LITRATURE SURVEY

TEAM 5

WITRICI
TY

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC

VEHICLES

2 | Page

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Electric vehicle (EV), also

referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses
one or more electric motors or traction motors
for propulsion. Three main types of electric
vehicles exist, those that are directly powered
from an external power station, those that are
powered by stored electricity originally from an
external power source, and those that are
powered by an on-board electrical generator,
such as an internal combustion engine (hybrid electric vehicles) or a hydrogen fuel
cell. EVs include plug-in electric cars, hybrid electric cars, hydrogen vehicles,
electric trains, electric Lorries, electric airplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles
and scooters and electric spacecraft. Diesel submarines operating on battery power
are, for the duration of the battery run, electric submarines, and some of the lighter
UAVs are electrically-powered. Proposals exist for electric tanks.
EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was
among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of
comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of
the time. The internal combustion engine (ICE) has been the dominant propulsion
method for motor vehicles for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained
commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all
types.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

3 | Page
During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based
transportation infrastructure, along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in
an electric transportation infrastructure. EVs differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles
in that the electricity they consume can be generated from a wide range of sources,
including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power,
solar power, and wind power or any combination of those. The carbon footprint and
other emissions of electric vehicles varies depending on the fuel and technology
used for electricity generation. The electricity may then be stored on board the
vehicle using a battery, flywheel, or super capacitors. Vehicles making use of
engines working on the principle of combustion can usually only derive their energy
from a single or a few sources, usually non-renewable fossil fuels. A key advantage
of hybrid or plug-in electric vehicles is regenerative braking due to their capability
to recover energy normally lost during braking as electricity is stored in the onboard battery

2
FUTURE AND SCOPE OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLES

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

4 | Page

Equipped with a bank of sensors, car makers say their electric vehicles are
revealing much more information about its drivers than you can see on
display
You wouldnt think that anybody would care about your drive to the
supermarket to buy milk. But in the burgeoning world of building and selling electric
cars, knowing about peoples driving habits is invaluable to manufacturers. Electric
car makers have begun poring over a wealth of data on how their vehicles are used.
The information promises to provide insights about how people drive that were
impossible to gain on such a large scale before from charging habits to the ways
people adapt to life with an electric car.
Unlike older vehicles, electric cars are equipped with computers,
sensors, and wireless connections that allow drivers to voluntarily share information
on their driving and charging habits. Usually a new owner will be prompted to opt-in
to sharing location data, in a similar way to a new Smartphone owner might be.
Trip information is collected by the vehicles computer, including start
and end times of journeys, connect and disconnect times of chargers, and the
battery level. Cars with GPS navigation systems can also collect detailed
information about routes. And advanced systems can record details like how much
the air conditioning is used, or how hard a driver accelerates.
The Volt, for example, is fitted with Chevrolets OnStar communication
system that can broadcast driver data via its cellular connection. Many Volt drivers
are choosing to share their habits online with other electric car drivers, in a kind of
electric economy challenge. Manufacturers promote these data collection services
as a bonus to consumers, helping them save fuel and money, or allowing them to
see stats on their car via a mobile phone app, but the information is also a goldmine
for car makers.
One of the best examples of just how much data is available
came earlier this year, thanks to a fight between electric car maker Tesla,
and a reviewer from the New York Times. On a test drive, the reviewer
claimed he ran out of battery power, and had to have the car towed.
However, Tesla hit back by releasing a large amount of raw data from
the vehicle that suggested it was driven at greater speeds and with the heater on
higher, than claimed. The company was even able to show that cruise control was
not engaged, that charging stations were driven past, and that the car was
unplugged before it reached full charge.
Now that electric cars are more abundant, the wealth of information and
inferences that can be drawn are more meaningful than in the past. We actually
WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

