Sophie Hanson

Ashley Rivera
Vivian Tang
Jeff Cherian
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Bry, Theodor De. Nicolaus Copernicus

. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons

. Matthead, 26 Oct.
2007. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/
Coper nicus-Boissard.gif>.
This painting of Nicolaus Copernicus visually adds to our website because it gives our
audience visual context. Galileo Galilei supported Copernicus' theory and by giving our
audience background information, it allowed them to better understand Galileo's
thinking. It ultimately influenced Galileo Galilei's stance within his argument.
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo. Painting of Pope Urban VIII. Digital image. National Gallery of Ancient
Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2016.
This primary source image shows Pope Urban VIII. The image was used to provide the
audience with a visual of the pope that had played a large role in Galileos trials. The
image was ultimately used to help the viewers identify the Pope Urban VIII and his role
in the conflict.
Davis, Watson. John Thomas Scopes. Digital image. Smithsonian Institution Archives. N.p., 9
July 2015. Web. 26 Nov. 2016. <http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/90th-anniversary-scopes
-trial>.
This image shows John Thomas Scopes outside. The image was used in the website to
add a new level of understanding to the viewers idea of John T. Scopes. The image
furthers our website by adding a visual element to the website

Discorsi E Dimosrazioni

Matematiche Intorno a Due Nuove. Digital image. Wikimedia

Commons. N.p., 17 May 2005. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/5/55/Galileo_Galilei%2C_Discorsi_e_Dimostrazioni_Matematiche_Intorn
o_a_Due_Nuove_Scienze%2C_1638_%281400x1400%29.png>.
Galileo Galilei's final book covering his work from the last thirty year of his life.
Although he was banned from writing books, he wasn't punished for publishing this one
especially since it was published in Holland. This is the book that earned Galieo Galilei
the title of of father of physics.
"Documents in the Case of Galileo; Indictment, Sentence, and Abjuration of 1633." (n.d.): n.
pag. Paul Halsall, July 1998. Web.<http://hti.osu.edu/sites/hti.osu.edu/files/documents
_in_the_case_of_galileo.pdf>.
The first two documents listed and described Galileos wrongdoings and then declared
his punishments. When the church defined the punishments for Galileo, it showed the
churchs perspective, in what way the church cared about this situation, and how they
handled it. The last piece of the document was an account that Galileo stated how his
ideas of Copernicus Theory and actions were wrong and sinful. These documents add to
our research by giving our group official documentation about the churchs point of
view of the events that took place during the trials and why the church felt that Galileos
actions were wrong.
Ferguson,

James. "Cassini Apparent." Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 3
Dec. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cassini_apparent.jpg>.
The primary image contributed to our website by portraying to the viewer the idea of

geocentricity. It also helped us in our research by showing what geocentrism looked like
and how Galileos belief of heliocentrism differed. The image itself provided a basic
representation and helped us understand the beliefs of the 17th century.
Galileo Galilei at His Trial at the Inquisition in Rome in 1633. Digital image. Wikimedia
Commons. Fae, 31 Oct. 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/9/99/Galileo_Galilei%3B_Galileo_Galilei_at_his_trial_at_the_Inquisi_W
ellcome_V0018716.jpg>.
The Inquisition was the trial that ultimately sentenced Galileo Galilei to house arrest.
After he was charged for heresy for supporting the Copernican theory he was pleased
guilty for a lighter sentence. Although he ultimately failed to encourage the public to
accept new ideas of interpretation of the Bible and Copernican theory.
Galilei, Galileo. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
<http://gophineas.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/galileo_drawings.gif+>.
This primary source helped us with our research by providing Galileos drawings of the
Rings of Saturn. It showed us some of Galileos discoveries and helped us understand
them. It also contributed to our website by giving the viewer a visual of his drawings
and helps the viewer understand our information regarding the sketches.
Galilei, Galileo. Letters on Sunspots. Digital image. British Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov.
2016. <https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/galileos-sunspot-letters>.
This letter is the record of observations of the sunspots, irregular dark areas on the sun,
that Galileo Galilei studied. Since Galileo invented the telescope, this allowed him to
study the sunspots more often. Without his telescope, he would lack the materials for

him to study the sunspots. Overall this is another example of Galileo using observation
within science.
Galilei, Galileo. "Letter to Madame Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany." Letter to
Christine De Lorraine. 1615. MS. N.p.<http://hti.osu.edu/sites/hti.osu.edu/files/galileo_
galilei.pdf>
This letter was written by Galileo to try and gain the support of Duchess Christina of
Tuscany. The letter presented a systematic argument in which Galileo reasons that the
heliocentric cosmology doesnt oppose Church doctrine, but rather the erroneous
interpretation of the Holy Scripture. He claimed that bible provided only a
comprehensive explanation of salvation and lacked scientific basis. Later, Galileo wrote
that the increase of knowledge simulates the growth of arts, and urges people to use
sound observation and evidenced based reasoning to understand the physical, natural
world. The source helped our research by adding Galileos intention of increasing the
use of science based reasoning and catalyzing the scientific revolution.
Galilei, Galileo. Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany. Digital image.
Commons.wiki media.org. N.p., 19 Feb. 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/764794GalileoChristina_ed.jpg>.
This essay by Galileo Galilei demonstrates Galileo's intention to not deny the Bible.
Instead he argues that the Bible should be seen in a metaphorical perspective rather than
the read as worded. In this sense, he's not arguing that his theory is sciences versus
religion. He believed that if the religious authorities condemned his theory, it would
ultimately be for the wrong reasons. This source overall helped our project because

