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Introduction
The quality control test methods specified in the monographs have been adopted as official
tests for the HPUS. Other tests can be used instead, provided they have been validated.
NOTE: All taste data included in the monographs are optional tests and are not required for
positive identification of the subject material.
NOTE: Any physical and chemical properties included in the monograph description are
provided for information and are not to be interpreted as mandatory tests.
NOTE: When performing Thin Layer Chromatography tests, other bands may be present and
are acceptable unless they are specificed as indicators of possible adulteration.
NOTE: Reference Standards - The user is responsible for qualification of reference standards
unless an official compendial standard is available.
Reagents
The reagents required for quality control tests specified in the HPUS are listed below. The
official name of the reagent (in bold type) may be followed by one or more synonyms (in
italics), the chemical formula (structural formula is provided when readily available), and the
molecular weight (m.w.) or atomic weight (a.w.). The designation USP in the title indicates
that the reagent is described in The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) as a monographed
item. The designation USP-NF in the title indicates that the reagent is described in the USP
as a monographed National Formulary item. The designation USP Reagent in the title
indicates that the reagent is described in the USP in the reagent section. The designation
USP Indicator in the title indicates that the reagent is described in the USP in the indicators
and indicator test papers section. The designation USP Test Solution in the title indicates
that the reagent is described in the USP in the test solution section. The designation USP
Volumetric Solution in the title indicates that the reagent is described in the USP in the
volumetric solution section. The designation USP-RS in the title indicates that the reagent is
described in the USP in the reference standards section. For the reagents without a USP
designation, a brief description of the reagent is included. Indented subtitles describe solutions
or derivatives of the basic reagents.
Chromatographic Solvents and Carrier Gases
The chromatographic procedures set forth in the HPUS may require use of solvents and
gases that have been especially purified for such use. The purpose may be (a) to exclude
certain impurities that interfere with the proper conduct of the test procedure, or (b) to extend
the life of a column by reducing the build-up of impurities on the column. Where solvents and
gases are called for in chromatographic procedures, it is the responsibility of the analyst to
ensure the suitability of the solvent or gas for the specific use. Solvents and gases suitable for
specific high-pressure or other chromatographic uses are available as specialty products from
various reagent supply houses, although there is no assurance that similar products from
different suppliers are of equivalent suitability in any given procedure. The reagent
specifications provided herein are for general analytical uses of the solvents and gases and
not for chromatographic uses for which the especially purified specialty products may be
required.
STANDARDS AND CONTROLS
ACETANILIDE (USP Reagent) - N-Phenyl acetamide - C8H9NO (m.w. 135.16)
ACETATE BUFFER SOLUTION, pH 4.6 - Dissolve 5.4 g of sodium acetate in 50 ml of water, add
2.4 g of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100.0 ml with water. Adjust the pH if necessary.
ACETIC ACID, ANHYDROUS - CH3COOH (m.w. 60.05) - Add a few drops of acetic anhydride to
glacial acetic acid to prepare anhydrous acetic acid. Prepare immediately before use.
ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL (USP Reagent) - CH3COOH (m.w. 60.05)
Acetic acid - Dilute 30 g of glacial acetic acid to 100 ml with water.
Acetic acid, dilute - Dilute 12 g of glacial acetic acid to 100 ml with water.
Acetic acid, 5% - A 5% (v/v) solution of glacial acetic acid in methanol.
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (USP Reagent) - (CH3CO)2O (m.w. 102.09)
chloroform and in ethyl ether. The 0.004% (w/v) solution in methanol has two absorption maxima
at 269 nm and 335 nm, respectively.
Amentoflavone solution - A 0.1% solution of amentoflavone in methanol.
p-AMINOACETOPHENONE - C8H9NO (m.w. 135.16) - Pale yellow crystals or crystalline powder;
freely soluble in boiling water, 90% alcohol, or chloroform; soluble in ether.
-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID - C4H9NO2 (m.w. 103.1) - Crystalline powder, soluble in water, practically
insoluble or very slightly soluble in alcohol.
AMINOETHANOL DIPHENYLBORATE (see DIPHENYLBORINIC ACID, ETHANOLAMINE
ESTER)
AMINOPHENAZONE (see AMINOPYRINE)
AMINOPYRAZOLONE - 4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenylpyrazol-3-one -C11H13N3O (m.w. 203.2) Light-yellow needles or powder, sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
AMINOPYRINE - Aminophenazone - C13H17N3O (m.w. 231.29) - Colorless crystals or white
crystalline powder, soluble in water and ethyl ether, slightly soluble in chloroform and alcohol.
Aminopyrine solution - A 2% (w/v) solution of aminopyrine in water.