5 | Page
have data now, says Mike Tinskey at Ford Motor Company. We know our customer
better than weve ever known them before because of these telematics. He and
others discussed their initial findings at the recent Plug In 2013 conference in
California, a networking event for all the big players in the electric car industry.
Fords data shows that electric vehicles, including hybrids, are
being driven about 203,000 miles every day in the United States, or more
than 8500 miles every hour. We know, for instance, the average trip for our
customers is about 13 miles, and they do about four of those trips per day.
Three of them are in all electric modes, says Tinskey.
Data from the Nissan Leaf, meanwhile, has thrown up a few surprises. It
has a range of about 75 miles (120 km) between charges, but the company says
owners drive far less before topping up. A lot of our cars are equipped with a data
sharing
system,
says
Eric
Gottfried
of
Nissan
North
America.
So far, and its worth stressing these are early days, manufacturers say
they are learning that people are accepting or adapting to the limits of electric
vehicles, and their charging habits hint they are less likely to get so-called range
anxiety than expected. Or more specifically, they are keeping their battery topped
up
before
range
anxiety
sets
in.
Certainly, manufacturers have been trying to allay the fears of nervous
drivers with blinking battery lights by investing in faster charging stations at more
convenient locations. These chargers are installed at shopping centers, work
places, or even by the side of the roads. They can usually charge a car twice as
rapidly as a standard wall socket at home - often much faster and in the case of
Tesla, they are free for owners of the premium-priced cars. The fast chargers are like
drinking through a very thick straw for batteries, says Gottfried. You can go from
zero to full in less than a half an hour, and thats a game changer.
According to manufacturers, there are hints that faster charging is
encouraging people to charge little and often, rather than waiting until they run low.
Sometimes you can stop for just 3 or 4 minutes and get the confidence that you
have the range to get where youre going, says Gottfried, who cites anecdotal
evidence from Leaf drivers.
Owners seem to adapt to the car to an extent, claims Gottfried. They
start to say if I need to sit for 15 minutes to top off my battery at a quick charge
station, thats cool, Ill just grab a sandwich and Ill have my lunch in the car.
Theyre adapting as they go to this technology, and were seeing new paradigms
being set.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

6 | Page
Collecting driving habit data on this scale promises to reveal much more
in the coming years - and not only about electric vehicles. As more and more
computer-equipped, connected cars fill the roads, we will learn a great deal about
how we actually drive, because such detailed information has never really been
collected on this scale before. As well as informing the future of vehicle design, its
possible that your next car might even reveal your hidden habits and tell you that
youre not the driver you thought you were. Perhaps that trip to the store to buy
milk will say more about you than expected

3
3

PRESENT METHOD OF CHARGING

Any electric car that uses batteries needs a charging system to recharge the batteries.
The charging system has two goals:

To pump electricity into the batteries as quickly as the batteries will allow

To monitor the batteries and avoid damaging them during the charging process

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

7 | Page
The most sophisticated charging systems monitor battery voltage, current flow and battery
temperature to minimize charging time. The charger sends as much current as it can without
raising battery temperature too much. Less sophisticated chargers might monitor voltage or
amperage only and make certain assumptions about average battery characteristics. A
charger like this might apply maximum current to the batteries up through 80 percent of
their capacity, and then cut the current back to some preset level for the final 20 percent to
avoid overheating the batteries.
Jon Mauney's electric car actually has two
different charging systems. One system
accepts 120-volt or 240-volt power from a
normal electrical outlet. The other is the
Magna-Charge inductive charging system
popularized by the GM/Saturn EV-1 vehicle.
Let's look at each of these systems
separately.
The normal household charging system has
the advantage of convenience -- anywhere you can find an outlet, you can recharge. The
disadvantage is charging time.
A normal household 120-volt outlet typically has a 15-amp circuit breaker, meaning that the
maximum amount of energy that the car can consume is approximately 1,500 watts, or 1.5
kilowatt-hours per hour. Since the battery pack in Jon's car normally needs 12 to 15 kilowatthours for a full recharge, it can take 10 to 12 hours to fully charge the vehicle using this
technique.
By using a 240-volt circuit (such as the outlet for an electric dryer), the car might be able to
receive 240 volts at 30 amps, or 6.6 kilowatthours per hour. This arrangement allows
significantly faster charging, and can fully
recharge the battery pack in four to five hours.
In this car, the gas filler spout has been removed
and replaced by a charging plug. Simply
plugging into the wall with a heavy-duty
extension cord starts the charging process. Plug
the car in anywhere to recharge.
In this car, the charger is built into the controller.
In most home-brew cars, the charger is a separate
box located under the hood, or could even be a
free-standing unit thais separate from the car.
The Magna-Charge System
The Magna-Charge system consists of two parts:

A charging station mounted to the wall of

the house

A charging system in the trunk of the car

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

8 | Page
The charging station is hard-wired to a 240-volt 40-amp circuit through the house's circuit
panel.
The charging system sends electricity to the car using this inductive paddle: The paddle
fits into a slot hidden behind the license plate of the car.
The paddle acts as one half of a transformer. The other half is inside the car, positioned
around the slot behind the license plate. When you insert the paddle, it forms a complete
transformer with the slot, and power transfers to the car.
One advantage of the inductive system is that there are no exposed electrical contacts. You
can touch the paddle or drop the paddle into a puddle of water and there is no hazard. The
other advantage is the ability to pump a significant amount of current into the car very
quickly because the charging station is hard-wired to a dedicated 240-volt circuit.
The competing high-power charge connector is generally referred to as the "Avcon plug"
and it is used by Ford and others. It features copper-to-copper contacts instead of the
inductive paddle, and has an elaborate mechanical interconnect that keeps the contacts
covered until the connector is mated with the receptacle on the vehicle. Pairing this
connector with GFCI protection makes it safe in any kind of weather.
An important feature of the charging process is "equalization." An EV has a string of
batteries (somewhere between 10 and 25 modules, each containing three to six cells). The
batteries are closely matched, but they are not identical. Therefore they have slight
differences in capacity and internal resistance. All batteries in a string necessarily put out
the same current (laws of electricity), but the weaker batteries have to "work harder" to
produce the current, so they're at a slightly lower state of charge at the end of the drive.
Therefore, the weaker batteries need more recharge to get back to full
charge. Since the batteries are in series, they also get exactly the same
amount of recharge, leaving the weak battery even weaker (relatively)
than it was before. Over time, this results in one battery going bad long
before the rest of the pack. The weakest-link effect means that this
battery determines the range of the vehicle, and the usability of the car
drops off. The common solution to the problem is "equalization charge."
You gently overcharge the batteries to make sure that the weakest cells are brought up to
full charge. The trick is to keep the batteries equalized without damaging the strongest
batteries with overcharging. There are more complex solutions that scan the batteries,
measure individual voltages, and send extra charging current through the weakest module.

DISADVANTAGES OF CURRENT WIRED ELECTRICAL CHARGING SYSTEM

Available charging systems for electric vehicles
use wires to connect the vehicle to the grid. This
leads to several disadvantages
PHYSICAL PLUGING IS HASSLE
PLUG CAN BE MESSEY
NUMBER OF OCCATIONS WHERE OWNER
CAN FORGET TO PLUG IN THE CHARGER

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

9 | Page
MAXIMUM DISTANCE TO WHICH ONE CAN GO WITH CONNECTED CABLE IS LIMITED
NOT WATER PROOF AND WHETHER PROOF
CHANCES OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

__________________________________________________________________________________

HENCE WIRE LESS CHARGING SYSTEM!

__________________________________________________________________________________
In this era of modernization, electricity has become the cup of life. A moment without
electricity makes your thinking go dry. The major source of conventional form of electricity is
through wires. The continuous research and development has brought forward a major
breakthrough, which provides electricity without the medium of wires. This wonder baby is
called WiTricity.
There are certain small but very
useful discoveries made in history, which
changed the world for ever, Newtons
gravitational law, Watts steam engine,
Thomsons bulb and many more. But a
renaissance occurred with the invention of
Electromagnetic Waves by Maxwell. Sir
Jagdish Chandra Bose successfully generated electromagnetic waves having wavelength in
the range of 5mm to 25 mm. Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in
transmitting electromagnetic waves up to a distance of several miles.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