explained Galileo's true motivation with him wanting to prove his theory. Although his
motive wasn't seen by the religious authority and society, his ideas has a lasting impact
within history.
First Quarter Moon Sketch. Digital image. The Galileo Project. Rice University, n.d. Web. 29
Nov. 2016. <http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/astronomy96/tdunn/moon_pix/
g_moonwash2.gif>.
This primary image allowed us to understand some of Galileos discoveries and gave us
insight about them. It showed us how Galileo discovered that there were craters on the
moon. The image also helped give the viewer clarity on Galileos discoveries.
Galilei, Galileo. "Galileo-Jupiter." Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
<https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/resize/images/education/physicists/galileo
_jupiter-200x283.gif+>.
This primary image contributed to our research because it gave us insight about Galileo
and his discoveries. His sketches of the four moons of Jupiter also made our website
aesthetically pleasing and helped the viewer understand his discoveries.
Galilei, Galileo. "G-Venus." Let There Be Night. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
<http://www.lettherebenight.com/G-Venus.jpg+>.
This primary source contributed to our research because it allowed us to view the other
discoveries Galileo made about the solar system. It gave us insight about the phases of
Venus and how they were relevant to science. The image also contributed to our website
by making it look refined and it also helped the viewer understand Galileos discoveries
as well.

Galilei, Galileo. Portrait of Sidereus Nuncius. Digital image. Commons.wikipedia. Lorem

Ipsum, 16 June 2015. Web. 2 Nov. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7
7/Sidereus_Nuncius_1610.Galileo.jpg>. The Starry Messenger allowed us to view
Galileo's work and see his observations through his telescope. Within this, he viewed
that the moon has craters and wasn't perfectly smooth. Furthermore, there were
multitude of stars that couldn't be viewed simply because our naked eye couldn't handle
seeing an object so far away, but the telescope enabled Galileo to make those
observations. Overall this was one example of Galileo demonstrating the skill of using
observation for scientific research.
Galilei, Galileo. Title Page of Galileo Galilei's Dialogue Concerning of Two Chief World
Systems . Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. Giovanni Battista Landini, 27 Nov. 2008.
Web. 17 Nov. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Galileos_Dialogue_T
itle_Page.png>.
Galileo Galilei's book discussed the fundamental differences between the Copernican
system and Ptolemaic system. This publication of the book impacted Galileo Galilei
because he was suspected of heresy which caused his book to be prohibited by the
Church. This also ultimately lead to other books that discussed the promotion of
Copernican theory to be banned as well. Overall this demonstrates the Church's feelings
towards ideas that contradict the Bible and sets up the trials that lead to Galileo Galiei's
demise and eventual failure.

"Galileo's First Deposition, 12 April 1633." (n.d.): 1-5. Ohio State University. Web. 12 Oct.
2016. <http://hti.osu.edu/sites/hti.osu.edu/files/galileo_deposition_one.pdf>.
The interview of Galileo during his first deposition essentially represented how Galileo
did not intended to violate his injunction. His injunction stated that he could not defend,
hold, or teach his opinion, and through the unbiased conversation, we can see he did not
write his book with the intentions of this. However, in result, the church found Galileo's
ideas as "repugnant to Holy Scripture." The church also stated that his ideas could only
be admitted "suppositionally" and not as an absolute theory, thus, demeaning Galileo's
hard work. Overall, the deposition showed conversation between the Fathers and himself
and aided us by enabling us to understand the Church's view on Galileo as well as
Galileo's intentions and views.
Galilei, Galileo. 1632, Dialogues Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, trans. S. Drake,
2nd edition 1967, University of California Press.
This primary source depicts Galileos cover of his publication Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World Systems. The source provides the viewers of our website with a visual
image and helps our website by providing an interactive visual element to the gallery.
Galilei. Galileo. 1638, Discourses on two new sciences, trans. S. Drake 1974, The University of
Wisconsin Press.
This images of Galileos treatise Discourses on Two New Sciences shows how his
publication had looked. The image was added to the websites gallery so that the
viewers could better visualize how such works had looked. Overall, the image was used
to provide a visual appeal to the website.

Galilei, Galileo. 1613, Letters on Sunspots, trans. S. Drake 1957, in Ideas and Opinions of
Galileo, Doubleday.
This image of the cover of Galileos Letter on Sunspots was simply used to give the
audience a visual understanding of how the work looked. The image was used in the
website gallery to add a visual element to the website.
Galilei, Galileo. "Selections from The Assayer." Trans. Stillman Drake. Princeton University.
N.p., 1623. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
The Assayer, a book written by Galileo Galilei in the form of a letter, essentially was the
foundation of the scientific method. In this book, Galileo argues that the "Book of
Nature," or the laws of the universe, was written in the language of mathematics and,
therefore, can only be comprehended by those who knew mathematical terms. In
addition, he also indirectly attacks the theory of Orazio Grassi, a Jesuit scientist who
believed in the geocentric system rather than the heliocentric system. Overall, this
source provides insight to Galileo's key principles that founded his future theories and
the struggles that he overcame to defend his scientific studies in a world of
misinterpretation.
Galileo, D. 1601, Sidereus Nuncius, trans. A. van Helden 1989,The University of Chicago
Press.
This image of Sidereus Nuncius illustrates the nature of Galileos publication. The
image was used in the website to provide aesthetic appeal and to also provide a new
level of interactiveness to the website.

Galilei, Galileo. The Assayer. Digital image. Galileo and Heliocentrism. N.p., n.d. Web. 23
Nov.
2016. <https://beforenewton.wordpress.com/daily-readings/galileo-and-heliocentrism/>.
This primary source image of Galileos treatise The Assayer depicts how its cover
looked. It provides the viewers with and understanding of Galileos publications often
looked. This helped our website by providing an overall aesthetic appeal and helping the
readers visualize his works.
Illustration of Copernican System from Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
Digital image. Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2016.
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dialogue-Concerning-the-Two-Chief-World-System
s-Ptolemaic-and-Copernican>.
The primary picture of Galileo's illustration portrays the Copernican system, or
heliocentrism. It depicts the Sun as the center of the solar system with the other planets
moving in a circular orbit around the sun and the moons of those planets orbiting around
them. We used this to visualize and better comprehend what the heliocentric theory
actually was in terms of what it looked like. We used this on our website when
explaining the differences between heliocentrism and geocentrism.
Jebulon. Piazzetta Riva degli Schiavoni, Canaletto. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p.,
23 Oct. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piazzetta_
Riva_degli_Schiavoni,_Canaletto,_WAF137,_Alte_Pinakothek_Munich.jpg>.
This image depicts Venice. It helps the viewer visualize Venice during the time of
Galileo and was used as a visual element to accompany the timeline.

