Electrical & Electronics Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 8

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT

GENERATOR
AIM
To plot the internal and external characteristics of given dc shunt generator
by conducting a load test

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
Note the nameplate details of dc generator and prime mover and fix appropriate
meter readings.

Test Machine Details

DC Generator
Voltage - 230 V
Current - 32.5 A
Speed
- 1450 rpm
Power
- 7.5 kW
Prime mover
3 induction motor
Voltage - 400 V
Speed
- 1450 rpm
Power
- 12.5 HP
Current - 17.5 A

Instruments Required
Ammeter - 0-3A
DC
0-50A
DC
0-10A
DC
Voltmeter - 0-600V AC
0-300V DC
0-25V
DC
Rheostat
290, 1.5A
40, 10A

THEORY
When a shunt generator is loaded, its terminal voltage V drops with increase in
load current. Such a drop in voltage is undesirable when generator is supplying
lighting and power loads. This condition of constant voltage is impossible unless
field current If is adjusted using an automatic regulator. This drop in terminal voltage
is due to :
(i)
Armature resistance drop, Ia Ra
(ii) Reduction in main flux due to armature reaction
(iii) The reduction in terminal voltage due to the above two causes results in decrease in
filed current. Reduction in field current cause flux and generated emf to decrease
As the load resistance is decreased, (IL is increased) the terminal voltage drops
until point B is reached. If load resistance is further decreased, load current
increases momentarily. This momentary increase in load current produces more
armature reaction thus causing further reduction in terminal voltage and field
current. The net reduction in terminal voltage is so large that load current decreases
and the load characteristics (internal & external)bend down and turn back. To make
the load voltage zero (corresponding to point H) the machine is short circuited using
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the 40, 10A Rheostat. OH is the load current due to voltage generated by residual
flux.

Circuit Diagram

Circuit Diagram to find Ra

Sample Characteristics

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PROCEDURE
Connections are made as shown in the figure. Keeping the field rheostat R1 and
rheostat R2 in the maximum resistance position and switch S1 and S2 open, the auto
transformer set to the minimum voltage position and 3 AC supply is switched on. A 3
squirrel cage induction motor is the prime mover. When the supply is switched on, and the
voltage is gradually adjusted by the auto transformer, induction motor starts to rotate. Check
the direction of rotation. If incorrect, interchange any two supply lines. Applied voltage to the
induction motor is gradually increased by means of the auto transformer until rated voltage is
reached (as read by the voltmeter (AC) on the input side). Induction motor now runs at rated
speed. The DC generator coupled to this is therefore made to rotate at rated speed.
By adjusting the field rheostat make voltmeter reading equal to rated value (230V).
Take the no load readings. Now close switch S1 and gradually load the generator, each time
noting all the meter readings. The experiment is repeated until the voltmeter reads zero.
When all the switches of the rheostat load are put on, further increase in load current can be
accomplished by closing switch S2 and varying 40, 10A rheostat (R2).
To plot the internal characteristics measure Ra as per the circuit below (figure).
To measure Ra, keeping 40, 10A rheostat in maximum resistance position, the 230V
DC supply is switched on. Take voltmeter and ammeter readings, the ratio of which gives Ra.
Readings are tabulated as shown.

TABULAR COLUMN
Sl.No

VL Volts
230
:
:
:
:
:
:
0

IL Amps

If Amps

Ia = IL + If Amps

E = (V + IaRa) Volts

Measurement of Ra

V(volts) I(Amps) Ra = V/I ohms

RESULT

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EXPERIMENT NO. 9
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
a). To conduct load test on the given single phase induction motor and plot the following
characteristics as a function of output. (1) Efficiency (2)Load current (3)Power factor
(4)Speed.
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