10 | P a g e
And with this there started a new era called WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY. Today, as we
can see the word wireless is common in day to day life. Wireless communication has
made the world smaller. Almost each and everything is wireless or cordless. Cordless mouse,
cordless keyboard, satellite communication, mobiles, cordless microphones and
headphones, wireless internet service i.e. WI-FI, etc. And these have definitely increased the
standard of living.
In fact it dates back to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla used
conduction- based systems instead of resonance magnetic fields to
transfer wireless power. As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power
was wasted and has less efficiency. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding
coined the term WiTricity which is being used by the MIT
researchers today.
. Moreover, we all are aware of the use of electromagnetic
radiation (radio waves) which is quite well known for wireless
transfer of information. In addition, lasers have also been used to
transmit energy without wires. However, radio waves are not feasible
for power transmissions because the nature of the radiation is such that
it spreads across the place, resulting into a large amount of radiations
being wasted. And in the case of lasers, apart from requirement of
uninterrupted line of sight (obstacles hinders the transmission
process). It is also very dangerous

Nikola Tesla was the

first to experiment
with
wireless
electricity,
but
ultimately failed after
losing
his
key
financial backing in
the late 1800's.

WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical

energy from one object to another without the use of wires is called as
WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the cell phones, laptops, iPods and
other power hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating the
need of plugging them in. Even better, because of WiTricity some of the
devices won't require batteries to operate.

__________________________________________________________________________________

WiTricity Technology: The Basics

__________________________________________________________________________________
WiTricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance without wires. With
the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up to the WiTricity technology.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

11 | P a g e
Electricity: The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges
through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one place
to another!
Magnetism: A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types
of materials to attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the
ones on your refrigerator and the earths magnetic field, are examples of
objects having constant magnetic fields.
Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by
alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and
extent of magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by
drawings of the magnetic field lines.

Electromagnetism: A term for the interdependence of time-varying

electric and magnetic fields. For example, it turns out that an oscillating
magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric field
produces a magnetic field.

Magnetic Induction: A loop or coil of conductive material like copper,

carrying an alternating current (AC), is a very efficient structure for
generating or capturing a magnetic field.
If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate
an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second
conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may capture some
portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or
induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in
the second coil may be used to power devices. This type of electrical
power transfer from one loop or coil to another is well known and
referred to as magnetic induction. Some common examples of devices
based on magnetic induction are electric transformers and electric
generators.

Energy/Power Coupling: Energy coupling occurs

when an energy source has a means of transferring
energy to another object. One simple example is a
locomotive pulling a train carthe mechanical
coupling between the two enables the locomotive to
pull the train, and overcome the forces of friction and
inertia that keep the train stilland, the train moves.
Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of
one object interacts with a second object and induces
an electric current in or on that object. In this way,
electric energy can be transferred from a power source

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

An illustration
representing the
earth's magnetic
field

As electric current, I,
flows in a wire, it
gives
rise
to
a
magnetic field, B,
which wraps around
the wire. When the
current
reverses
direction,
the
magnetic field also

The
blue
lines
represent
the
magnetic
field
that is created
when
current
flows through a
coil. When the
current
reverses
direction,
the

12 | P a g e
to a powered device. In contrast to the example of
mechanical coupling given for the train, magnetic
coupling does not require any physical contact
between the object generating the energy and the
object receiving or capturing that energy.

Resonance

An electric transformer is a device that uses

magnetic induction to transfer energy from
its primary
winding
to itsbe
secondary
winding,
Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical
systems.
It can
thought
of as
the windings
being connected
to
the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently without
be added
to an oscillating
system.
each other. It is used to transform AC
A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and
current at one voltage to AC current at a
kinetic energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that
is determined
by the length of
different
voltage.

the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if she properly coordinates her arm and leg
action with the motion of the swing. The swing is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the
simple movements of the child efficiently transfer energy to the system. Another example of
resonance is the way in which a singer can shatter a wine glass by singing a single loud, clear
note. In this example, the wine glass is the resonant oscillating system. Sound waves traveling
through the air are captured by the glass, and the sound energy is converted to mechanical
vibrations of the glass itself. When the singer hits the note that matches the resonant
frequency of the glass, the glass absorbs energy, begins vibrating, and can eventually even
shatter. The resonant frequency of the glass depends on the size, shape, thickness of the
glass, and how much wine is in it.
Resonant Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange
energy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when
the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.