John Locke. Digital image. Library of Congress. Usa.gov, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004672071/>.
This primary image of John Locke provided a visual representation of Locke during his
time period. The image shows a later time period style than Galileo's with English
clothes and hair to emphasize Galileo's long term effects. John Locke was particularly
important by developing Galileo's philosophical theories, ultimately causing the
American Revolution. We used this image to connect with the information regarding
John Locke's philosophical theories in relation to Galileo's.
Michelagnolo Galilei. Digital Image. Alchetron.com. Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia,
18 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
<http://alchetron.com/Michelagnolo-Galilei-1065323W>.
This primary picture of Galileo's second eldest brother, Michelagnolo Galilei, is used in
Galileo's Family Tree to portray his immediate family. Michelagnolo is shown with a
mandolin, portraying his direct involvement in music just like Galileo's father.
Pozzo, Andrea. Apoteose de Santo Inacio. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 3 Apr.
2013. Web. 28 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/
Andrea_Pozzo_-_Apoteose_de_Santo_Inacio_cropped.jpg>.
This image is a ceiling fresco that depicts the artwork of the early church. The image
was used as a visual element and was used as the header of pages.

Robert-Fleury, Joseph Nicolas. Galileo before the Holy Office. Digital image. Wikimedia
Commons. Ragesoss, 13 Mar. 2006. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/w
ikipedia/commons/b/bd/Galileo_before_the_Holy_Office.jpg>.
Galileo Galilei faced the Holy Office because he was supported the Copernican theory
which opposed and contradicted the Bible. By considering the political power the
Church had at the time and how Galileo's theory contradicted the Bible, they're able to
suppress Galieo's ability to have any say. This all ultimately leads to Galileo's failure
and prevents him from promoting the Copernican Theory.
Rubens, Peter Paul. "Galileo Galilei." Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 3
Dec. 2016.<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo_Galilei_by_Peter_Paul
_Rubens.jpg+>.
This primary image contributed to our research for our website because it provided a
detailed portrait of Galileo Galilei. With this clear image of Galilei, we were able to
present to the viewer a proper image of him. This image also helped our website look
refined and professional.
Saint Robert Bellarmine. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 4 Dec. 2009. Web. 25 Nov.
2016.<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Robert_Bellarmine.png>.
Saint Robert Bellarmine was an Italian Jesuit. Saint Robert Bellarmine support Galileo
since he wa interested in different types of sciences. He gave personal advice of his
theories and how if he came up up solid evidence, he must be careful with the
interpretation of the Bible. Overall Saint Robert Bellarmine were one of the few
religious figures that support Galileo Galilei with his theory. He was relevant to our

project because it gave us context of who Galileos supporters were and how they
affected him.
Sanzio, Raffaello Da Urbino. The School of Athens. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p.,
13 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
/9/94/Sanzio_01.jpg>.
This image illustrates scholars and other individuals in the School of Athens. The image
provides a depiction of the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican and helps the viewers
understand the setting of Galileos time. The image was used as a visual element in our
website and incorporated as the header.
Sister Maria Celeste. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 18 Aug. 2013. Web. 15 Nov.
2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei>.
This primary image of Galileo's eldest daughter, Virginia Galilei is used in Galileo's
Family Tree to show the close family of Galileo. The image also depicts that Virginia,
also known as Sister Maria Celeste, was a nun, therefore, proving the importance of
religion in his family.
St. Peters Basilica. Digital image. OMNIA. N.p., 12 Feb. 2014. Web. 24 Nov.
2016.<http://blog .romeandvaticanpass.com/st-peters-basilica-a-brief-history/>.
St Peter's Basilica is located in Venice, Italy. Venice, Italy was had a tolerant society
compared to other major cities in Italy. This ultimately provided Galileo Galilei
protection from people who denied his idea without consideration of evidence.tist.
Sustermans, Justus. Portrait of Galileo Galilei. Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. Dmitry
Rozhkov, 5 Dec. 2008. Web. 18 Nov. 2016 <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg>.
This portrait of Galileo Galilei depicts his higher social class within the system in that
time period. Although he initially was poor, he worked through the system to become
an official within the community. This ultimately exemplifies his role within the
community as a scientist.
The Feast in the House of Levi. Digital image. The Fourth Wall. Lycath, 6 May 2013. Web. 27
Nov. 2016. <https://daliennation.wordpress.com/2013/05/06/renaissance
-enlightenment-revelation/>.
This painting was used for the aesthetics of the webpage. The painting reflected the time
period of the Renaissance which allows us to set the mood. Overall the image was
helpful because it demonstrates the era.
Thomas Hobbes. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2016. <https://en.wiki
pedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes>.
This primary image of Thomas Hobbes portrays a visual representation of Hobbes
during the 17th century. We used this image to connect Thomas Hobbes' philosophical
theories in relation to Galileo's philosophical principles. The image helped us by
providing what Hobbes looked like in his especial significance in portraying Galileo's
long term effects on later philosophers.
Vincenzo Galilei. Digital Image. Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia. Alchetron, 18 Jan.
2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2016. <http://alchetron.com/Vincenzo-Galilei-825094-W>.
This primary image depicts Galileo's father, who was a revolutionary musician theorist
during his time period. Galileo's father was especially important because he instilled

