivot point to the point

Figure 1 Definitions

where the force acts is called the moment arm, and is

denoted by 'r'. Note that this distance, 'r', is also a vector,
and points from the axis of rotation to the point where
the force acts. (Refer to Figure 1 for a pictoral
representation of these definitions.)
The magnitude of torque depends on three quantities: the force applied, the length of the lever
arm[2] connecting the axis to the point of force application, and the angle between the force
vector and the lever arm.
Torque is defined as
= r x F = r F sin( ).
In other words, torque is the cross product between the distance vector (the distance from the
pivot point to the point where force is applied) and the force vector, 'a' being the angle
between r and F.
The direction of the torque can be determined by using the right hand grip rule: if the fingers
of the right hand are curled from the direction of the lever arm to the direction of the force,
then the thumb points in the direction of the torque.[3]
Imagine pushing a door to open it. The force of your push (F) causes the door to rotate about
its hinges (the pivot point, O). How hard you need to push depends on the distance you are
from the hinges (r) (and several other things, but let's ignore them now). The closer you are to
the hinges (i.e. the smaller r is), the harder it is to push. This is what happens when you try to
push open a door on the wrong side. The torque you created on the door is smaller than it
would have been had you pushed the correct side (away from its hinges).
Note that the force applied, F, and the moment arm, r, are independent of the object.
Furthermore, a force applied at the pivot point will cause no torque since the moment arm
would be zero (r = 0).

Another way of expressing the above

equation is that torque is the product of the
magnitude of the force and the perpendicular
distance from the force to the axis of rotation
(i.e. the pivot point).
Let the force acting on an object be broken up
into its tangential (Ftan) and radial (Frad) Figure 2 Tangential and radial components of
components (see Figure 2). (Note that the force F
tangential component is perpendicular to the
moment arm, while the radial component
is parallel to the moment arm.) The radial
component of the force has no contribution to
the torque because it passes through the pivot
point. So, it is only the tangential component
of the force which affects torque (since it is
perpendicular to the line between the point of
action of the force and the pivot point).
There may be more than one force acting on an object, and each of these forces may act on
different point on the object. Then, each force will cause a torque. The net torque is the sum
of the individual torques.
Rotational Equilibrium is analogous to translational equilibrium, where the sum of the forces
are equal to zero. In rotational equilibrium, the sum of the torques is equal to zero. In other
words, there is no net torque on the object.

Note that the SI units of torque is a Newton-metre, which is also a way of expressing a
Joule (the unit for energy). However, torque is not energy. So, to avoid confusion, we will use
the units N.m, and not J. The distinction arises because energy is a scalar quanitity, whereas
torque is a vector.
.
3) APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
4

a) APPARATUS
No.
1

Name
Test Frame for Torsion

Rod

Apparatus

1. Solid Steel Rod

2. Solid Brass Rod
3. Tube Brass Rod

b) PROCEDURE
1. An assembled Test Frame is assembled on a workbench. The window of the test frame
is made to easily accessible.
2. The two securing nuts in each of side members of the frame is moved to outer track and
slided to approximately the positions shown.
3. The backboard is lifted into position and secured with thumbscrews in the securing nuts.
4. The Digital Force Display is turned on. The mini DIN lead from force Input 1 on the
digital force display to the socket marked Force Input on right underside of backboard
is connected.
5. The force meter is carefully zeroed using the dial. A small torque is applied to the lefthand chuck and released.

Diagram 1: the experiment setup

EXPERIMENT 1
1. The steel and brass rods are marked with a pencil and a rule with these distances from
the left hand end (the rubber tip)

15mm

315 mm

365 mm

415 mm

515 mm

2. Thumbwheel is winded down to its stop. The steel rod from the right hand side is
positioned with the rubber tipped end sticking out. The first mark is lined up with lefthand chuck. They are tightened with chuck key.
3. The four thumbnuts is undo. The chuck is slides until the last mark (515 mm) lined up
with right-hand chuck. This procedure sets the rod length at 500 mm. The right hand
chuck tightened using chuck key.
4. Thumbwheel is winded until the force meter reads 0.3N to 0.5N. the force meter and
angle arm are zeroed. Thumbwheel is winded so the force meter reads 5N and then
back to zero. Chuck is tightened if the angle reading is not zero.
5. Angle readings is taken on every 1N of force. Readings is taken until maximum force
of 5N. All the readings are entered in table 2. Torque arm length (0.05 m)is multiplied
to convert the load cell readings.
6. Step is repeated for brass and data inserted in table 3.
FURTHER WORK
6

1. Diameter both rods is measured with vernier calliper and J values calculated.
2. Table 4 and 5 is filled with results.
EXPERIMENT 2
1. Steel and brass rods are marked with a pencil and a rule from the left-hand end.
2. The thumbwheel is winded down to its stop. The steel rod with the rubber tipped is
positioned end sticking out. First mark is lined up with left hand chuck. It then
tightened using chuck key.
3. The four thumbnuts is undo. The chuck is slides until the last mark (515 mm) lined up
with right hand chuck. The right-hand chuck is tightened using chuck key.
4. Thumbwheel is winded until the force meter reads 0.3N to 0.5N. the force meter and
angle arm are zeroed. Thumbwheel is winded so the force meter reads 5N and then
back to zero. Chuck is tightened if the angle reading is not zero
5. Thumbwheel is winded so the torque is 0.15 Nm (reading of 3 N) and noted in table 6.
The length is reduced to the next mark (450mm) and reset. A reading of angle at same
torque is taken and record. This procedure is taken for length down to 300mm.
EXPERIMENT 3
1. Brass tube and brass rods are marked with a pencil and a ruler.
2. Thumbwheels angle is winded to its stop. The brass tube is positioned from the righthand side with rubber tip sticking out. It then tightened using chuck key
3. The four thumbnuts is undo. The chuck is slides until the last mark (515 mm) lined up
with right hand chuck. The right-hand chuck is tightened using chuck key.
4. Thumbwheel is winded until the force meter reads 0.3N to 0.5N. the force meter and
angle arm are zeroed. Thumbwheel is winded so the force meter reads 5N and then
back to zero. Chuck is tightened if the angle reading is not zero
5. Readings of angle is taken on every 1 N of force. Readings is taken on every changes.
Reading maximum is taken to be 4.3 N of force. All the readings are entered in table
4) RESULTS AND CALCULATION
EXPERIMENT 1
At distances 515 mm from the left hand end
STEEL ROD
7