AMMONIA (see AMMONIA SOLUTION, STRONG)
AMMONIA SOLUTION, STRONG (USP-NF) - Ammonia - NH3 (m.w. 17.03)
Ammonia solution, 20% - Dilute 81 g of strong ammonia solution to 100 ml with water.
Ammonia solution, 17% - Dilute 67 g of strong ammonia solution to 100 ml with water.
Ammonia solution, dilute - Contains about 10% (w/v) of NH3. Dilute 41 g of strong ammonia
to 100 ml with water.
AMMONIACAL WATER, SLIGHTLY - Contains 0.5 ml of dilute ammonia solution in 100 ml of
water.
AMMONIUM ACETATE (USP Reagent) - NH4C2H3O2 (m.w. 77.08)
Ammonium acetate solution - Dissolve 150 g of ammonium acetate in water. Add 3 ml of
glacial acetic acid and dilute to 1000 ml with water. Use within one week.
Ammonium acetate solution, 0.04 M - Dissolve 3.084 g of ammonium acetate in water, and
then dilute to 1000.0 ml with water and adjust to pH 10.5 with strong ammonia solution.
AMMONIUM AND CERIUM SULFATE - (NH4)2Ce(SO4)4 2H2O (m.w. 633) - Orange-yellow,
crystalline powder or crystals, slowly soluble in water.
Ammonium and cerium sulfate solution, 0.1 M - Dissolve 65.0 g of ammonium and cerium
sulfate in a mixture of 500 ml of water and 30 ml of sulfuric acid. Allow to cool and dilute to
1000.0 ml with water. Standardize the solution after ten days, using the following
Standardization Procedure: To 25.0 ml of the ammonium and cerium sulfate solution, add 2.0
g of potassium iodide and 150 ml of water. Titrate immediately with 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate
solution, using 1 ml of starch solution as indicator.
Ammonium and cerium sulfate in phosphoric acid - A 10 g/l solution of ammonium and
cerium sulfate in phosphoric acid.
AMMONIUM CARBONATE (USP Reagent) - A mixture of varying proportions of ammonium
bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate.
Ammonium carbonate solution - A 15.8% (w/v) solution (about 2 M).
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - NH4Cl (m.w. 53.49)
Ammonium chloride buffer solution, pH 10.0 -Dissolve 5.4 g of ammonium chloride in 20 ml
of water, add 35.0 ml of ammonia and dilute to 100.0 ml with water.
Ammonium chloride solution - A 107 g/l solution of ammonium chloride in water.
AMMONIUM CITRATE SOLUTION, LEAD-FREE - Dissolve 21 g of citric acid in 62.5 ml of dilute
ammonia solution. Dilute to 100 ml with water. Shake the solution with a mixture of 0.2 ml of
dithizone solution and 5 ml of chloroform. Repeat this extraction until the color of the dithizone
solution remains constant. Shake with 10 ml portions of chloroform until the chloroform phase
remains colorless.
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE (USP) - Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate -(NH4)6Mo7O24
4H2O (m.w. 1235.86)
Ammonium molybdate solution - A 200 g/l solution of ammonium molybdate in water.
HARDENED FILTER PAPER - For qualitative analyses, use Hardened Low Ash Grades of filter
paper (Ash 0.05%). For quantitative analyses, use Hardened Ashless Grades of filter paper (Ash
0.006%).
HARPAGOSIDE - [(1S,4aS,5R,7S,7aS)-4a,5-Dihydroxy-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,5,6,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-7-yl] (E)-3phenylprop-2-enoate -C24H30O11 (m.w. 495.49) - White or off-white, crystalline powder, very
hygroscopic, soluble in water and in alcohol; m.p. 117-121 C.
HEDERAGENINE - Hederagenin - C30H48O4 (m.w. 472.70) - Crystalline powder, practically
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
HELIUM (USP) - He (a.w. 4.00)
n-HEPTANE (USP Reagent) - Use n-Heptane, Chromatographic.
HERNIARIN - 7-Methoxycoumarin; 7-Methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one - C10H8O3(m.w. 176.17)
HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE - Hexamine; 1,3,5,7-tetra-azatricyclo
[3.3.1.13,7]decane - C6H12N4 (m.w. 140.2) - A colorless, crystalline powder, very soluble in water.
HEXANE (see n-HEXANE)
n-HEXANE (USP Reagent) - C6H14 (m.w. 86.18)
HEXANE, SOLVENT (USP Reagent) - Petroleum ether; Petroleum benzin;Petroleum light
HUMULENE - 2,6,6,9-Tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene - C15H24 (m.w. 204.36) - An oily liquid
with a characteristic odor, practically insoluble in water, miscible with organic solvents.
HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE - -Hydrastine hydrochloride -C21H21NO6 HCl (m.w. 419.85) Yellow crystals, very soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in chloroform; very slightly
soluble in ethyl ether.