Test Machine details

Instruments Required

230V, 1Kw, 50Hz, 4.5A, 1450rpm

Voltmeter 0- 300V AC
Ammeter 0 5 A
Wattmeter 250V, 5A, HPF
Tachometer 0 2000 rpm

THEORY:
Single phase induction motors are small size motors of fractional kilowatt ratings. These
motors are employed in fans, refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, centrifugal
pump, blowers, tools etc:
The single phase induction motor with a single phase stator winding when supplied
with alternating current, a pulsating magnetic field is produced. This pulsating magnetic field
cannot produce rotation of rotor but a rotating field is necessary. Thus a single phase
induction motor is not self - starting. But if rotated in any one direction by hand or by some
other auxiliary means, it continue running in that direction. In single phase induction motors,
rotor is commonly squirrel cage type.
In order to obtain a rotating magnetic field, the stator is generally provided with two
windings the main winding and the starting or auxiliary winding which are displaced in
space by 900. Both these are connected in parallel. The current supplied to these windings are
again displaced in time phase by 900. Due to the combined effect of the field setup by the two
windings, a rotating magnetic field is produced, thereby producing starting torque. Such a
motor is called split phase induction motor. After starting, the starting winding is generally
disconnected.

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As explained earlier, to produce a rotating magnetic field, the current in the two
windings must be sufficiently displaced. In capacitor split motors, this is done by connecting
a capacitor in series with starting winding. The angular displacement between the two
currents can be made nearly 900 by providing a capacitor of large value and thus high starting
torque can be obtained since starting torque is proportional to sin where is the angle
between the two currents. (Refer phasor diagram).
The capacitor in the starting winding may be connected permanently or temporarily.
According C-split motor may be:
(i) Capacitor start motor
(ii)Capacitor Run motor
(iii)Capacitor start and run motor

Capacitor start motor

An electrolytic capacitor C is connected in series with the starting winding along with a centrifugal
switch as shown in the figure. When motor attains about 75% of synchronous speed, the starting
winding is cut off. This type of motor is used where high starting torque is required, like refrigerator.
To reverse the direction of split phase motor, interchange the connection of either the starting winding
or the running winding.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:
(a)Load test- Start the machine on no load by switching on the single phase ac supply.
Automatic switch will cut out the starting winding when the machine attains speed, so that
during normal operation the machine works only with the main winding. Note down the no
load readings. Load the machine in steps until full load and at each step, note down V, I , W
,N and spring balance readings.

TABULATION:
Sl.
No

Load in kg

Volt

watts

rpm

W1

W2

O/P

kgm

watts

Pf

1
2

....

....

...

4.5

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CALCULATION:
Load test
T=(W1-W2)R, where R is the radius of the brake drum
O/P=

watts

%=
Pf=
Sample Graphs

RESULT:

INFERENCE:

QUESTIONS:
1. Explain why a single phase induction motor is not self-starting?
2. Explain why the starting torque of a capacitor start motor is better than that of a
resistance start motor?
3. What is a split phase motor?
4. How is the direction of rotation of a single phase induction motor reversed?
5. What are the different methods of starting a single phase induction motor?
6. Using double revolving field theory, give the torque slip characteristics of a 1-phase
induction motor.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 10

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRRAL CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM: Start the given 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor using a star-delta switch, conduct load test
and plot the following curves: (1) efficiency Vs output (2) line current Vs output (3) Pf Vs output (4)
slip Vs output (5) torque Vs output
THEORY
MACHINE DETAILS AND INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

MACHINE
DETAILS:

Range

Type

Ammeter

(0-10)A

AC

,400 v

Voltmeter

(0-600)V

AC

7A,50 Hz,

Tachometer

(0-2000) rpm

Digital

Wattmeter

500V,10A hpf

3-,5 HP,

1440 rpm

Apparatus

Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
Wire up the circuit as shown in figure . Ensure that the machine is on no load. Keep the stardelta switch in the star position and switch on the supply. When the machine reaches about 70-80% of
the normal speed, throw the switch to the delta position. Take the no load readings of , ,W ,N
, & . Load the machine and note down the readings in steps. The experiment can be conducted
up to the full load current of 7A.

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TABULATION OF OBSERVATIONS:
Sl

no

volts

400

watts

Load in Kg

rpm

slip

Pf

W
0

Torque Output

Kg-m

watts

2
3
.
.
.
.
10

CALCULATION:
NS = 1500
Torque,

, Kg-m , where R is the radius of the brake drum in m.