Galileo's drive to rely on scientific reasoning. This picture contributes to our website
because it is used in Galileo's family tree to show his immediate family in the Early Life
tab.
Vincenzo Galilei. Digital image. The Galileo Project. Rice University, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2016.
<http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/florence96/vincenzo.html>.
This primary image of the cover of Vincenzo Galileo's book pertaining to modern music
theories of his time is used to connect the information regarding Galileo's father with his
relevance in Galileo's life. By showing that Vincenzo was a revolutionary musician who
published important books contradicting common theories shows where Galileo
acquired his need for evidence and solid reasoning before blindly believing the religious
authorities.
Vincenzo Gamba. Digital image. Charlie Renaissance. Weebly, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2016. <http:
//charlierenaissance.weebly.com/about.html>.
This primary picture portrays Galileo's son, Vincenzo Gamba, who took the name of his
mother rather than the name 'Galilei.' However, Vincenzo was named after Galileo's
father, thus showing the significance of Galileo's father on his life. We used this image
in Galileo's Family Tree to show the audience Galileo's immediate family and give them
a visual representation of each member.

Secondary Sources
A View of Tuscany City. Digital image. Sunday Express. Nick Boulos, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 16
Nov. 2016. <http://www.express.co.uk/travel/shortbreaks/517887/What-to-do-in-Pisa>.

This image was the header of Early Life and set the mood for the audience. Overall this
image helped with the visual appeal of the website due to the architecture. Furthermore
the sunrise also connects to the idea of early life, that his is the dawn Galileo's
accomplishments and life.
Banti, Cristiano. Galileo Facing the Roman Inquisition. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons.
Ragesoss, 13 Mar. 2006. Web. 4 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg>.
Galileo Galilei was requested to travel to Rome to face charges of heresy for promoting
the Copernican theory. He eventually pleaded guilty in April for a lighter punishment in
April and was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life in June. Overall this is the
tragic end of Galileo Galilei and he is no longer able to vocally support the Copernican
theory.
Bertini, Giuseppe. Galileo Galilei Showing the Doge of Venice How to Use the Telescope.
Digital image. Galileo Presents the Telescope to the Venetian Republic. David J Wilson,
17 Feb. 2010. Web. 14 Nov. 2016. <http://www.gabrielevanin.it/S.%20Marco%201609
.htm>.
This painting demonstrates the authorities allowing Galileo's profession to be shown to
others since it hasn't denied the principled of the Bible. This gives us a visual
perspective of the officials being interested within these ideas. Overall this image gives
us a visual interpretation of how Galileo's work was sought out in multiple places.
Blackwell, Richard J., and Melchior Inchofer. Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial: Including

the First English Translation of Melchior Inchofer's "Tractatus Syllepticus" Notre

Dame, IN: U of Notre Dame, 2006. Web. 11 Oct. 2016 <http://www.matsuk12.us/cms
/lib/AK01000953/Centricity/Domain/2562/galileo_behind_the_scenes.pdf>
This book was about the trial of Galileo against the Roman Inquisition. It talked about
why he was brought to trial, how he was called up to trial, and what it was like during
his trial. This source helped with our topic because it provided insight to what Galileos
trial against the Roman Inquisition and its components which ultimately led to his
imprisonment. It explained the trial and talked in depth about the certain components
that made up Galileos trial.
By the End of the Decade the Inquisition Had Become. "The Galileo Project | Christianity | The
Inquisition." The Galileo Project | Christianity | The Inquisition. Al Van Helden, 1995.
Web. 03 Nov. 2016. <http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/inquisition.html>
This source was about the Inquisition and how it worked. It provided a thorough
description of the Inquisition and how it was relevant to Galileo. The source gave a
background of sorts to the Inquisition and gave us a better understanding of it. It was
helpful to our project because it really helped to understand what the Inquisition was
really like and gave us perspective. With this new perspective we were able to
understand our topic better.
Cherubin, Rose. "The Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century." The Scientific Revolution of
the 17th Century. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016. <https://mason.gmu.edu/~rcherubi/
srfr.htm>.

This online article argued that the Enlightenment was caused by a mixture of political
and scientific revolutions. The source mentioned how Galileos idea of everyone being
able to reason and learn about the universe expanded and later encouraged individuality
and independence, and in a sense, had caused a shift in the political viewpoint by having
effected the peoples idea of natural equality and rights. This shifted attention and power
from the church to the individuals right of being able to think, observe, and make
conclusions from concrete data. Essentially, the source helped us prove that the
Enlightenment, being shaped by Galileo, was caused by both the scientific political
revolutions.
Coquilette, Daniel R. "Five Cheers for Galileo." Digital Commons at Boston College Law
School. Boston College Law School, 4 Dec. 2003. Web. 1 Nov. 2016. <http://lawdigital
commons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=lslp>
This article identifies the importance of Galileos discoveries in modern science, the true
cause of conflict in the church, and the attack on Jesuit astronomers. The source helps us
understand that Galileo didnt question the Church on terms of its doctrine but rather on
the acceptance of his astronomical and mathematical theories. The article also helps us
prove that Galileo precipitated the conflict with the Jesuits. It strengthens our argument
by explaining Galileos relation with the church, and that the underlying conflict Galileo
faced was not against the Church, but against the dogmatism that existed at the time.
Cowell, Alan. "After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves." The New York
Times. The New York Times, 30 Oct. 1992. Web. 14 Nov. 2016. <http://www.nytimes.
com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html>.