Two idealized resonant magnetic

coils, shown in yellow. The blue and
red color bands illustrate their
magnetic fields. The coupling of their
respective magnetic fields is
indicated by the connection of the

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

13 | P a g e
WiTricity Technology: WiTricity power
sources and capture devices are specially
designed magnetic resonators that efficiently
transfer power over large distances via the
magnetic near-field. These proprietary source
and device designs and the electronic
systems that control them support efficient
energy transfer over distances that are many
times the size of the sources/devices
themselves.

The WiTricity power source, left, is connected to AC

power. The blue lines represent the magnetic near
field induced by the power source. The yellow lines
represent the flow of energy from the source to the
WiTricity capture coil, which is shown powering a light
bulb. Note that this diagram also shows how the
magnetic field (blue lines) can wrap around a
conductive obstacle between the power source and

__________________________________________________________________________________

The Invention of WiTricity Technology

__________________________________________________________________________________
How it started
The story started late one night a few years ago, with MIT Professor Marin Soljacic standing in
his pyjamas, staring at his cell phone on the kitchen counter. It was probably the sixth time
that month that he was awakened by his mobile phone beeping to let him know that he had
forgotten to charge it. At that moment, it occurred to him: There is electricity wired all
through this house, all through my officeeverywhere. This phone should take care of its own
charging! But to make this possible, one would have to find a way to transfer power from the
existing wired infrastructure to the cell phonewithout wires. Soljacic started thinking of
physical phenomena that could make this dream a reality.
Coupled Resonators was fit for the situation
To achieve wireless power transfer in a way that is practical and safe, one needs to use a
physical phenomenon that enables the power source and the device (in this case, the mobile
phone) to exchange energy strongly, while interacting only weakly with living beings and
other environmental objects, like furniture and walls. The phenomenon of coupled resonators
precisely fits this description. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to
exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off-resonant objects.
A child on a swing is a good example of a resonant system. A swing exhibits a type of
mechanical resonance, so only when the child pumps her legs at the natural frequency of the
swing is she able to impart substantial energy into the motion of the swing. Another example

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

14 | P a g e
involves acoustic resonances: imagine a room with 100 identical wine glasses, but each filled
with wine up to a different level, so that each resonates at a different frequency (that is, they
each emit a different tone or note when tapped, by a utensil, for example). If an opera singer
enters that room and sings a very loud single note, the glass having the corresponding
resonant frequency can accumulate enough energy to shatter, while the other glasses are
unaffected.
Strong Coupling
Coupled resonators are said to operate in a strongly coupled regime if their energy transfer
rate is substantially higher than the rate at which they lose energy due to factors such as
material absorption and radiation. In the strongly coupled regime, energy transfer can be very
efficient. These considerations are universal, applying to all kinds of resonances (e.g.,
acoustic, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.). Soljacic and his colleagues at MIT (Karalis and
Joannopoulos) set out to explore and develop the physical theory of how to enable strongly
coupled magnetic resonators to transfer power over distances that would enable the kind of
wireless device charging that Soljai first imagined. Their theoretical results were published
first in 2006, and again in 2008 in the Annals of Physics.
Once the physical theories were developed, Soljai and his team (Kurs, Karalis, Moffatt,
Joannopoulos, Fisher) set out to validate them experimentally. The theory was developed to
cover a broad range of coupled resonator systems, but the experimental work focused on
proving that magnetically coupled resonators could exchange energy in the manner predicted
by the theory and required for the wireless charging or devices, such as cell phones. The team
explored a system of two electro-magnetic resonators coupled through their magnetic fields.
They were able to identify the strongly coupled regime in this system, and showed that strong
coupling could be achieved over distances that greatly exceeded the size of the resonant
objects themselves. The team had proven
that in this strongly coupled regime,
efficient wireless power transfer could be
enabled. Their successful experiment was
published in the journal, Science, in 2007.
WiTricity Technology is born
The experimental design consisted of two
copper coils, each a self-resonant system.
One of the coils, connected to an AC power
supply, was the resonant source. The other
coil, the resonant capture device, was
connected to a 60 watt light bulb. The
power source and capture device were
suspended in mid-air with nylon thread, at
distances that ranged from a few
centimeters to over 2.5 meters (8.2 ft). Not
only was the light bulb illuminated, but the
theoretical predictions of high efficiency over distance were proven experimentally. By placing
various objects between the source and capture device, the team demonstrated how the
magnetic near field can transfer power through certain materials and around metallic
obstacles.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