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

RESULT:

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EXPERIMENT NO.11

V- I CHARECTERISTICS OF DIODES AND ZENER DIODE

AIM:

a) To plot the forward and reverse characteristics of the given diode,OA79 (Germanium)
and to obtain the cut in voltage.
b) To plot the forward characteristics of the given diode, BY 126(Silicon) and to obtain
(i) the cut in voltage. (ii) Static and dynamic resistances at 100 mA.
c) To plot the reverse characteristics of a Zener diode and to determine the reverse dynamic
resistance of the diode.

Components and Equipment required:

Components Required

Instruments Required
Ammeter 0-50mA DC
Ammeter 0-500mA DC

Diodes: OA 79 &

Ammeter 0-100 A DC

BY126

Voltmeter 0- 5V

Zener Diode: 7.5Vz

Voltmeter 0- 15/30V

Resistor 10,100

Rheostat 1060,0.8A

- DC
- DC

DC Power Supply 0- 5V
DC Power Supply 0- 30V

Theory (Zener Diode):

Zener diode is a specially designed PN junction diode designed to operate in the break
down region without damage. When the applied reverse voltage exceeds the breakdown
voltage, zener diode acts like constant voltage source. Here diode is also called a voltage
reference diode. Zener diode behaves as a normal diode in forward bias mode.
A zener diode is specified by its breakdown voltage and the maximum power
dissipation. The most common application of a zener diode is in the voltage regulator circuits.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Forward and reverse characteristics of OA79

Forward characteristics of BY 126

Reverse characteristics of Zener diode

PROCEDURE:

a-1) Wire up the circuit as shown in figure a-1(using bread board and hook up wires).
The voltage applied to the diode can be varied by the potential divider (1060, 0.8A
rheostat). Vary the voltage in steps such that the current reaches 20mA. Each time note down
the voltmeter and ammeter reading. Tabulate the readings and plot the curve I Vs V.
a-2) for obtaining the reverse characteristics the diode has to be reverse biased as shown in
the figure a-2. Vary the voltage from 0 25 volts in steps of 5V.Each time noting down the
ammeter and voltmeter readings, obtain I vs V.
b) Same procedure as in part a -1, but the readings can be taken up to 450mA. Tabulate and
plot I vs V.

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c) Wire as in figure c. Gradually increase the voltage applied to the zener diode in steps.
Measure the Vz and Iz in each step. Increase the applied voltage till Vz bocomes constant
and Iz increases rapidly. Plot the VI characteristics and determine the dynamic resistance.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sl V
I
no.
Volts (mA)

For Forward characteristics

Sl V
I(A)
no. Volts

Sl Vz
Iz
no. Volts (mA)

Reverse characteristics

Zener characteristics

SAMPLE GRAPHS:

The cut in voltage of the diode ,OA 79 can be obtained from the graph (fig. a-1-1) as shown.

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Similarly, the cut in voltage of the diode, BY 126 can be found from the graph (fig b-1).
Static Resistance (Forward) of BY 126 at 100mA =

= ..

Dynamic Resistance (Forward) of BY 126 at 100mA = Slope of the curve at point B.

Reverse voltage of the Zener diode = Length OA of the graph c-1.
Reverse Dynamic Resistance of the Zener diode = Slope of the knee portion of the graph c-1.

RESULT:
a) The Forward and reverse Characteristics of the diode,OA 79 is obtained.
Cut in voltage = .. volts.
b) The forward characteristics of the diode, BY 126 is plotted.
(i)
Cut in voltage = volts.
(ii)
Static Resistance (Forward) = .
(iii)
Dynamic Resistance (Forward) = ..
c) The Characteristics of the given Zener diode is plotted.
Revers voltage of the given zener diode =..........volts
The Reverse dynamic resistance of Zener = .