Force (N)
Torque,T (Nm)
Angular deflection ()
0
0
0
0.5
0.025
1.0
1.0
0.05
2.0
1.5
0.075
3.0
2.0
0.1
4.0
2.5
0.125
5.0
Table 1 Results shows angle () for steel rod

BRASS ROD
Force (N)
Torque,T (Nm)
Angular deflection ()
0
0
0
0.5
0.025
2.5
1.0
0.05
5.0
1.5
0.075
8.0
2.0
0.1
10.5
2.5
0.125
13.0
Table 2 Results shows angle () for brass rod

STEEL ROD
Torque

Angular

TL (

(Nm)

deflectio

Nm2

n,

12

10

0
0.025

(rad)
0
0.0175

0
0.0125

0
0.1392 x 1012

0.05

0.0349

0.025

0.2775 x 1012

0.075

0.0524

0.0375

0.4167 x 1012

0.100

0.0698

0.05

0.5550 x 1012

0.125

0.0873

0.0625

0.6942 x 1012

Table 3 Results for steel rod(Diameter: 3.00 mm, Polar moment of Inertia, J:
7.952 1012 m4

, Length: 0.50 m)

BRASS ROD
Torque
(Nm)

Angular deflection,

J x

TL (
2

Nm

(rad)

12

10

0
0.025

0
0.0436

0
0.012

0
0.3467 x 1012

0.05

0.0873

5
0.025

0.6942 x 10

0.075

0.140

0.037

1.1133 x 10

0.100

0.1833

5
0.05

1.4576 x 10

0.125

0.2269

0.062

1.8043 x 10

12
12

12

12

5
Table 4 Results for brass rod (Diameter: 3.00 mm, Polar moment of Inertia, J:
12

7.952 10

, Length: 0.50 m)

10

EXPERIMENT 2
Length(m)

Angular

deflection()
0.30
2
0.35
4
0.40
6
0.45
4
0.50
2
Table 5 Results for brass rod. (Diameter brass rod : 3.00mm, Torque : 0.15 Nm)

EXPERIMENT 3
Force

Torque

Rod angular

Tube angular deflection()

(N)
0

(Nm)
0

deflection()
0

0.5

0.025

2.5

11

1.0

0.05

5.0

7.5

1.5

0.075

2.0

0.1

10.5

11.5

2.5

0.125
13
13.5
Table 6 Results shows torque and angular deflection

5) DISCUSSION
Result from all the three experiment are static characteristics. In every table shown, there is a
scattered graph to shown their behaviour based on the respective conditions. For the
experiment 1, we can conclude that the angular deflection increase along with the torque that
deflection in every increment of length. Meanwhile, in experiment 3, Angular deflection in
rod and tube increases along with the torque that implied. At the beginning of the motor
rotation, there are a lot of disturbance which creates high peak-to-peak current value as the
speed increases.
6) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we learned how to examines the relationship between torque and angular
deflection in experiment 1, torsional deflection and rod length in experiment 2, and torsional
deflection of solid rod and tube in experiment3. Beside that, we also able to familiarize with
torsion experiment. However, our experiments result is bother by instrument errors. Some of
our results are not consistent and accurate. It is because the instruments are already not in
good condition based on their accuracy and precision.

7) REFERENCES
1. Serway, R. A. and Jewett, Jr. J. W. (2003). Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 6th
Ed. Brooks Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7.
2. Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and
Waves, Thermodynamics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0809-4.
3. "Right Hand Rule for Torque". Retrieved 2007-09-08.

12

8) RUBRICS
Report
Elements

MARKS
GIVEN

RATINGS (MARK)
3

Openended lab
elements
practice

Design own
method of
experiments to
achieve the
objectives
(independent of
lab sheet)

Show one or
more elements
of open-ended
method but still
dependent on
lab sheet

Totally
dependent on
lab sheet
methods

Result
and
findings

Results are
correct and
presented in
appropriate
tools with
elements of lab
sheet
independence

Results are
correct and
presented
totally as
guided by lab
sheet

Results are
partially
correct

Discussion
points only
focusing on
question in lab
sheet

An incomplete
discussion and
poor analysis

Conclusion not
accurately
relate with the
objective.
Reference

Conclusion not
accurately
relate with the
objective. No
Reference

Discussio
n

Conclusio
n&
Reference

Comprehensive
analysis on the
results and
theory by
adding
additional
discussion
points other
than specified
in lab sheet
Conclude with
the relation of
experiment to
the objectives
and clearly
state the

13

Report
Presentat
ion

reference

stated

stated

Beyond ordinary
presentation
with additional
material from
multiple sources
of reference,
consistent
formatting, and
well structured.

Ordinary
presentation
report with
most of
materials
depends on lab
sheet.

Poor
presentation
format and
structure. Very
less effort in
preparing the
report
TOTAL:

14