15 | P a g e
Thus Prof. Soljais dream of finding a method to wirelessly connect mobile electric devices to
the existing electric grid was realized. WiTricity Corp. was soon launched to carry this
technology forward from the MIT laboratories to commercial production.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

16 | P a g e
__________________________________________________________________________________

WiTricity technology is more than

__________________________________________________________________________________

WiTricity technology is different than

Traditional Magnetic Induction
At first glance, WiTricity technology for power transfer appears to be
traditional magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers,
where conductive coils transmit power to each other wirelessly, over
very short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in a
sending coil (or primary winding) induces another current in a
receiving coil (or secondary winding). The two coils must be very
close together, and may even overlap, but the coils do not make direct
electrical contact with each other. However, the efficiency of the power
exchange in traditional magnetic induction systems drops by orders of
magnitude when the distance between the coils becomes larger than
their sizes. In addition to electric transformers, other devices based on
traditional
magnetic
induction
include
rechargeable
electric
toothbrushes, and inductive charging pads which require that the
object being charged be placed directly on top of, or very close to, the
base or pad supplying the power.

An electric tooth
brush
uses
traditional
magnetic
induction
to
recharge
its

The power exchange efficiency of some induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant
circuits. These so-called resonantly enhanced induction techniques are used in certain
medical implants and high-frequency RFIDs for example. However, to the best of our
knowledge, WiTricity founding technical team was the first to discover that by specially
designing the magnetic resonators, one could achieve strong coupling and highly efficient
energy exchange over distances much larger than the size of the resonator coils, distances
very large compared to traditional schemes.
WiTricity technology is different than
Radiative Power Transfer
WiTricity technology for power transfer is non-radiative and relies on near-field magnetic
coupling. Many other techniques for wireless power transfer rely on radiative techniques,
either broadcasted or narrow beam (directed radiation) transmission of radio, or light waves.
Broadcasted radiation of radio frequency energy is
commonly used for wireless information transfer because
information can be transmitted over a wide area to
multiple users. The power received by each radio or
wireless receiver is miniscule, and must be amplified in a
receiving unit using an external power supply. Because

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

17 | P a g e

A
microwave
oven
utilizes
microwave radiation to cook food.

The June 5, 1975 NASA JPL Goldstone

Demonstration of directed radiative
microwave
power
transmission
successfully transferred 34kw of
electrical power over a distance of

the vast majority of radiated power is wasted into free space,

radio transmission is considered to be an inefficient means of
power transfer. Note that while more energy can be supplied
to the receiver by cranking up the power of the transmitters
in these systems, such high power levels may pose a safety
hazard and may interfere with other radio frequency devices.
Directed radiation, using highly directional antennas, is
another means of using radio transmission to beam energy
from a source to a receiver. However, directed radiationin
particular microwave radiationmay interact strongly with
living organisms and certain metallic objects. Such energy
transfer methods may pose safety hazards to people or
objects that obstruct the line-of-sight between the
transmitter and receiver. These limitations make directed
radio transmission impractical for delivering substantial
levels of wireless power in a typical consumer, commercial,
or industrial application. In fact, defense researchers are
exploring the use of directed energy systems to deliver
lethal doses of power to targets in space and on the
battlefield.