This source is a newspaper article that provides insight on the modern Churchs view on
Galileos conflict. The article presents information about the Church's reassessment of
Galileos trial, the historical context, and the advancement of Galileos conflict. The
newspaper article includes Pope John Paul IIs and Cardinal Paul Poupards statements
about the reinvestigation of the church to convey the Pontifical Academys idea that
both parties were to blame for the issue. This source was used primarily to understand
the modern perception of Galileo and the his trial. Essentially, the source helps us
support our argument of the blame being on both the Church and Galileos part.
Cross in Space. Digital image. Alpha Coders. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://images4.
alphacoders.com/212/212488.jpg>.
This image depicts a cross in a nebula in space. The image was used to invoke a feeling
of both science and religion coexisting. The image essentially helped add a layer of
visual understanding to the argument that there wasnt a conflict with religion itself.
Essentially, the image was used as a visual element of the website.
Decaen, Chris, Dr. "Dr. Chris Decaen Lecture: Galileo & The Church." Thomas Aquinas
College. N.p., 27 Sept. 2011. Web. 9 Oct. 2016.
This lecture was an in-depth explanation of what happened during the events leading up
to and during Galileos trial. The lecture included quotes pulled out of the letters which
showed what and why Galileo believed in St. Augustines perspective and how Galileo
used it to his advantage in an attempt persuade the church on the possibility of science
and faith co-existing. In addition, it lead into Galileos ultimate fall because of his
failure to prove the heliocentric theory. This lecture gives us a better understanding

about the complex beliefs within the whole argument incorporated into the letters and
beliefs and supported our thesiss argument.
Diliff. Versailles Chapel. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg>.
This image was used as a background in the timeline to have a visual aid on when
Galileo was summoned by the Inquisition. It contributed to our website by making the
timeline look appealing to the viewer and providing a clear background.
Finocchiaro, Maurice A. "Galileo Trial || 1616 Documents." Galileo Trial || 1616 Documents.
Craig Stillwell, 1989. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.<http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/galileo/
library/1616docs.htm>.
These documents, being a compilation of court transcripts, mainly focuses on the
documentation of the church in regard to several court summons and actions taken for
Galileos case. It is mainly comprised of what the Church has done to inform Galileo of
his seemingly erroneous teachings and how Galileo has responded to the requests made
by the church. This source was used only to gain a deeper understanding of the trial and
its process from the churchs perspective and how the Church had dealt with Galileos
works.
Galileo Galilei, Half-length Portrait, Facing Left. Digital Image. Library of Congress Pictures,
n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91783938/>.
This image of Galileo Galilei allow us to visualize what Galileo looked like and the
standards of his time. The picture depicts the type of clothes that he wore during the

1500s and also contributes to our website by allowing our audience to envision what
Galileo looked like.
Guimaraes, Atila. "The Swan's Song of Galileo's Myth." The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei
by Atila S. Guimaraes. Tradition In Action, Inc., 18 Jan. 2016. Web. 12 Oct. 2016.
This website, written from the viewpoint of a modern Church, argues why the
conclusion that "the Church condemns science" is wrong. The website uses Galileo as an
example for how progressivists haven't taken certain information into consideration. It
also defends why the Catholic Church was right to condemn Galileo, in their opinion,
because he ideas were more philosophical than scientific. Their source has aided our
research by helping our group understand the Church's point of view. Even though this
source is clearly biased, this information is vital to understanding all sides in Galileo's
trial and furthers our understanding of how the Catholic Church felt wrongly blamed as
well as how their thinking in the 17th century.
Heilbron, John. "Galileo and the Church." OUPblog. Oxford University Press, 28 Jan. 2011.
Web. 11 Oct. 2016.<http://blog.oup.com/2011/01/galileo/>.
This article was mainly used for understanding the context and underlying factors that
led to conflict between Galileo and the Church. The source explained Galileos ties with
the Catholic Church and provided the premise on which the true conflict occurred. The
article had explained the offenses of both Galileo and the church, while also addressing
the fact that the true conflict was political and not an opposition of science and religion.
The source helps us form an impartial idea of the true conflicts which caused the start of
the scientific revolution. Unlike the other sources, this source stated that Galileo had

also contributed to the conflict. This article, was used to understand the context and
underlying cause of political conflict and the revolution.
Helden, Albert Van. "The Galileo Project | Science | Copernican System." The Galileo Project |
Science | Copernican System. Al Van Helden, 1995. Web. 12 Oct. 2016. <http://galileo.
rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html>
This online article gave a full description of the Copernican System and how it led to
Galileo taking a stand against the church. It provided a background of heliocentric
thinking and how it fit with the Copernican System and Galileos theories. The article
helped us with our topic because it provided a thorough explanation of what the
Copernican System was and allowed us to understand why Galileo stance against the
Catholic Church was one that he felt necessary and what he thought when taking his
stand.
Hozinja. Arno River, Florence, Italy. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 23 Sept. 2012.
Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arno_river_sunset,_
Florence,_Italy.jpg>.
This image depicts a river setting of the Arno River in Florence Italy. The image
provides the viewers with an understanding of the setting and further serves as a visual
background to reinforce the timeline.
Iliff, David. St. Pauls Cathedrals Dome. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 30 May
2014. Web. 26 Nov. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_
Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg>.

This image captures a view of St. Pauls Cathedrals dome. The image highlights
different architectural features of the dome and was used a background to the timeline. It
essentially served as an aesthetic appeal for the website
Irfansheen. Starry Night in Hunza. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 28 May 2015.
Web. 29 Nov. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starry_night_in_
Hunza.jpg>.
This image depicts a night view of the Ganish Valley. The image was used as a visual
element to add a layer of depth to the timeline.
Jastrow. Aristotle. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 2006. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv857.jpg>
This image depicts Aristotle, the philosopher who had created Aristotelianism. The
image was used to help the viewers identify Aristotle and also add a visual appeal that
complement the content.
Jastrow. Cupola Baciccia Gesu. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec.
2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cupola_Baciccia_Gesu.jpg>.
This image was useful to our website by serving as a background for the timeline. The
visual was used as the background for Galileos Defense and helped make the website
look refined.
Jeep, Stan The. Tomb of Galileo Galilei. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 3
Dec. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.JPG
+>.
This secondary image provided a detailed picture of the tomb of Galileo Galilei. It

