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ILLUMINATION CALCULATION AND DESIGN FOR MULTI-FAMILY

DWELLING UNIT

Interior

lighting.

(1) Within all buildings of three or fewer storeys in building height, having a building area not exceeding
600 square metres and used for residential occupancies, business and personal services occupancies,
mercantile
occupancies
or
medium
and
low
industrial
occupancies.
(1) Every exit (except those serving not more than one dwelling unit), public corridor or corridor
providing access to exit for the public shall be equipped to provide illumination to an average level of not
less than 50 lux at floor or tread level and at all points such as angles and
intersections
at
changes
of
level
where
there
are
stairs
or
ramps.
(2)

Emergency

lighting

shall

be

provided

in:

(a)
(b)

Exits;
Principal

(c)

routes

providing

Corridors

(d)

access

to

exit

used

an

by

Underground

(e)

in

open

floor

the

area;
public;

walkways;

and

Public

corridors.

(3) Emergency lighting required in Subsection B(1)(b) shall be provided from a source of energy separate
from
the
electrical
supply
for
the
building.
(4) Lighting required in Subsection B(2)(b) shall be designed to be automatically actuated for a period of
not less than 30 minutes when the electric lighting in the affected area is interrupted.
(5) Illumination from lighting required in Subsection B(2)(b) shall be provided to average levels of not
less
than
10
lx
at
floor
or
tread
level.
(6) Where incandescent lighting is provided, lighting equal to one watt per square metre of floor area shall
be
considered
to
meet
the
requirement
in
Subsection
B(5)(e).
(7) Where self-contained emergency lighting units are used, they shall conform to CSA C22.2 No. 141-M,
Unit
Equipment
for
Emergency
Lighting.
(8) Every public or service area in buildings, including a recreational camp and a camp for housing of
workers, shall have lighting outlets with fixtures controlled by a wall switch or panel.
(9) When provided by incandescent lighting, illumination required in Sentence (1) shall conform to Table

629-36B(1).
(j)

When

other

types

of

lighting

are

used,

illumination

equivalent

to

that

shown

in

Table

36.B.(1)

shall

be

provided.

(2) Within all buildings exceeding three storeys in building height or having a building area exceeding 600
square metres or used for other occupancies not described in Subsection B(1).
(a) An exit, a public corridor, a corridor providing access to exit for the public, a corridor serving patients
or residents in a Care and Treatment occupancy or Care occupancy, a corridor serving
classrooms, an electrical equipment room, a transformer vault and a hoistway pit shall be equipped to
provide illumination to an average level not less than 50 lux at floor or tread level and at angles and
intersections
at
changes
of
level
where
there
are
stairs
or
ramps.
(b) Rooms and spaces used by the public shall be illuminated as described in Subsection B(1)(h),(i) and
(j).
(c) Elevator machine rooms shall be equipped to provide illumination to an average level of not less than
100
lux
at
floor
level.
(d) Every place of assembly intended for the viewing of motion pictures or the performing arts, shall be
equipped to provide an average level of illumination at floor level in the aisles of not less than two lux
during
the
viewing.
(e) Every area where food is intended to be processed, prepared or manufactured and where equipment or
utensils
are
intended
to
be
(2) Within all buildings exceeding three storeys in building height or having a building area exceeding 600
square metres or used for other occupancies not described in Subsection B(1).
(a) An exit, a public corridor, a corridor providing access to exit for the public, a corridor serving patients
or residents in a Care and Treatment occupancy or Care occupancy, a corridor serving
classrooms, an electrical equipment room, a transformer vault and a hoistway pit shall be equipped to
provide illumination to an average level not less than 50 lux at floor or tread level and at angles and
intersections
at
changes
of
level
where
there
are
stairs
or
ramps.
(b) Rooms and spaces used by the public shall be illuminated asdescribed in Subsection B(1)(h),(i) and (j).
(c) Elevator machine rooms shall be equipped to provide illumination to an average level of not less than
100
lux
at
floor
level.
(d) Every place of assembly intended for the viewing of motion pictures or the performing arts, shall be
equipped to provide an average levelof illumination at floor level in the aisles of not less than two lux
during
the
viewing.
(e) Every area where food is intended to be processed, prepared or manufactured and where equipment or

utensils

are

intended

to

be

In a service space in which facilites are included to permit a person to enter and to undertake
maintenance and other operations; and On a shelf and rack storage system, which includes walkways,
platforms,
unenclosed
egress
stairs
and
exits
providing
means
of
egress.
(j) The minimum value of the illumination required by Subsections B(2) (h) and (i) shall be not less than
one
lux.
(k) In addition to the requirements of Subsections B(2)(h) to (j), the installation of battery-operated
emergency lighting in health care facilities shall conform to the appropriate requirements of CSA Z32,
Electrical
Safety
and
Essential
Electrical
Systems
in
Health
Care
Facilities. C. For parking lots, walkways, stairs, porches, verandas, loading docks, ramps or other similar
areas, a minimum level of illumination of ten lux (0.90 foot-candle) at ground or tread level and at angles
and
intersections
at
changes
of
level
where
there
are
stairs
or
ramps.