HYDRAZINE SULFATE (USP Reagent) - (NH2)2 H2SO4 (m.w. 130.12)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (USP Reagent) - HCl (m.w. 36.46)
Hydrochloric acid, dilute (about 2 M) - Contains 7.5% (w/v) of HCl. Dilute 20 g of
hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with water.
Hydrochloric acid, 0.01 N
Hydrochloric acid, 0.02 N
Hydrochloric acid, 0.05 N
Hydrochloric acid, 0.1 N
Hydrochloric acid, 0.5 N
Hydrochloric acid, 1 N
Hydrochloric acid, 1% (v/v) - Dilute 10 g (i.e. 8.6 ml) of hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with
water.
Hydrochloric acid, 3% - Dilute 30 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid to 1000 ml with water. Adjust the
pH to 1.6 0.1.
Hydrochloric acid, 5.5% - A 150 g/l solution of hydrochloric acid in water.
Hydrochloric acid, 25% - Dilute 70 g of hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with water. Contains 25%
(w/v) of HCl.
Hydrochloric acid, 11% - Dilute 44 ml of 25% hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with water; contains
109 g/l HCl (approximately 3 M).
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 3% (see Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution[USP]).
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 30% (USP Reagent) - H2O2 (m.w. 34.01)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (USP Reagent) - H2S (m.w. 34.08)
HYDROQUINONE (USP Reagent) - C6H4(OH)2 (m.w. 110.11)
HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - NH2OH HCl (m.w. 69.49)
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, 3.5% - A 3.5% (w/v) solution of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in 60% alcohol.
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, 10% - A 100 g/l solution of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in water.
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, lead-free - Dissolve 10 g of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in 30 ml of water. Add 0.05 ml of phenol red solution, then dilute ammonia
solution until the solution turns pink. Shake the solution in a separating funnel with a mixture
of 0.2 ml of dithizone solution and 5 ml of chloroform. Repeat this extraction until the color of
the dithizone solution remains constant. Shake the aqueous phase with chloroform until the
chloroform remains colorless. Add 0.05 ml of methyl red solution. Add 25% hydrochloric acid
until the solution turns reddish-orange. Shake several times with 10 ml portions of chloroform
until the chloroform phase remains colorless. Dilute the aqueous phase to 100 ml with water.
HYOSCYAMINE SULFATE (USP) - (C17H23NO3)2 H2SO4 2H2O (m.w. 712.85)
HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE (see SCOPOLOMINE HYDROBROMIDE)
HYPERICIN - C30H16O8 (m.w. 504.45) - Blue-black needles, freely soluble in pyridine and other
organic bases yielding cherry-red solutions, almost insoluble in most other organic solvents.
Soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions.
HYPEROSIDE - Quercetin 3-galactoside - C21H20O12 2H2O (m.w. 509.42) - Faint yellow needles,
soluble in methanol.
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS SOLUTION - Dissolve with the aid of gentle heat, 10 g of sodium
hypophosphite in 20 ml of water, and dilute to 100 ml with hydrochloric acid. Allow to settle and
decant or filter through glass wool.
INDIGO CARMINE (see INDIGOTINDISULFONATE SODIUM)
INDIGOTINDISULFONATE SODIUM (USP) - Indigo carmine -C16H8N2Na2O8S2 (m.w. 466.3)
Indigotindisulfonate sodium solution - Dissolve 4 g of indigotindisulfonate in about 900 ml
of water, added in several portions. Add 2 ml of sulfuric acid and dilute to 1000 ml with water.
Assay: Place in a 100 ml conical flask with a wide neck 10.0 ml of nitrate standard solution
(100 ppm NO3), 10 ml of water, 0.05 ml of indigotindisulfonate sodium solution, and then in a
single addition, but with caution, 30 ml of sulfuric acid. Titrate the solution immediately, using
the indigotindisulfonate sodium solution, until a stable blue color is obtained. The number of
milliliters used, n, is equivalent to 1 mg of NO3.
INULIN (USP)
IODINE (USP Reagent) - I - (a.w. 126.90)
Iodine solution, 0.01 N
Iodine solution, 0.05 M
Iodine solution, 0.005 M - To 10.0 ml of 0.05 M iodine solution, add 0.6 g of potassium iodide.
Dilute with water to 100.0 ml. The factor of this solution is the same as for the 0.05 M iodine
solution.
Iodine solution, 0.1 N
Iodine solution - Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 4 g of potassium iodide in 100 ml of water.
Iodine solution, chloroformic - A 0.5% (w/v) solution of iodine in chloroform.
IODINE AND POTASSIUM IODIDE SOLUTION (USP Test Solution)
IODINE GREEN - Tetramethyl-p-rosaniline iodomethylate - C25H31I2N3 H2O (m.w. 645.4) - Dark
green or slightly bluish prisms, soluble in water.
