CALCULATING THE OPTIMUM GAINS

OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
Abstract
The world learned the first about nuclear energy in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bom
disaster. From that moment, the nations is competing in development of nuclear in every
sector, including electricity needs by the human race. Today, the level of electricity
consumption of a country will continue to increase as time advances. This occurs by the
development of industrial sector and also the population growth especially in the
metropolitan area. If the first of a country can only build a power plant in a particular scale
due to limited resources, the country can now build the power plant according to any scale
regional needs. When a nation has high demand of electricity, they can build a huge scale
Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) means generates a lot of power. Otherwise, if the need is not so
high, they can build smaller scale NPP with smaller power generation. Construction of
nuclear power plants in a country based on various factors, such as demand for electric
power, the initial cost of construction, cost of the provision of fuel, the price of electricity
generated and others. The variables here that could be considered by a state which scale to be
made in order to gain the maximum profit within a certain time. Variables related to this
motorcycle can be modeled into a mathematical equation. Of that equation, the maximum
value can be searched using the Newton-Raphson method.

Keywords: Nuclear Power Plant, NPP, power generation, optimum gains, power plant scale.

1. Introduction
The public first learned about nuclear power in the form of the atomic bombs
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II in 1945. So the enormity of the
consequences caused by the bomb that influences until now. In addition as the ultimate
very strong weapon, since a long time people had been thinking about how harness the
nuclear energy for human life. Until now, nuclear energy, in particular radioactive
substances have been used widely in various fields such as industry, health, agriculture,
livestock, sterilization of pharmaceutical products and medical devices, food
preservation, hydrological, which is the application of nuclear techniques for non-energy.
One advantage of nuclear in the field of energy is now growing and massive in the form
of a nuclear power plant (NPP), which it used to generate electricity in relatively cheap
cost, safe and do not pollute the environment.
Use of nuclear energy in the form of commercial development is started in 1954. At
that time in Russia (USSR), they built and operated a NPP high-pressure light water unit
(VVER = PWR), which a year later reached 5MWe. In 1956, England developed NPP
Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR + gas-cooled reactor) types with a power of 100 MWe. In
1997, all over the world both in developed countries and developing countries have
operated as many as 443 units NPP which spread across 31 countries, contributing

around 18% of the world electricity supply. Total generation of the power reached
351,000 Mwe (2012).
Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is
one or more nuclear reactor power plants. NPP included in base load power plants, which
can work well when the output power is constant (although boiling water reactor can be
down to half power when the evenings). Power generated per unit ranges from 40MWe
generating up to 1000 MWe. The new units are being built in 2005 has a 600-1200 MWe
power. Until 2005 there were 443 licensed nuclear power plants in the world.
To build a NPP, the construction of it in a country based on various factors, such as
demand for electric power, the initial cost of construction, cost of the provision of fuel,
the price of electricity generated and others. The variables here that could be considered
by a state which scale to be made in order to gain the maximum profit within a certain
time.
Capital cost, the building and financing of nuclear power plants, represents a large
percentage of the cost of nuclear electricity. In 2014, the US Energy Information
Administration estimated that for new nuclear plants going online in 2019, capital costs
will make up 74% of the levelized cost of electricity; higher than the capital percentages
for fossil-fuel power plants (63% for coal, 22% for natural gas), and lower than the
capital percentages for some other nonfossil-fuel sources (80% for wind, 88% for solar
PV).
Construction delays can add significantly to the cost of a plant. Because a power
plant does not earn income and currencies can inflate during construction, longer
construction times translate directly into higher finance charges. Modern nuclear power
plants are planned for construction in five years or less as opposed to over a decade for
some previous plants. However, despite Japanese success with ABWRs, two of the four
EPRs under construction (in Finland and France) are significantly behind schedule.
Nuclear plants require fissile fuel. Generally, the fuel used is uranium, although
other materials may be used (MOX fuel or Thorium). In 2005, prices on the world
market for uranium averaged US$20/lb (US$44.09/kg). On 2007-04-19, prices reached
US$113/lb (US$249.12/kg). On 2008-07-02, the price had dropped to $59/lb. Fuel costs
account for about 28% of a nuclear plant's operating expenses. As of 2013, half the cost
of reactor fuel was taken up by enrichment and fabrication, so that the cost of the
uranium concentrate raw material was 14% of operating costs.
2. Methodology
In numerical analysis, Newton's method (also known as Newton-Raphson method),
which got the name of Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is the best known method to
find approximations to the roots of real functions. Newton's method often converges
quickly, especially if iteration begins "close enough" to the desired root. However, if the
iteration starts away from the root sought, this method can slip without warning.
Implementation of these methods typically detect and address convergence failures.
The name "Newton's method" is derived from Isaac Newton's description of a
special case of the method in De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas
(written in 1669, published in 1711 by William Jones) and in De metodis fluxionum et
serierum infinitarum (written in 1671, translated and published as Method of Fluxions in
1736 by John Colson). However, his method differs substantially from the modern
method given above: Newton applies the method only to polynomials. He does not