contributed to our research by giving us insight to where he died. This image also helped
our website by presenting a clear visual of Galileos tomb.
Kabel, Matthias. Sant Agnese in Agone Rome Main Vault. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons.
N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sant_Agnese
_in_Agone_Rome_main_vault.jpg>.
This image contributed to our website by serving as a header for our website. It helped
make the website look presentable and appealing.
Krock, Lexi. "Galileo's Battle for the Heavens: His Life." PBS. PBS, July 2002. Web. 03 Nov.
2016.
This timeline about Galileo ranges from information about Galileo's childhood and
personal life to his achievements, theories, and trials. It covers dates throughout all of
Galileo's life in depth to provide further insight beyond his interest in astronomy and
into the Italian Renaissance period itself. Every event, from 1564-1642, embodies
Galileo's successes and failures and provides deeper meaning for what his dramatic life
was actually like back then. In addition, it serves as a reliable source to help our team
understand significant events in Galileo's life. Therefore, not only can our viewers
understand Galileo's scientific discoveries, but also what motivated him behind his
struggles and understand other events within that time period.
Lawrence, OP. Saint Robert Bellarmine's Relic Beneath an Alter in the Church of Sant' Ignazio
in Rome. Digital image. Flickr. Lawrene, 21 Oct. 2010. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
<https://www.f lickr.com/photos/paullew/7995062870>. This photograph demonstrates
the death of Saint Robert Bellarmine. This impacted Galileo Galilei because it was the

death of one of the only people that support him and his work. This is significant
because at this point, Galileo Galilei isn't able to have a religious authority that backs
him within the religious system. This is relevant because this loss of Saint Robert
Bellamine ultimately proves how other people saw Galileo Galilei's work since there
was not many other people that supporting his new approach to science.
Leffler, James. Galileo Galilei Demonstrating His New Astronomical Theories at the
Universities of Padua. Digital image. Asterisk. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.
<http://www.theasterisktoday.com/articles/are-you-partying-hard-enough-about-pluto-be
cause-galileo-would-be-straight-up-raging/>.
This painting by Felix Parra portrays Galileo demonstrating his new astronomical
theories at the University of Padua. This contributed to our website by providing a visual
representation of Galileo as a teacher and we used it to connect to the information of his
professorship at the University of Padua where he gained great recognition for many of
his early works.
Leutze, Emanuel. Washington Crossing the Delaware. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons.
Morgan Riley, 17 Feb. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/archive/9/95/20120408085828%21Washington_Crossing_the_Dela
ware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg>.
The American Revolution was one of the examples of the many types of political
revolutions that Galileo's impact led to. This picture demonstrates one of the most well
known revolutions that clearly has an impact today's world. Overall this image sets the
mood for the website and causes the audience to engender ideas of other revolutions.

Linder, Doug. "The Trial of Galileo: An Account." The Trial of Galileo: An Account. N.p.,
2002. Web. 29 Sept. 2016.
The article accounted for events that lead to the fall of Galileo. It began with Galileos
background and leads into the events before, during, and after the Trial of 1633. In
addition, the article also gave records of different letters Galileo wrote to other scientists
and how he believed he has done no wrong within the process of writing about the
Copernican Theory. This showed why Galileo took a stand even though he knew
beforehand that the church was already against the ideas thats contrary to the Bible.
Livia Galilei. Digital Image. Geni Family Tree. Geni, 10 Jan. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.
<https://www.geni.com/people/Sister-Arcangela/6000000002348749925>.
This picture depicts Galileo's eldest sister, Livia Galilei. Our project used this image in
Galileo's Family Tree to depict Galileo's immediate family, including parents, siblings,
and children. The picture of Livia Galilei depicts her as a nun, as well as Galileo's two
daughters, thus providing a visual representation for the audience to inform them the
religious importance to his family without specifically stating so.
Mahanti, Subodh. University of Pisa. Digital image. Vigyan Prasar. N.p., July 2000. Web. 28
Oct. 2016. <http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/july2000/article2.htm>.
This primary picture portrays the University of Pisa in the year of 1581 when Galileo
attended it for college. This contributed to our website by giving us a visual
representation for what the University looked like when Galileo attended it. It also
helped us connect the information of Galileo's original studies to become a doctor to the

actual place he studied. In the image is portrayed the leaning Tower of Pisa which also
helped our group connect the historical landmark with Galileo himself.
Masterz, Game. Galaxy. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galaxy-2048x1152.jpg>.
This source contributed to the visual aspect of our website. By providing a defined
picture of the galaxy, we were able to set a clear theme for the website. This image was
used as a background and helped make the website look refined.
Michael Fowler. "Life of Galileo." Life of Galileo. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2016.
This lecture discusses Galileo's early life and gives the context necessary to understand
Galileo's familial relationships. It also accounts for his interactions with the Jesuits and
his actions which ultimately led to an attack against the Jesuits. The source helped us
prove our thesis by providing information about influential forces on Galileo and context
for Galileo's history with the Jesuits.
Map of Italy 326 BC. Digital image. EmersonKent: History in a Nutshell. Emerson Kent, n.d.
Web. 1 Dec. 2016. <http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/italy_326_bc.htm>.
This historical map of Italy is used in our website to give us and our audience a visual
representation of significant geographic locations in Italy and it portrays where
prominent cities are actually located.
Map of Italy. Digital image. The Galileo Project. Al Van Helden, 1995. Web. 28 Nov. 2016.
<http://galileo.rice.edu/gal/italy.html>.
This map of Italy was used in our project to portray the significant geographic areas of
Galileo's life. We used 'thinglink' to emphasize the important cities, such as Rome,