Iodine green solution - A 0.75% (w/v) solution of iodine green in water.
IODOPLATINATE SOLUTION - To 3 ml of a 10% (w/v) solution of platinic chloride (aqueous) add
97 ml of water and 100 ml of a 6% (w/v) solution of potassium iodide (aqueous).
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN, STRONGLY ACIDIC - A strongly acidic cation-exchanger. A resin in
protonated form with sulfonic acid groups attached to a lattice consisting of polystyrene crosslinked with 8% of divinylbenzene. It is available as beads, with particle size 0.3-1.2 mm.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (20 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute with water to 10
times its volume a solution containing ferric ammonium sulfate equivalent to 0.863 g of
FeNH4(SO4)2 12H2O and 25 ml of dilute sulfuric acid in 500.0 ml.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute with water to 100
times its volume a solution containing ferrous ammonium sulfate equivalent to 7.022 g of
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 6 H2O and 25 ml of dilute sulfuric acid in 1000.0 ml.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (2 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute iron standard solution
(20 ppm Fe) to 10 times its volume with water.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (1 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute iron standard solution
(20 ppm Fe) to 20 times its volume with water.
ISATIN - 1H-Indole-2,3-dione - C8H5NO2 (m.w. 147.1) - Small, yellowish-red crystals, slightly
soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Isatin solution - A 0.2% (w/v) solution of isatin in a mixture of 5 volumes of glacial acetic acid
and 95 volumes of butyl alcohol.
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (USP Reagent) - 2-Propanol - (CH3)2CHOH (m.w. 60.10)
ISOPROPYL ETHER (see DIISOPROPYL ETHER)
ISOQUERCITRIN - 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[[3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5,6tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]chromen-4-one -C21H20O12 (m.w. 464.37) - Yellow needles,
practically insoluble in cold water, but sparingly soluble in boiling water, soluble in alkaline
solutions.
KAEMPFEROL - 3,4,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone - C15H10O6 (m.w. 286.2) - Yellow needles, sparingly
soluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol.
KHELLIN - 4,9-Dimethoxy-7-methylfuro[3,2-g]chromen-5-on - C14H12O5(m.w. 260.24) - Yellow
needles or yellow crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble in acetone, chloroform
and acetic acid, slightly soluble in alcohol.
KIESELGUHR, Granulated - Unwashed diatomaceous earth. A white or yellowish-white powder,
practically insoluble in water, alcohol and ethyl ether.
KIESELGUHR for Chromatography - Use a chromatographic grade of Kieselguhr Diatomaceous silica.
Lead standard solution (1 ppm Pb) - Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
(10 ppm Pb) to 10 times its volume with water.
LEAD STANDARD SOLUTION (2%) - Dissolve 8 g of lead nitrate in water and dilute to 250 ml
with water.
LEAD SUBACETATE SOLUTION - Dissolve 40.0 g of lead acetate in 90 ml of carbon dioxide-free
water. Adjust the pH to 7.5 with strong sodium hydroxide solution. Centrifuge and use the clear,
colorless supernatant solution. The solution remains clear when stored in a well-closed
container.
LEUCINE (USP) - C6H13NO2 (m.w. 131.17)
LINALOOL (USP Reagent) - 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol - C10H18O (m.w. 154.25) - Colorless
liquid, odor similar to that of Convallaria majalis, practically insoluble in water, miscible with
alcohol and ethyl ether.
LINALYL ACETATE - 1,5-Dimethyl-1-vinyl-4-hexenyl-acetate - C12H20O2(m.w. 196.28) - Oily liquid,
odor similar to oil of Bergamot, practically insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol and ethyl
ether.
LITHIUM CARBONATE (USP) - Li2CO3 (m.w. 73.89)
Lithium carbonate picro-alkaline solution - Dissolve 0.25 g of lithium carbonate and 0.5 g of
picric acid in 80 ml of warm water. Allow to cool then dilute to 100 ml with water.
LITMUS PAPER, BLUE (USP Indicator)
LITMUS PAPER, RED (USP Indicator)
LUTEOLIN - 3,4,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone - C15H10O6 (m.w. 286.24) - Yellow needles from alcohol,
sparingly soluble in water; soluble in alkalies, forming yellow solutions.
LUTEOLIN 7-GLUCOSIDE - Cynaroside - C21H20O11 (m.w. 448.38) - Yellow needles from alcohol.
LYSINE MONOHYDRATE - C6H14N2O2 H2O (m.w. 164.21) - White or faintly yellowish crystalline
powder with characteristic odor; freely soluble in water.