Introduction to the Lumen Method


The lumen method is applicable to design of a uniform (general)
lighting scheme in a space where flexibility of working locations or
other activities is required.

The lumen method is applied only to square or rectangular rooms


with a regular array luminaires as shown in Figure 2.

2. Lumen Method Calculations


The lumen method is based on fundamental lighting calculations.
The lumen method formula is easiest to appreciate in the following
form.

(1)

where E = average illuminance over the horizontal working plane


n = number of lamps in each luminaire
N = number of luminaire
F = lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. initial bare lamp luminous
flux
UF = utilisation factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF = light loss factor
A = area of the horizontal working plane
2.1 Light Loss Factor
Light loss factor (LLF) is the ratio of the illuminance produced by
the lighting installation at the some specified time to the illuminance

produced by the same installation when new. It allows for effects


such as decrease in light output caused by
(a) the fall in lamp luminous flux with hours of use,
(b) the deposition of dirt on luminaire, and
(c) reflectances of room surfaces over time.
In fact, light loss factor is the product of three other factors:
(2)

where LLMF = lamp lumen maintenance factor


LMF = luminaire maintenance factor
RSMF = room surface maintenance factor
2.1.1 Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor
Lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) is the proportion of the
initial light output of a lamp produced after a set time to those
produced when new. It allows for the decline in lumen output from a
lamp with age. Its value can be determined in two ways:
(a) by consulting a lamp manufacturer's catalog for a lumen
depreciation chart, and
(b) by dividing the maintained lumens by the initial lamps.
2.1.2 Luminaire Maintenance Factor
Luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) is the proportion of the
initial light output from a luminaire after a set time to the initial light
output from a lamp after a set time. It constitutes the greatest loss
in light output and is mainly due to the accumulation of atmospheric
dirt on luminaire. Three factors must be considered in its
determination:

(a) the type of luminaire,


(b) atmospheric conditions, and
(c) maintenance interval.
2.1.3 Room Surface Maintenance Factor
Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) is the proportion of
the illuminance provided by a lighting installation in a room after a
set time compared with that occurred when the room was clean. It
takes into account that dirt accumulates on room surfaces and
reduces surface reflectance. Figure 4 shows the typical changes in
the illuminance from an installation that occur with time due to dirt
deposition on the room surfaces.
2.2 Utilisation Factor
Utilisation factor (UF) is the proportion of the luminous flux
emitted by the lamps which reaches the working plane. It is a
measure of the effectiveness of the lighting scheme. Factors that
affect the value of UF are as follows:
(a) light output ratio of luminaire
(b) flux distribution of luminaire
(c) room proportions
(d) room reflectances
(e) spacing/mounting height ratio

2.2.1 Light Output Ratio of Luminaire


Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) takes into account for the
loss of light energy both inside and by transmission through light
fittings. It is given by the following expression.

Example 1
The total, upward and downward lamp output from a lamp are 1000
lm, 300 lm and 500 lm respectively. Calculate upward light output
ratio (ULOR), downward light output ratio(DLOR), light output
ratio (LOR) of luminaire and percentage of light energy absorbed in
luminaire.

Amount of light energy absorbed in luminaire = 100 - 80 = 20 %


A greater DLOR usually means a higher UF.
A simple classification of luminaires according to their distribution is
based on flux fractions, as shown in Figure 5. Upward flux
fraction (UFF) and downward flux fraction (DFF) are used as a
basis of comparison.
Example 2
For data given in Example 1 determine upward flux fraction (UFF),
downward flux fraction (DFF) and flux fraction ratio(FRR).

Figure 5 Flux Fraction of Various Luminaires

2. Lumen Method Calculations


The lumen method is based on fundamental lighting calculations.
The lumen method formula is easiest to appreciate in the following
form.