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EXPERIMENT NO.12

CHARACTERISTICS OF NPN TRANSISTOR

AIM
To plot the input and output characteristics of the given NPN transistor (BC 107) in
the CE configuration and to calculate the input impedance, output impedance and gain. Also
mark the three region of operation.
Components and equipment required:
Transistor, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Rheostat
THEORY:
Transistor can be connected in three different configurations, Common emitter,
common base and common collector. Common emitter is the most commonly used
configuration as it provides voltage, current and power gain more than unity.
In CE configuration emitter is common to input and output terminals, ie.the base and
collector terminals respectively. In CE configuration the input current( IB) and output voltage
( VC) are taken as independent variables and the input voltage ( VBE) and output current ( IC)
are dependent variables.
a constant
a constant

a constant

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE:
Input characteristics
Test all the components and wire up the circuit as in figure. Switch on the power
supply and adjust VCE=0V. Vary the input voltage VBE from 0 to 1V and note the base current
IB for each input voltage. Repeat for different collector to emitter voltages VCE=3V and
VCE=6V. Draw the characteristics at a particular current.
Output characteristics
To get the output characteristics VCE Vs IC switch OFF the input voltage source or
reduce IB to 0A. Vary VCE 0 to 10V in steps of 0.5V and each time note the value of IC.
Repeat for different value of IB , (IB=50A, IB = 100A etc.). Plot the output characteristics
ICVsVCE .

OBSERVATIONS:
Input characteristics
VCE=0V
IB (A)

VCE=3V
VBE(V)

IB (A)

VCE=6V
VBE(V)

IB (A)

VBE(V)

Output characteristics
IB =50A
IC (mA)

IB =100A
VCE (V)

IC (mA)

IB =150A
VCE (V)

IC (mA)

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Input characteristics

RESULT:
Input impedance

Output impedance

Current gain ac

Current gain dc

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EXPERIMENT 13
RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
AIM:
To setup half wave, Full wave and Bridge rectifier circuits and observe the waveforms
on CRO and also calculate the ripple factor.

Components and Equipment required:

Transformer 230V/6-0-6V, 500mA,
Diodes 1N4001 or BY126
Resistor - 2.2K, Watt
Capacitors - 10F, 47F,100F
Bread board and Hook-up wires
CRO

THEORY:
Rectifier is an essential part of a power supply. The unique property of diode to
conduct the current in one direction, is utilize in rectifiers voltage from an alternating supply.

Half wave rectifiers:

Alternating voltage is applied at the primary of the step down transformer. All the positive
half cycle of the stepped down ac supply pass through the diode (diode is forward biased) and
all the negative half cycles (diode is reverse biased) get eliminated.

Full wave centre -tapped rectifiers:

During positive half cycle of secondary voltage, the diode D1 is forward biased and
D2 is reverse biased. The current flow through the diode D1, load resistor RL and upper half of
the winding. During negative half cycles, D2 becomes forward biased and D1 becomes
reverse biased. The current flow through the diode D2, load resistor RL and lower half of the
winding Load current in both cases is in same direction.

Full wave Bridge rectifiers:

During positive half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D2 and D4 are forward
biased and D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Therefore, current flow through the secondary
winding, diode D2, load resistor RL and D4. During negative half cycles, D1 and D3 become
forward biased and D2 and D4 become reverse biased. Therefore, current flow through the
secondary winding diode D1, load resistor RL and diode D3. In both cases, the current passes
through the load resistor in same direction.

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PROCEDURE:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Before wiring the circuit, check all the components using multimeter.
Wire up the components on bread board as per the circuit diagram
Connect the transformer secondary to the circuit.
Connect the transformer primary to supply mains (verify the circuit once again
before main supply is switched ON)
Turn ON CRO and select the V/div and T/div knob for suitable range.
Observe the transformer secondary voltage waveform and output voltage
waveform across the load resistor simultaneously on CRO screen.
Note the amplitude and frequency of input / output waveforms.
Connect the capacitors (10F, 47F,100F )across the load resistor RLand
observe the wave forms on CRO and note down the voltage V1& V2

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OBSERVATION:
Volts/div = V

CRO setting

Time/div = ms=
CALCULATION

Ripple factor R=

V1 V2
3 (V1 V2 )

V1 in Volt

V2

R=

10F
Half wave Rectifier

47F
100F
10F

Full wave centre tapped

47F
100F
10F

Bridge Rectifier

47F
100F

RESULT:

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