MERCURIC OXIDE, RED - HgO (m.w. 216.59) - Bright-red or orange-red, odorless, crystalline
powder or scales. Practically insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.
MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE SOLUTION - Mayers Reagent - Dissolve 1.35 g of mercuric
chloride in 50 ml of water. Add 5 g of potassium iodide and dilute to 100 ml with water.
METANIL YELLOW - C18H14N3NaO3S (m.w. 375.4) - A brownish-yellow powder, soluble in water
and in alcohol.
Metanil yellow solution - A 10% (w/v) solution of metanil yellow in methanol.
METHANOL (USP Reagent) - Methyl alcohol - CH3OH (m.w. 32.04)
METHANOL, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC (USP Reagent)
METHENAMINE (USP) - Hexamethylenetetramine - C6H12N4 (m.w. 140.19)
METHIONINE (USP) - L-Methionine - C5H11NO2S (m.w. 149.21)
METHYL ALCOHOL (see METHANOL)
METHYL ALCOHOL, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC (see METHANOL, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC)
METHYL CINNAMATE - C10H10O2 (m.w. 162.2) - Colorless crystals, practically insoluble in water,
soluble in alcohol.
METHYL ETHYL KETONE (USP Reagent) - C4H8O (m.w. 72.11)
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE (USP Reagent) - 4-Methyl-2-pentanone (CH3)2CHCH2COCH3 (m.w. 100.16)
METHYL ORANGE (USP Indicator) - C14H14N3NaO3S (m.w. 327.33)
Methyl orange solution - Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 80 ml of water and dilute to
100 ml with alcohol.
Methyl orange mixed solution - Dissolve 20 mg of methyl orange and 0.1 g of bromocresol
green in 1 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution and dilute to 100 ml with water.
METHYL RED (USP Indicator) - 2-[4-(CH3)2NC6H4N:N]C6H4COOH HCl(m.w. 305.76)
Methyl red mixed indicator solution - Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl red and 50 mg of methylene
blue in 100 ml of alcohol.
Methyl red solution - Dissolve 50 g of methyl red in a mixture of 1.86 ml of 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide and 50 ml of alcohol and dilute to 100 ml with water.
METHYLENE CHLORIDE (USP-NF) - Dichloromethane - CH2Cl2 (m.w. 84.93)
METHYLENEBISACRYLAMIDE - (H2C=CHCONH)2CH2 (m.w. 154.17) - A fine, white or almost
white powder, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Methylenebisacrylamide solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of methylenebisacrylamide in
water.
MUREXIDE - 5,5-Nitrilodibarbituric acid, monoammonium salt - C8H8N6O6(m.w. 284.19) - A purplecolored, crystalline powder; sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water, practically
insoluble in alcohol and ethyl ether, slightly soluble in ammonium carbonate solution, soluble in
sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, yielding a blue color.
Murexide trituration - Triturate 1.0 g of murexide with 99.0 g of sodium chloride in a mortar.
MYRISTICIN - 6-allyl-4-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxole - C11H12O3 (m.w. 192.21) - A volatile oil from
nutmeg.
1-NAPHTHOL (USP Reagent) - C10H7OH (m.w. 144.17)
1-Naphthol solution - A 150 g/l solution of 1-naphthol in alcohol.
2-NAPHTHOL (USP Reagent) - C10H7OH (m.w. 144.17)
NAPHTHOL YELLOW S - 8-Hydroxy-5,7-dinitro-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium
salt - C10H4N2Na2O8S (m.w. 358.19) - Greenish yellow powder, soluble in water to a yellow
solution.
-NAPHTHOLBENZEIN - Phenylbis(4-hydroxynaphthyl)methanol - C27H20O3(m.w. 392.45) - A
brownish-red powder, or shiny brownish-black crystals, practically insoluble in water, soluble in
alcohol and in glacial acetic acid.
QUERCETIN - 2-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenol)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chromen-4-one -C15H10O7 (m.w 302.23) Yellow needles, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
QUERCITRIN - 3,3,4,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone-3-L-rhamnoside - C21H20O11(m.w. 448.37) - Yellow
crystals, insoluble in cold water, moderately soluble in hot water, soluble in alcohol.
QUINALDINE RED (USP Indicator) - C21H23IN2 (m.w. 430.33)
Quinaldine red solution - Dissolve 0.1 g of quinaldine red in methanol and dilute to 100 ml
with the same solvent.
QUINIDINE - (9S)-6-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol - C20H24N2O2 (m.w. 324.41) - A dextrorotatory
stereoisomer of quinine.
QUININE - (8,9R)-6-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol - C20H24N2O2 (m.w. 324.41) - A white powder, very
slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in boiling water, very soluble in alcohol, soluble in ethyl
ether.
QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE - (8,9R)-6-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol
monohydrochloride - C20H24N2O2 HCl (m.w. 360.88)
QUININE SULFATE - Quinine sulfate dihydrate - (C20H24N2O2)2 H2SO4 2H2O (m.w. 782.96) - A
white or almost white, crystalline powder, or fine, colorless needles, slightly soluble in water,
sparingly soluble in boiling water and in alcohol.
QUINOLINE - C9H7N (m.w. 129.16) - Hygroscopic liquid, miscible with alcohol, ether, and carbon
disulfide.
SODIUM METHOXIDE (USP Reagent) - Sodium methylate - CH3ONa (m.w. 54.02) - Reacts
violently with water with evolution of heat. Soluble in alcohol and methanol.
Sodium methoxide solution, 10% - Dissolve sodium methoxide in 50% alcohol.
Sodium methoxide solution, 10% methanolic - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium methoxide in
methanol.
SODIUM METHYLATE (see SODIUM METHOXIDE)
SODIUM MOLYBDATE (USP Reagent) - Na2MoO4 2H2O (m.w. 241.95)
Sodium molybdate solution - A 0.5% (w/v) solution of sodium molybdate in sulfuric acid.
Sodium molybdate solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium molybdate in water.
SODIUM NITRITE (USP Reagent) - NaNO2 (m.w. 69.00)
Sodium nitrite solution, 0.1 M - Prepare immediately before use.
Sodium nitrite solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of sodium nitrite in water. Prepare
immediately before use.
Sodium nitrite solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of sodium nitrite in water. Prepare
immediately before use.
Sodium nitrite solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium nitrite in water. Prepare
immediately before use.
SODIUM NITROFERRICYANIDE (USP Reagent) - Sodium nitroprusside -Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]
2H2O (m.w. 297.95)
Sodium nitroferricyanide solution, 2% - A 2% (w/v) solution of sodium nitroferricyanide
Sodium nitroferricyanide solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of sodium nitroferricyanide in
water, freshly prepared.
Sodium nitroferricyanide solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium nitroferricyanide in
water, freshly prepared.
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE (see SODIUM NITROFERRICYANIDE)
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC (USP Reagent) - NaH2PO4 xH2O(m.w. 119.98
[anhydrous])
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC (USP Reagent) - Na2HPO4 xH2O (m.w. 141.96 [anhydrous])
Sodium phosphate solution, dibasic - A 4% (w/v) solution of dibasic sodium phosphate in
water.
Sodium phosphate solution, dibasic, 9% - A 9% (w/v) solution of dibasic sodium phosphate
in water.
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, TRIBASIC (USP Reagent) - Na3PO4 12H2O (m.w. 380.12)
Sodium phosphate solution, 20% - A 20% (w/v) solution of tribasic sodium phosphate in
water.
SODIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (200 ppm) - Prepare a solution of 0.509 g of NaCl in 100.0 ml
of water. Immediately before use, dilute this solution to 10 times its volume with water.
SODIUM SULFATE, ANHYDROUS (USP Reagent) - Na2SO4 (m.w. 142.04)
SODIUM SULFIDE (USP Reagent) - Na2S 9H2O (m.w. 240.18)
Sodium sulfide solution - Dissolve 12 g of sodium sulfide with heating in 45 ml of a mixture
of 10 volumes of water and 29 volumes of glycerin. Allow to cool and dilute to 100 ml with the
same mixture of solvents. The solution should be colorless.
SODIUM SULFITE (USP Reagent) - Anhydrous sodium sulfite - Na2SO3(m.w. 126.04)
Sodium sulfite solution - A 50 g/l solution of sodium sulfite in water.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE (USP Reagent) - Na2S2O3 5H2O (m.w. 248.19)
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.01 N
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1 N
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.01 M
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1 M
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of sodium thiosulfate in water.
SOLVENT HEXANE (see HEXANE, SOLVENT)
SPARTEINE SULFATE - C15H28N2O4S 5H2O (m.w. 422.4) - White crystals, soluble in water and
alcohol.
Sulfuric acid solution, 50% (v/v) alcoholic - A 50% (v/v) solution of sulfuric acid in alcohol.
Sulfuric acid solution, 2.5 M alcoholic - A 139 ml/liter solution of sulfuric acid in alcohol.
Sulfuric acid solution, methanolic - A 0.1 N solution of sulfuric acid in methanol.
TANNIN - Sparkling flakes or amorphous powder, yellowish to light brown. Very easily soluble in
water, easily soluble in alcohol, soluble in acetone, practically insoluble in chloroform and ethyl
ether. Protect from light.
TARTARIC ACID (USP-NF) - H2C4H4O6 (m.w. 150.09)
Tartaric acid solution, 1% - A 10 g/l solution of tartaric acid in water.