compute the successive approximations xn, but computes a sequence of polynomials, and
only at the end arrives at an approximation for the root x. Finally, Newton views the
method as purely algebraic and makes no mention of the connection with calculus.
Newton may have derived his method from a similar but less precise method by Vieta.
The essence of Vieta's method can be found in the work of the Persian mathematician
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi, while his successor Jamshd al-Ksh used a form of Newton's
method to solve xP N = 0 to find roots of N (Ypma 1995). A special case of Newton's
method for calculating square roots was known much earlier and is often called the
Babylonian method.
Newton's method was used by 17th-century Japanese mathematician Seki Kwa to
solve single-variable equations, though the connection with calculus was missing.
Newton's method was first published in 1685 in A Treatise of Algebra both Historical and
Practical by John Wallis. In 1690, Joseph Raphson published a simplified description in
Analysis aequationum universalis. Raphson again viewed Newton's method purely as an
algebraic method and restricted its use to polynomials, but he describes the method in
terms of the successive approximations xn instead of the more complicated sequence of
polynomials used by Newton. Finally, in 1740, Thomas Simpson described Newton's
method as an iterative method for solving general nonlinear equations using calculus,
essentially giving the description above. In the same publication, Simpson also gives the
generalization to systems of two equations and notes that Newton's method can be used
for solving optimization problems by setting the gradient to zero.
Arthur Cayley in 1879 in The Newton-Fourier imaginary problem was the first to
notice the difficulties in generalizing Newton's method to complex roots of polynomials
with degree greater than 2 and complex initial values. This opened the way to the study
of the theory of iterations of rational functions.
The idea of the method is as follows: one starts with an initial guess which is
reasonably close to the true root, then the function is approximated by its tangent line
(which can be computed using the tools of calculus), and one computes the x-intercept of
this tangent line (which is easily done with elementary algebra). This x-intercept will
typically be a better approximation to the function's root than the original guess, and the
method can be iterated.
We start the process off with some arbitrary initial value x0. (The closer to the zero,
the better. But, in the absence of any intuition about where the zero might lie, a "guess
and check" method might narrow the possibilities to a reasonably small interval by
appealing to the intermediate value theorem.) The method will usually converge,
provided this initial guess is close enough to the unknown zero, and that '(x0) 0.
Furthermore, for a zero of multiplicity 1, the convergence is at least quadratic (see rate of
convergence) in a neighbourhood of the zero, which intuitively means that the number of
correct digits roughly at least doubles in every step.
3. Data Analysis
In this paper, we only consider a few factors that influence the gains of NPP per unit
of time. There are capital cost, ratio of the increasing
Example, the equation of gain factors are:
Pa=B

i ( 1+i )n
( 1+i )n1

Pa : The total amount of the cost per unit of time for the loan.
B : The capital cost
i : Ratio of increase in the cost of fuel
n : Number units of time of the cost
1
n
Pb=R
i (1+i )n1

Pb : The amount of the cost per unit of time for treatment.

R : Cost of treatment.
Pt =Pa Pb + K
Pt : The amount of total payment per unit time.
K : The advantage gained during the unit of time.
If the advantage gained during the unit of time is following quadratic equation, thus:
K=K oe

K : The advantage gained during the unit of time.

Ko : Initial advantage gained
: Coefficient of formation.
4. Table and Graph
5. Summary
6. References