In addition to radio waves, visible and invisible light waves can also be used to transfer
energy. The sun is an excellent radiative source of light energy, and industry and academia
are working hard to develop photovoltaic technologies to convert sunlight to electrical energy.
A laser beam is a form of directed light radiation, in which visible or invisible light waves may
be formed into a collimated beam, delivering energy in a targeted way. However, as in the
case of directed radio waves, safe and efficient
transmission of laser power requires a clear line of sight
between the transmitter and receiver.
As mentioned at the beginning of this section, WiTricity
technology is based on non-radiative energy transfer. It
does not require a clear line of sight between the power
sources and capture devices and it is safe for use in typical
home, hospital, office, or industrial environments.
WiTricity technology is different than
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI machines use magnetic resonance imaging to produce diagnostic images of soft tissue.
Many people assume that WiTricity Resonant Magnetic
Coupling must be similar to magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) technology; however, the technologies are similar in
name only. MRI is, as its name suggests, a technology for
using magnetism as a basis for diagnostic imaging of soft

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

18 | P a g e
tissue in the human body. It utilizes a strong DC magnet to
orient the magnetic fields of atoms within tissues, and
radio frequency fields to manipulate those atoms in a
selective way, so that tissues and structures can be
imaged clearly. The resonance referred to in MRI refers
to the resonance of atomic structures. MRI is not
considered to be a method for wireless power transfer.

MRI machines use magnetic resonance

imaging to produce diagnostic images of
soft tissue.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

19 | P a g e

WiTricity technology is different than

Teslas Vision of a Wireless World

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, at the dawn of the electrification of
the modern world, some scientists and engineers believed that using wires
to transfer electricity from every place it was generated to every place
that it could be used would be too expensive to be practical. Nikola Tesla,
one of the most well known of these scientists, had a vision for a wireless
world in which wireless electric power and communications would reach
around the world, delivering information and power to ships at sea,
factories, and every home on the planet. Tesla contributed significantly to
our understanding of electricity and electrical systems and is credited with
inventing three-phase AC power systems, induction motors, fluorescent
lamps, radio transmission, and various modes of wireless electric power
transfer. WiTricity technology for power transfer is different than the
technologies proposed by Tesla, but his work is referenced and
acknowledged in the scientific articles published by WiTricity founding
technical team.

Nikola Teslas Warden

Clyffe tower built on
Long Island, NY in
1904. This tower was
intended
to
implement
Teslas
vision of transmitting
power
and
information
around
the world. The tower

__________________________________________________________________________________

Features and Benefits

__________________________________________________________________________________

Highly Resonant Strong Coupling Provides High Efficiency over Distance

WiTricity mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from
centimeters to several meters. Efficiency may be defined as the amount of usable electrical
energy that is available to the device being powered, divided by the amount of energy that is
drawn by the WiTricity source. In many applications, efficiency can exceed 90%. And WiTricity
sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When a WiTricity powered device no longer
needs to capture additional energy, the WiTricity power source will automatically reduce its
power consumption to a power saving idle state.
Energy Transfer via Magnetic Near Field Can Penetrate and Wrap Around
Obstacles
The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means of transferring
energy in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most common building
and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics, textiles, glass, brick, and
concrete are essentially transparent to magnetic fieldsenabling WiTricity technology to
efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the magnetic near field has the ability to
wrap around many metallic obstacles that might otherwise block the magnetic fields.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