Tartaric acid solution, 4% - A 40 g/l solution of tartaric acid in a mixture of equal volumes of
methanol and water.
Tartaric acid solution, 20% - A 20% (w/v) solution of tartaric acid in water.
TETRAMETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINE - N,N,N,N-Tetramethylethylenediamine- C6H16N2 (m.w.
116.21) - A colorless liquid, very soluble in water, soluble in acetone and in alcohol.
THEOBROMIN (USP Reagent) - C7H8N4O2 (m.w. 180.16) - Sparingly soluble in water (0.33 g/l at
25 C).
THIAZOLE YELLOW (USP Reagent) - Titan Yellow; Clayton Yellow -C28H19N5Na2O6S4 (m.w.
695.74)
Thiazole yellow solution - A 0.05% (w/v) solution of thiazole yellow in water.
THIOACETAMIDE - Thioacetimitic - C2H5NS (m.w. 75.1) - A crystalline powder or colorless
crystals, freely soluble in water and alcohol.
Thioacetamide reagent - To 0.2 ml of thioacetamide solution, add 1 ml of a mixture of 5 ml of
water, 15 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution, and 20 ml of glycerin. Heat in a water bath for
20 seconds. Prepare immediately before use.
Thioacetamide solution - Dissolve 40 g of thioacetamide in water and bring to 1000 ml.
THIOUREA (USP Reagent) - (NH2)2CS (m.w. 76.12)
Thiourea solution - A 10% (w/v) solution of thiourea in water.
THREONINE (USP) - C4H9NO3 (m.w. 119.12)
THUJONE - d-Isothujone - C10H16O (m.w. 152.23) - Colorless, or almost colorless, liquid.
Practically insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol and many other organic solvents.
THYMOL (USP Reagent) - C6H3[CH3][OH][CH(CH3)2]1,3,4 (m.w. 150.22)
Thymol solution - A 5% w/v solution of thymol in alcohol.
Thymol solution 2 - Add 0.5 g of thymol to a mixture of 5 ml of sulfuric acid and 95 ml of
alcohol.
TOLUENE (USP Reagent) - C6H5CH3 (m.w. 92.14)
TRAGACANTH (USP-NF) - Gum Tragacanth - The dried gummy exudation from Astragalus
gummifer.
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (USP Reagent) - CCl3COOH (m.w. 163.39)
Trichloroacetic acid solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of trichloroacetic acid in water.
Trichloroacetic acid solution, 25% - A 25% (w/v) solution of trichloroacetic acid in
chloroform.
Trichloroacetic acid solution, 25% in alcohol - A 25% (w/v) solution of trichloroacetic acid in
alcohol.
TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID (USP Reagent) - CF3COOH (m.w. 114.02)
Trifluoroacetic acid solution, 0.1% - 1 g/l (w/v) solution of trifluoroacetic acid in water.
TRIFLUOROACETIC ANHYDRIDE (USP Reagent) - (CF3CO)2O (m.w. 210.03)
Trifluoroacetic anhydride solution - A mixture of 55 volumes of methanol
(spectrophotometric) and 45 volumes of a 0.05% (w/v) solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride in
methanol.
TRIKETOHYDRINDENE HYDRATE (USP Reagent) - Ninhydrin - C9H4O3 H2O (m.w. 178.14)
WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE (USP Reagent) - Purified water that has been boiled
vigorously for 5 minutes or longer and allowed to cool while protected from absorption of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.
WATER, PURIFIED (USP) - H2O (m.w. 18.02)
XANTHOTOXIN - C12H8O4 (m.w. 216.19) - Colorless needles or prisms, soluble in acetone, slightly
soluble in hot water, practically insoluble in cold water. Has photosensitizing properties.
XANTHYDROL (USP Reagent) - C13H10O2 (m.w. 198.22)
Xanthydrol solution - To 0.1 ml of a 10% (w/v) solution of xanthydrol in methanol add 100 ml
of anhydrous acetic acid and 1 ml of hydrochloric acid. Allow the solution to stand for 24
hours.
XYLENE (USP Reagent) - C8H10 (m.w. 106.17)
XYLENOL ORANGE (USP Indicator) - C31H28N2Na4O13S (m.w. 760.58)
Xylenol orange test solution (USP)
Xylenol orange triturate - Triturate 1 part of xylenol orange with 99 parts of potassium nitrate.
YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP Reference Standard) - C21H26N2O3 HCl (m.w. 390.89)
ZINC (USP Reagent) - Zn (a.w. 65.39)
ZINC CHLORIDE (USP) - ZnCl2 (m.w. 136.29)
Zinc chloride solution, 0.05 M - Dissolve 6.82 g of zinc chloride, weighed with appropriate
precautions, in water. If necessary, add dropwise dilute hydrochloric acid until the
opalescence disappears. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with water. Standardization: To 20.0 ml of zinc
chloride solution, add 5 ml of dilute acetic acid and carry out the determination of zinc by
complexometry.