Venice, and the University of Pisa and Padua. This helped our project by giving us a
geographic reference to where Galileo travelled in relevance to an actual map.
Michael Fowler. "Life of Galileo." Life of Galileo. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2016.
This lecture discusses Galileo's early life and gives the context necessary to understand
Galileo's familial relationships. It also accounts for his interactions with the Jesuits and
his actions which ultimately led to an attack against the Jesuits. The source helped us
prove our thesis by providing information about influential forces on Galileo and context
for Galileo's history with the Jesuits.
NASA, and ESA. LH 95 Stellar Nursery in the Magellanic Cloud. Digital image. Wikimedia
Commons. N.p., 19 Dec. 2006. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:LH_95.jpg>.
This image depicts stars and debris within a nebula. The image was simply was used to
add an aesthetically pleasing element to the website. The image was used as a
background to the timeline.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Magnificent CME Erupts on the Sun. Digital
image.Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 31 Aug. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <https://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnificent_CME_Erupts_on_the_Sun
_-_August_31.jpg>.
This image depicts a solar flare from the sun in outer space. The image was essentially
used to add visual appeal to the timeline on the website.

Nguyen, Marie-Lan. Tribunal Inquisitor's Palace. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons.

Marie-La Nguyen, 12 May 2012. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/com mons/9/91/Inquisitor_Palace_Birgu_2012_n27.jpg>.
This image shows the abjuration which Galileo Galilei was sentenced to house arrest.
The significance was that Galileo was not longer able to go out and discuss his theories
as a scientist. He failed to prove his theory although he wasn't promoting an argument of
science versus religion.
Ocram, A. Hauptaltar Der St. Johns Co-Cathedral. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hauptaltar_der_
St._Johns_Co-Cathedral.JPG>.
This visual was used as a background or the timeline. It helped capture the essence of
the information given on the timeline and made the website look aesthetically pleasing.
Overgaard, Nicholas. "Early Modern Catholic Defense of Copernicanism: The Jesuits and the
Galileo Affair | Overgaard | Prandium: The Journal of Historical Studies at U of T
Mississauga." Early Modern Catholic Defense of Copernicanism: The Jesuits and the
Galileo Affair | Overgaard | Prandium: The Journal of Historical Studies at U of T
Mississauga. N.p., Spring 2013. Web. 05 Nov. 2016.
<http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index
.php/prandium/article/view/19655/16301>.
The journal included how the Jesuits were involved with Galileo and the Church and
their perspectives and ideas. Furthermore it described how the impact of the Jesuits lead
to the downfall of Galileo. In addition it showed us the motivation of the Jesuits and

how they had to selectively voice their opinion within the Catholic Church in order to
continue having power for their personal interest.
Photo Not Available. Digital image. Gumtree. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
<http://gumtree4x4.co.uk/q/9be83d8d6c>.
We used this image in Galileo's Family Tree on our website to represent the missing
pictures of many of Galileo's family members. Due to the very early time period, not
many photos were documented of each person, especially the women figures in Galileo's
family, thus showing the little information known about his siblings and other family
members.
"Pixabay - Clock." Free Photo: Clock, Movement, Gears, Gear - Free Image on Pixabay 1081013. Digital image. Pixabay, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2016.
<https://pixabay.com/p-1081013/?no_redirect>.
The image provided in the source contributed to the visual factor of our website by
making it look professional and appealing. It served as a background for the timeline
and was effective by relating to the information on that slide.
Public Domain Pictures. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016. <http://www.publicdo
mainpicture s.net/view-image.php?image=9920&picture=open-bible>
The image in the source contributed to the theme of our website. It captured the essence
of website and helps us portray our information to the viewer. The image made our
website look refined and maintains the viewers attention.
Put, Zygmunt. St. Norbert Greek Catholic. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web.
3 Dec. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St._Norbert_Greek_Catholic_

Church-inside,_11,Wislna_street,_Krakow,Poland.JPG>.
This image was helpful to our website because it provided a background for the
timeline. It served as a background for when Cardinal Bellarmine died and helped our
website look attractive and refined.
Ritone, T. Heliocentrism vs Geocentrism. Digital image. Imugr. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2016.
<http://imgur.com/gallery/AReqgfP>.
This image highlights the difference between the geocentric and the heliocentric
theories. The animation helps the viewers understand that the placement of the Earth and
the Sun are the core aspects of the two theories and helps them visualize these
differences. Ultimately, the image was used in the website to add a higher level of
understanding to the two theories.
Sailko. "Torre Del Gallo." Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torre_del_gallo,_veduta,_osservatorio_arcet
ri_2.JPG+>.
This image helped our website by serving as a background for the timeline. The image
gave the viewer a visual of where Galileo Galilei died and helps with the accuracy of the
information given on the timeline. This image also granted our website a visually
appealing piece of multimedia to our website.
Santillana, Giorgio De. The Crime of Galileo. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1955. Print.
<http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic866775.files/galileo.pdf>.
This book establishes and hints at the wrongdoings that happened in the case against
Galileo. When Galileo was called to stand for betrayal against the church, the author

specifically notes the unjust system as well as the special "tamperings" of documents
that most likely occurred. Understanding his trial helps our project by providing insight
to how people thought back then due to the system of the Church. The author argues that
Galileo was unrightfully accused and, therefore, provided the basis of understanding that
our group needed to found our research and understandings.
"Silhouette of Mountain With Galactic Background." Silhouette of Mountain With Galactic
Background Free Stock Photo. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2016.
<https://www.pexels.com/photo/silhouette-of-mountain-with-galactic-background-durin
g-daytime-25996/>
This image contributed to our website by providing a detailed background of the galaxy.
It helped us create a theme throughout the website. The image made our website look
aesthetically pleasing by being used as a header.
Sister Arcangela. Digital image. Europa. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2016. <http://galileo-galileieuropa-maddy-swastastic.weebly.com/galileo-galileis-family.html>
This primary image of Galileo's youngest daughter, Livia Galilei, is used in Galileo's
Family Tree to portray what each member of Galileo's family looked like. Livia later
became a nun like her older sister Virginia, which shows the involvement of Catholicism
in Galileo's family.
Sky Gazing. Digital image. Wallpapersok. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.
<http://cdn2.wallpapersok.com/uploads/picture/975/35975/skygazing-teleskop-lampa-lu
na.jpg?width=2500&height=1400&crop=true>.