(1)

where E = average illuminance over the horizontal working plane


n = number of lamps in each luminaire

N = number of luminaire
F = lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. initial bare lamp luminous
flux
UF = utilisation factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF = light loss factor
A = area of the horizontal working plane
2.1 Light Loss Factor
Light loss factor (LLF) is the ratio of the illuminance produced by
the lighting installation at the some specified time to the illuminance
produced by the same installation when new. It allows for effects
such as decrease in light output caused by
(a) the fall in lamp luminous flux with hours of use,
(b) the deposition of dirt on luminaire, and
(c) reflectances of room surfaces over time.
In fact, light loss factor is the product of three other factors:
(2)
where LLMF = lamp lumen maintenance factor
LMF = luminaire maintenance factor
RSMF = room surface maintenance factor
2.1.1 Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor
Lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) is the proportion of the
initial light output of a lamp produced after a set time to those
produced when new. It allows for the decline in lumen output from a
lamp with age. Its value can be determined in two ways:

(a) by consulting a lamp manufacturer's catalog for a lumen


depreciation chart, and
(b) by dividing the maintained lumens by the initial lamps.
2.1.2 Luminaire Maintenance Factor
Luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) is the proportion of the
initial light output from a luminaire after a set time to the initial light
output from a lamp after a set time. It constitutes the greatest loss
in light output and is mainly due to the accumulation of atmospheric
dirt on luminaire. Three factors must be considered in its
determination:
(a) the type of luminaire,
(b) atmospheric conditions, and
(c) maintenance interval.
2.1.3 Room Surface Maintenance Factor
Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) is the proportion of
the illuminance provided by a lighting installation in a room after a
set time compared with that occurred when the room was clean. It
takes into account that dirt accumulates on room surfaces and
reduces surface reflectance. Figure 4 shows the typical changes in
the illuminance from an installation that occur with time due to dirt
deposition on the room surfaces.
2.2 Utilisation Factor
Utilisation factor (UF) is the proportion of the luminous flux
emitted by the lamps which reaches the working plane. It is a
measure of the effectiveness of the lighting scheme. Factors that
affect the value of UF are as follows:
(a) light output ratio of luminaire

(b) flux distribution of luminaire


(c) room proportions
(d) room reflectances
(e) spacing/mounting height ratio
2.2.1 Light Output Ratio of Luminaire
Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) takes into account for the
loss of light energy both inside and by transmission through light
fittings. It is given by the following expression.

(3)

Example 1
The total, upward and downward lamp output from a lamp are 1000
lm, 300 lm and 500 lm respectively. Calculate upward light output
ratio (ULOR), downward light output ratio (DLOR), light output
ratio (LOR) of luminaire and percentage of light energy absorbed in
luminaire.

Amount of light energy absorbed in luminaire = 100 - 80 = 20 %

A greater DLOR usually means a higher UF.


A simple classification of luminaires according to their distribution is
based on flux fractions, as shown in Figure 5. Upward flux
fraction(UFF) and downward flux fraction (DFF) are used as a
basis of comparison.

Example 2
For data given in Example 1 determine upward flux fraction (UFF),
downward flux fraction (DFF) and flux fraction ratio (FRR).

Figure 5 Flux Fraction of Various Luminaires


2.2.2 Flux Distribution of Luminaire
Direct ratio is the proportion of the total downward luminous flux

from a conventional installation of luminaires which his directly


incident on the working plane. It is used to assess the flux
distribution of luminaire. Since the intensity distribution pattern of
the light radiated from a luminaire in the lower hemisphere will
affect:
(a) the quantity of the downward flux falls directly on the working
plane and
(b) the quantity of flux available for reflection from the walls in a
given room,
Direct ratio depends on both the room proportions and the
luminaires.Direct ratio has a low value with a narrow room (small
room index) and a luminaire which emits most of its light sideways
(BZ 10), and on the contrary, a high value with a wide room (large
room index) and a luminaire which emits most of its light downwards
(BZ 1).
2.2.3 Room Proportion
Room index (RI) is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area
between the working and luminaire planes.
(4)
where L = length of room
W = width of room
Hm = mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance between the
working plane and the luminaire.
2.2.4 Room Reflectances
The room is considered to consist of three main surfaces:
(a) the ceiling cavity,

(b) the walls, and


(c) the floor cavity (or the horizontal working plane).
The effective reflectances of the above three surfaces affect the
quantity of reflected light received by the working plane.

2.2.5 Spacing to Height Ratio


Spacing to Height ratio (SHR or S/Hm) is defined as the ratio of
the distance between adjacent luminaires (centre to centre), to their
height above the working plane. For a rectangular arrangement of
luminaires and by approximation,

(5)
where A = total floor area
N = number of luminaires
Hm = mounting height
Under a regular array of luminaires the illuminance on the working
plane is not uniform. The closer spaced the luminaires for a given
mounting height, the higher the uniformity; or the greater the
mounting height for a given spacing, the greater the uniformity. If
uniformity of illuminance is to be acceptable for general lighting,
(a) SHR should not exceed maximum spacing to height
ratio (SHR MAX) of the given luminaire as quoted by the
manufacturer, and
(b) geometric mean spacing to height ratio of the luminaire layout
should be within the range of nominal spacing to height

ratio(SHR NOM) of
manufacturer, i.e.

the

given

luminaire

as

quoted

by

the

(6)

3. Summary of Procedures for Lumen Design Method


(a) Calculate the room index.
(b) Determine the effective reflectances of the ceiling cavity, walls
and floor cavity.
(c) Determine the utilisation factor from the manufacturer's data
sheet, using the room index and effective surface reflectances as
found in (a) and (b) above.
(d) Determine the light loss factor.
(e) Inert the appropriate variables into the lumen method formula to
obtain the number of luminaires required.
(f) Determine a suitable layout.
(g) Check that the geometric mean spacing to height ratio of the
layout is within the SHR NOM range:

(h) Check that the proposed layout does not exceed the maximum
spacing to height ratios (SHR MAX).
(i) Calculate the illuminance that will be achieved by the final layout
and check against the standard.
Example 3

Design a lighting installation for a college seminar room so that the


average illuminance is 500 lux on the horizontal working plane,
using the data listed below. Suggest the layout and check
appropriate spacing to mounting height.
Room dimensions: 12 m long x 8 m wide x 3.2 m high
Working plane at 0.7 m above floor
Reflection factors: Ceiling 70 %
Walls 50 %
Working plane 20 %
Light Loss factor: 0.779
Luminaires: 1800 mm twin tube with opal diffuser
Ceiling mounted
Downward light output ratio 36 %
SHR MAX 1.60 : 1
SHR NOM 1.50 : 1
Dimensions : 1800 mm long x 200 mm wide
Lamps: 1800 mm 75 W plus white
5800 average initial lumens per lamp
2 lamps per luminaire

Solution
(a) Initial calculation

From manufacturer's photometric data sheet (Table 3), utilisation


factor (UF) is 0.5336 by interpolation.

Therefore, the number of luminairs is 10.


Initial check on S/Hm ratio gives:

From the manufacture's photometric data, maximum S/Hm is 1.6 : 1.


Therefore, it should be possible to use 10 luminaires.
(b) Proposed layout

A 5 x 2 array is proposed fro the lighting installation. (A 10 x 1 array


is an alternative.)
(c) Checking the proposed layout
Since 2 x 1.8 m = 3.6 m < 8 m (width of room), the proposed layout
will fit.
(Usually checking only the linear dimension of the fitting for
space is enough as the other dimension (i.e. 200 mm in this
case) is much smaller.)
For long axis,

For short axis,

Note that if the checks had worked out to be unsatisfactory, the


number of luminaires should be reconsidered and the calculations
on the illuminance should be repeated. For example, a 3x3 array for
lower lux level or a 4x4 array for higher lux level.
Distribution

One of the primary functions of a luminaire is to direct the light to where it is needed. The light
distribution produced by luminaires is characterized by the Illuminating Engineering Society as follows:

Direct ( 90 to 100 percent of the light is directed downward for maximum use.

Indirect ( 90 to 100 percent of the light is directed to the ceilings and upper walls and is
reflected to all parts of a room.

Semi-Direct ( 60 to 90 percent of the light is directed downward with the remainder directed
upward.

General Diffuse or Direct-Indirect ( equal portions of the light are directed upward and
downward.

Highlighting ( the beam projection distance and focusing ability characterize this luminaire.

The lighting distribution that is characteristic of a given luminaire is described using the candela
distribution provided by the luminaire manufacturer (see diagram on next page). The candela distribution
is represented by a curve on a polar graph showing the relative luminous intensity 360 around the fixture
( looking at a cross-section of the fixture. This information is useful because it shows how much light is
emitted in each direction and the relative proportions of downlighting and uplighting. The cut-off angle is
the angle, measured from straight down, where the fixture begins to shield the light source and no direct
light from the source is visible. The shielding angle is the angle, measured from horizontal, through
which the fixture provides shielding to prevent direct viewing of the light source. The shielding and cut-off
angles add up to 90 degrees.
The lighting upgrade products mentioned in this document are described in more detail in Lighting
Upgrade Technologies

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