ZINC POWDER - Zn (a.w. 65.39) - Very fine, gray powder, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
ZINC STANDARD SOLUTION (100 ppm) - Prepare a solution containing 0.440 g of zinc sulfate
and 1 ml of acetic acid in 100.0 ml of water. Immediately before use, dilute to 10 times its volume
with water.
ZINC STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm) - Immediately before use, dilute zinc standard solution
(100 ppm Zn) to 10 times its volume with water.
ZINC SULFATE (USP) - ZnSO4 xH2O (m.w. 287.56 [heptahydrate])
Zinc sulfate solution, 0.05 M (USP Volumetric Solution)
Zinc sulfate solution, 0.1 M - Dissolve 29 g of zinc sulfate in water and bring to 1000.0 ml. To
adjust the exact titer, proceed as described in USP XXIII under 0.05 M zinc sulfate volumetric
solution.
Zinc sulfate solution, 10% - A 10% (w/w) solution of zinc sulfate in water.
Zinc sulfate solution, 50% - A 50% (w/v) solution of zinc sulfate in carbon dioxide-free water.
ZIRCONYL NITRATE (USP Reagent) - ZrO(NO3)2 (m.w. 231.23)
Zirconyl nitrate solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of zirconyl nitrate in dilute hydrochloric
acid.
Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid is the residue obtained after extracting the sulfated or total ash
with hydrochloric acid, calculated with reference to 100 g of starting material.
To the crucible containing the residue from the determination of sulfated or total ash, add 15 ml of
water and 10 ml of hydrochloric acid, cover with a watch glass, boil the mixture gently for 10
minutes and allow to cool. Filter through an ashless filter, wash the residue with hot water until
the filtrate is neutral, dry, ignite to dull redness, allow to cool in a desiccator and weigh. Reheat
until the difference between two consecutive weighings is not more than 1 mg.
Dry Residue Determination:
Dry residue is the mass remaining on drying under the conditions given below, stated in percent
(w/w). Unless otherwise prescribed, accurately weigh about 5.00 g of the test material in a flat
bottomed glass, and evaporate to dryness on a water bath. Heat in an oven at 100-105 C and
dry for at least two hours, and then to constant mass at 100-105 C. Allow to cool in a desiccator.
Weigh and calculate the percentage of residue for 100 g of test material.
Foreign Matter Determination:
Foreign matter is material consisting of any or all of the following:
1) Foreign organs: matter coming from the source plant but not defined as the starting material;
2) Foreign elements: matter not coming from the source plant, and either of vegetable or
mineral origin.
Weigh 100 g to 500 g of the substance to be examined, or the minimum quantity prescribed in the
monograph, and spread it out in a thin layer. Examine for foreign matter by inspection with the
unaided eye or by use of a lens (6x). Separate foreign matter and weigh it and calculate the
percentage present.
Hardness Determination According to Mohs Scale:
Using the tip of the appropriate reference mineral according to the hardness scale, scratch a
fresh and ideally smooth surface of the mineral to be tested. Check with a magnifying glass (10X
magnification) to see whether the surface has been scratched. If the mineral scratches, repeat
the scratching process with the reference mineral one level below on the hardness scale. The
hardness of the test mineral and reference is the same when the tip of the reference mineral
lightly scratches the surface of the test mineral.
Hardness
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Orthoclase
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
10
examined in the surface of the block inside the glass ring. Cover with a glass plate of suitable
size. Heat the metal block to the temperature specified in the monograph. Collect the sublimate
on the underside of the cover glass by cooling the cover glass with a drop of cold water on top.
As needed, replace with a fresh cover glass in order to collect sufficient sublimate.
[Source: German Pharmacopoeia 2.8.N 4 and European Pharmacopoeia 2.2.16.]
Sulfated Ash Determination:
As outlined in USP in <281> Residue on Ignition.
Total Ash Determination:
Heat a silica or platinum crucible to redness for 30 minutes, allow to cool in a desiccator and
weigh. Unless otherwise prescribed, evenly distribute 1.00 g of the substance or powdered
vegetable drug to be examined in the crucible. Dry at 100-105 C for 1 hour and ignite to constant
mass in a muffle furnace at 600 25 C, allowing the crucible to cool in a desiccator after each
ignition. Flames should not be produced at any time during the procedure. If after prolonged
ignition the ash still contains black particles, take up with hot water, filter through an ashless filter
paper and ignite the residue and the filter paper. Combine the filtrate with the ash, carefully
evaporate to dryness and ignite to constant mass.