This image shows a skygazing setting with a telescope looking at the moon. The image
provides the viewers with a unique perspective on Galileo. The image mainly served as
an aesthetic appeal for the website.
Smith, Craig R. "Galileo and the Aristotelian Cardinals: A Study of Suppression." Thesis.
California State University, Long Beach, n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2016. <users.wfu.edu/hazen/
Documents/Galileo.doc>.
This thesis identifies political, social, historical, and ecclesiastical events that have
influenced Galileos conflict. The source mainly provides historical context on the
Reformation and Aristotelian views which essentially identifies the significance of
Galileos assertions and his impact on the Church. It ultimately attributes the conflict to
misunderstanding, arrogance, and ignorance. This source helps our group understand
various interdependent factors that had led to a difference of opinion between the
Church and Galileo, helping us prove that the blame cannot be projected solely on the
Church or Galileo, but on all the events that led to the misapprehension of ideas.
Solar System. Digital image. Pics about Space Wallpaper. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2017.
<http://pics-about-space.com/scale-solar-system-wallpaper?p=4#img122857595043525
6045>.
This image of the solar system is used in our website to give our audience a visual
reference of Galileo's discoveries. For example, we used 'thinglink' to label the
discoveries of the moon properties, Jupiter's moons, and the Rings of Saturn. This
zoomed-out image helped us visualize how far Galileo could really see with his
improved telescope in relevance to the placement of the Earth in the solar system.

Stephenson, James. The Connection Between Religion and Science. Digital image. The Odyssey.
University of North Georgia, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2016.
<https://www.theodysseyonline.com/500-words-on-religion-and-science>.
This image, used as the header of 'Modern Connections' in our website, portrays the
relation of science and religion. The left hand, representing the science that Galileo
backed, and the right hand, representing the hand of Michelangelo's famous religious
painting, are touching, thus symbolizing the clash between science and religion in
Galileo's trials.
Swerdlow, Noel M. "Galileo's Discoveries After 400 Years." American Scientist. Sigma Xi,
The Scientific Research Society, May-June 2011. Web. 03 Nov. 2016.
The article "Galileo's Discoveries After 400 Years" not only describes Galileo's early
life and achievements in depth, but also connects Galileo's importance from the past and
the present. Galileo remains a renowned scientist not only for his ground-breaking
studies, but because of his condemnation by the Church. Galileo stood for the conflict
between science and religion, which will essentially never go away. The article also
further explains famous books written by Galileo's scholars which have molded the
foundation of science and are still widely used today. Overall, it highlights the modern
day connections of Galileo and why he is still remembered 400 years later. This
information is relevant to our research because it proposes the connections between
Galileo and modern day, which remain an important aspect of our website because it
demonstrates Galileo's current significance and role in our society today.
Ravi, Joe. Interior of St Andrew's Catholic Church in Roanoke, Virginia. Digital image.

Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 22 Oct. 2016. Web. 3 Dec. 2016. <https://commons.

wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_St_Andrew%27s_Catholic_Church_in_Roanoke,_
Virginia.jpg> .
This secondary source was used as a background for the timeline. It contributed to the
website by providing a background for the Statement of Cardinal Bellarmine to Galileo.
This contributed to the visual aspect of our website and helped make our website look
visually pleasing.
Tamasflex. Optical Diagram of Galilean Telescope. Digital image. Commons.wikipedia.
Tamasflex, 17 Mar. 2010. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/1/17/Galileantelescope_2.png>.
This image gives us a visual reference to how Galilean's telescope worked and
functioned. Additionally it has labels for the audience to understand the importance of
each part within the telescope and how it worked with its counterparts to function as one
machine. Overall it's gives the users context of Galileo's resources from his time period
and shows the significance of Galileo's capabilities as a scientist.
"The Galileo Project | Science | Christoph Scheiner." The Galileo Project | Science | Christoph
Scheiner. Al Van Helden, 1995. Web. 03 Nov. 2016.
<http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/scheiner.
html>
This source provided knowledge as to what began the disagreements between Galileo
and the Jesuits. It gave a full and detailed description on why there were disputes and
what happened. The source helped us comprehend why Galileo lost the Jesuits backing

and what exactly triggered the disagreements between Galileo and the Jesuits. It helped
us prove our thesis and gave us more knowledge of Galileos stand.
TPC-Bankstowm. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2016. <http://tpc-bankstown.swsi.wiki
spaces.net/file/view/Europe_during_the_Reformation_-_1600.jpg/243880575/Europe_d
uring_the_Reformation_-_1600.jpg>.
This secondary image not only made our website look attractive to the viewer but it also
provided some information pertaining our subject. The image contributed to our website
by allowing the reader to see the spread of Lutheranism at the time. It helps the reader
understand the issues regarding the different religions clashing with each other.
Tyson, Peter. "Galileo's Big Mistake." PBS. PBS, 29 Oct. 2002. Web. 16 Nov. 2016 <http://
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/galileo-big-mistake.html>.
This source recognized the importance of Galileo using the tides caused by the moon to
prove the Copernican theory. Although the tide theory clearly didnt prove the
Copernican theory, it still exemplified how Galileo pushed science towards the secular
world and rational thinking which was a concept everyone didnt utilize. His deductive
approach towards this new idea opposed dogmatism and pushes the society towards the
modern world and lays the foundations for later scientists to come and prove this theory
to change worldwide perspective.