20 | P a g e
WiTricity applications engineering team will work with you to address the materials and
environmental factors that may influence wireless energy transfer in your application.
Non-Radiative Energy Transfer is Safe for People and Animals
WiTricity technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the
magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organismspeople
and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial
College London, a world renowned physicist, explains: The body really responds strongly to
electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave. But it doesn't respond to
magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost zero response to magnetic fields in
terms of the amount of power it absorbs." Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is
illustrated by the widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cook
tops.
Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost completely
contained within the source. This design results in levels of electric and magnetic fields which
fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus WiTricity technology doesnt give rise to radio
frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric
and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals.
Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC,
ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. WiTricity technology is
being developed to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields
and electromagnetic radiation.
Scalable Design Enables Solutions from milliwatts to Kilowatts
WiTricity systems can be designed to handle a broad range of power levels. The benefits of
highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging from
milliwatts to several kilowatts. This enables WiTricity technology to be used in applications as
diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (milliwatts) to recharging an electric
passenger vehicle (kilowatts). WiTricity technology operates in a load following mode,
transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires.
Flexible Geometry Allows WiTricity Devices to be Embedded Into OEM Products
WiTricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded into a wide variety of
products and systems. The physics of resonant magnetic coupling enables WiTricity engineers
to design power sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the
packaging requirements and the power transfer requirements in a given OEM application.
WiTricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

21 | P a g e

__________________________________________________________________________________

USING
WIRICITY
8ELECTRIC
VEHICLES

TO

CHARGE

__________________________________________________________________________________
Simple, smart technology that changes the concept of charging and parking
This system frees an electric vehicle (EV) of the need for a cable when charging, further
advancing the convenience of EVs for charging at home or work. As the car can be parked
always in a designated location, the steering can be operated automatically, greatly
reducing the hassle of parking.
Technology Functionality
Parking misalignment is minimized by combining the Advanced Parking Assist with the EV
Wireless Charging System, which changes the efficiency of charging as per the parking
location. An EV can always be charged at maximum efficiency.
Wireless Charging System
When charging an EV there is no need for a charging cable, with the vehicle charged just by
parking at a predetermined location.
Advanced Parking System
The steering operates automatically in conjunction with designating the parking location on
the screen of the navigation system (Around View Monitor), and giving guidance on moving
forward or reversing. The driver can park the vehicle in the target location just by operating
the accelerator, brakes or shift according to the guidance.
Technology Configuration
Magnetic flux is generated vertically from the ground when electricity passes through the
Ground Transmission Units primary coil, which is installed on the surface of the parking
place. Electrical pressure is generated by overlapping with the secondary coil in the Vehicle
Receiver Unit in the vehicle, and electricity is supplied from the first coil to the second one
(electromagnetic induction). The unique technology achieves a charging efficiency of 8090%, equivalent to that of cable charging.

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

22 | P a g e

The Advanced Parking Assist harnesses the technology of the Around View Monitor. It
understands the situation of the vehicle surroundings and sets a target position using four
high-definition cameras to the front, back, left and right of the car, calculating the necessary
processes until parking is complete. Along with displaying guidance on moving forward and
reversing that matches the calculated processes, and then prompting the drivers operation
of the vehicle, it automatically controls the steering using the actuator

__________________________________________________________________________________

ADVANTAGES

_________________________________________________________________________________

NO MORE MOVING PARTS

OWNER REQUIRES ONLY TO PLACE ELECTRIC VEHICLE OVER THE PLATES
WATER PROOF AND WHETHER PROOF
SAFE AND COMPACT
AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTION AFTER THE FULL CHARGING IS ATTAINED
IN MOTION CHARGING CAN BE DONE
NO DANGER ON EXPOSURE TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD
POLLUTION FREE
IMPLEMENTATION WILL SAVE FUEL AS THE DIFFICULTIES WITH CHARGING
REDUCES

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

23 | P a g e

__________________________________________________________________________________

10

HOW WITRICITY WILL IMPROVE THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

_________________________________________________________________________________

AT HOME

WIRE LESS CHARGING FOR CLOSED CIRCUITS ( FOR BUSES)

AT BUS STOPS

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

24 | P a g e

ON ROUTE

WIRE LESS CHARGING PARKING FACILITIES

DYNAMIC CHARGING

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

25 | P a g e

Hence in consideration of all above discussions

being made the implementation of wireless
charging technology can make the current system
of transportation to its peak

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES