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Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 10751090
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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng
A comprehensive review on double pipe heat exchangers

Mohamad Omidi, Mousa Farhadi , Mohamad Jafari
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
h i g h l i g h t s
Double pipe heat exchangers are widely used in different industries due to simplicity.
Geometry modifications have led to higher effectiveness in double pipe heat exchangers.
Using nanofluids in double pipe heat exchangers has presented higher heat transfer rates.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 17 July 2016
Revised 31 August 2016
Accepted 7 September 2016
Available online 13 September 2016
Keywords:
Double pipe heat exchanger
Nusselt number
Pressure drop
Heat transfer enhancement methods
Nanofluids
a b s t r a c t
Growing need to develop and improve the effectiveness of heat exchangers has led to a broad range of
investigations for increasing heat transfer rate along with decreasing the size and cost of the industrial
apparatus accordingly. One of these many apparatus which are used in different industries is double pipe
heat exchanger. This type of heat exchanger has drawn many attentions due to simplicity and wide range
of usages. In recent years, several precise and invaluable studies have been performed in double pipe heat
exchangers. In this review, the development procedure that this type of heat exchanger went through has
been analyzed in details and the heat transfer enhancement methods in aforementioned heat exchangers
have also been widely discussed. Having also tried the best to present a comprehensive research, the
authors gathered information regarding the usage of these methods such as active, passive and compound methods which is worth noting that the studies concerning using passive methods in double pipe
heat exchangers have been frequently cited. Moreover, various studies concerning using nanofluids in
double pipe heat exchangers have been discussed in details. In this review, correlations of mostly
Nusselt number and pressure drop coefficient are also presented. It is believed that this review provides
new insights for further investigations.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An overview of double pipe heat exchangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geometry change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer enhancement methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Active method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Passive method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1.
Twisted tapes insert in double pipe heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2.
Extended surfaces (fins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3.
Wired coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4.
Other kinds of turbulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
Compound method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanofluid in double pipe heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.
Experimental investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
Numerical investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Omidi.m1991@stu.nit.ac.ir (M. Omidi), mfarhadi@nit.ac.ir, mousa.farhadi@yahoo.com (M. Farhadi), m.jafari177@gmail.com (M. Jafari).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.027
1359-4311/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1076
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1084
1084
1084
1085
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1086
1086
1087
1088
1076
M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 10751090
Nomenclature
A
Cp
D
L
Nu
h
H
p
DP
_
m
f
Pr
T
V
Re
De
/
k
q
6.
heat transfer area, m2

specific heat, J/(kg K)
diameter of the tube, m
length of the tube
Nusselt number (dimensionless)
heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
height, m
pitch length, m
pressure drop, Pa
mass flow rate, kg/s
friction factor (dimensionless)
Prandtl number (dimensionless)
temperature, K
velocity, m/s
Reynolds number (dimensionless)
Dean number (dimensionless)
concentration of nanofluids
thermal conductivity, W/(m K)
rate of heat transfer, W
effectiveness (dimensionless)
hn
Pe
NTU
h
l
m
q
b
helical number
Peclet number (dimensionless)
Number of Transfer Units
temperature difference T T 1
dynamics viscosity, Pa s
kinematic viscosity, m2/s
density, kg/m3
thermal expansion coefficient (K1)
Subscripts
c
cold fluid
h
hot fluid
i
inner tube
o
outer tube
b
bulk temperature
T
tube side
s
shell side
0
smooth tube
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
1. Introduction
Nowadays, heat exchangers are widely used in industrial and
engineering applications. It is believed that coming up with design
of an efficient heat exchanger is quite complicated for engineers.
The reason towards that is not only an accurate assessment of
the long-term performance and the regarding financial costs is
needed, but a comprehensive investigation of heat transfer, pressure drop and the effectiveness is also inevitable which all require
arduous work. Upon using heat transfer enhancement methods,
pressure drop will also be increased which results in a higher
pumping power. So it is firmly stated that some of these heat transfer enhancement methods may just adversely affect the need to an
optimum case containing the heat transfer rate and pressure drop.
As a result, choosing the methods wisely is of great importance. It
is also believed that having a high and appropriate heat transfer
rate in devices such as computers, electric power systems, automobile engines and other numerous examples is inevitable (see Tables
1 to 3).
One of the most simple and applicable heat exchangers is double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) (Fig. 1). This kind of heat exchanger is widely used in chemical, food, oil and gas industries. Upon
having a relatively small diameter, many precise researches have
also hold firmly the belief that this type of heat exchanger is used
in high-pressure applications. They are also of great importance
where a wide range of temperature is needed. It is also welldocumented that this kind of heat exchanger makes a significant
contribution to pasteurizing, reheating, preheating, digester heating and effluent heating processes. Many of small industries also
use DPHEs due to their low cost of design and maintenance. As a
result, we came to conclusion that the previous researches carried
out on this type of heat exchanger should be categorized in order
to overcome the perplexities of choosing the most appropriate
methods of interest. To the authors knowledge, no review papers
concerning double pipe heat exchangers have been published so
far and this fact is one of the main objectives of this review paper.
In double pipe heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow mostly
in concentric pipes in different configurations which are parallel
and counter flows. In the first case, both fluids flow in the same
direction. While the latter case attributes to ones where fluids flow
in an opposite direction (Fig. 2).
We have traced the history of publications regarding double
pipe heat exchanger back to its beginnings in the late 1940s
[3,4]. The studies broadly support the view that this type of heat
exchanger is heading towards a considerable progress. Through
these years, a plethora of researches have been carried out which
fall into various categories. In some cases, just the working fluids
characteristics and their modifications were studied [317], some
investigated active methods [18,19], passive methods [1,2055],
compound methods [54], geometry change [5665] and the other
heat enhancement methods [3955]. Having been developed
incessantly, each method will be thoroughly investigated in the
following sections.
2. An overview of double pipe heat exchangers
One of the earliest researches done on DPHEs was the one by
Mozley [3] who both numerically and experimentally made a case
for the study and prediction of dynamic characteristics of a special
DPHE using two automatic control methods. These methods were
based on simple mathematical models and also passive electrical
network analogs. He also compared the frequency responses which
were based on basic analog results and concluded that the numerical results were in a good agreement with experimental results.
In the same year, Cohen and Johnson [4] also studied dynamic
characteristics of DPHEs. This numerical and experimental work
shaped some thinking for years to come. In this study, equations
of dynamic characteristics were obtained for a simple system and
it was reported that the characteristics of DPHEs components
could be easily determined by frequency responses of the data.
They also observed that these data were so close to experimental
results.
1077

Table 1
Studies on flow characteristics in DPHEs.
Authors
Methodology
Working fluids
Findings
Aicher and Kim [12]
Cross flow influence in nozzle

region of a DPHE
Inner tube: water

25; 000 6 Re 6 80; 000
Outer tube: water
500 6 Re 6 50; 000
The influence of the nozzles on heat transfer is greater when heat

exchangers are shorter in size
Correlation:
T: tube side
S: shell side

0:16
Nu
Nu NuTE dLh 0:86 ddTS
NuT
Where h:
i
NuE 2 NuN LdN NuE;N dLE
h
NuN Nusselt in nozzle region

LN length of nozzle region
NuE;N Nusselt caused by turbulence in nozzle region
LE transition length

2=3
p 2=3
1 dLh
NuT f=8Re1000Pr
112:7
f=8Pr
1
2
Dezfoli and Mehrabian [13]
Moradi et al. [14]
Sheikholeslami et al. [16]
Ma et al. [17]
Comparison of experimental
data with predictions of
standard correlations
Experimental investigation of a
pseudoplastic fluid (solutions of
carboxymethylcellulose)
through a DPHE
Investigation of turbulent flow
and heat transfer
An experimental study on heat

transfer between supercritical
carbon dioxide and water near
the pseudo-critical temperature
f 1:82 logReT 1:64

Rate of heat transfer for the shell side is lower than that of the tube
side by the ration 3.4 for parallel flow and 1.5 for counter flow
The heat transfer coefficient in shell side was higher than the
predicted results from three existing correlations
Inner tube: hot water
10; 000 6 Re 6 13; 000

Outer tube: cold water
1100 6 Re 6 2100
Inner tube: non-newtonian
fluids
Outer tube: cold water
Inner tube: water
Outer tube: air
Inner tube: SCO2

10; 000 6 Re 6 30; 000
Outer tube: water
3500 6 Re 6 6500
Heat transfer increases with the increase of Reynolds and Graetz

numbers
As the concentration of CMC (carboxy-methyl-cellulose) increases,
the heat transfer will also be increased
Nusselt number in water side increases with the increase of upper
tank temperature and water flow rate, while the Nusselt number in
air side will be decreased
The correlations are presented as polynomial relations
Increase of SCO2-side pressure reduces the total and SCO2-side heat
transfer coefficients

0:458
Nub
Gr
NuFC 2:61 86:965 Re2:7

4
5
where : 8 10 < Re < 4:9 10
11 < Pr < 30
0:3
NuFC 0:0183Re0:82 Pr 0:5 qqb
w
Nub Bulk Nusselt Number

Gr Grashof number
Later on, Lachi et al. [7] studied time constant of a DPHE and a
shell and tube heat exchanger. The particular purpose of this investigation was to classify the characteristics of these heat exchangers
in a transient condition, especially the time when abrupt changes
in inlet velocities are considered. Upon carrying out this study, a
model with two parameters of time delay and time constant have
been employed. It is also noted that the analytical term was
derived by applying energy balance equation. Moreover, it was stated that an experimental method was used to validate the numerical data which the highest observed difference found to be less
than ten percent.
Furthermore, in an experimental study, Aicher and Kim [12]
investigated the effect of counter flow in nozzle section of a DPHE
which were mounted on the wall of the shell side. It turned out
that the counter flow in nozzle section had a significant effect on
heat transfer and pressure drop. It was also concluded that the very
effect would be more conspicuous, if the heat exchanger were
small and also the ratio of free cross section areas were low
enough. They also presented experimental correlations to predict
heat transfer rate in turbulent flow.
Mar et al. [9] studied mixed heat transfer with back flow in
concentric DPHEs both numerically and experimentally. The working fluid in this investigation was water which flowed in laminar
regime. The corresponding velocity vectors were also visualized
by PIV technique which is one of the most prominent flow visualization methods [66]. Velocity distribution showed that a high volume rate of the flow in the annulus results in constant temperature
boundary condition of the inner tube. It was also observed that a
back flow appeared in both inner tube and the annulus in which
the phenomenon was more noticeable at low flow rates and

Richardson number of unity. It is also stated here that the Richardson number is defined as the following:
Ri
gbLT T ref
buoyancy term
flow gradient term

V2
where b is the thermal expansion coefficient.

Furthermore, Ma et al. [17] experimentally investigated the
effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) in a DPHE in which
the effects of pressure, mass flux and buoyancy force of the
SCO2-side were broadly studied. On one hand, it was observed that
pressure increase of the gas-side conspicuously caused both the
overall and the gas-side heat transfer rates to be decreased. On
the other hand, it was obvious that the flow rate of the waterside, in comparison with the gas-side, was the key element of
the heat transfer rate. Moreover, a mathematical correlation based
on Genetic Algorithm was presented for predicting heat transfer
rate.
It is also stated that a wide range of investigations were carried
out regarding the flow and fluid characteristics in DPHEs which a
summary of them is brought in the following table.
In recent years, DPHEs have also been used in solar and geothermal applications. Templeton et al. [67] studied the solar energy
storage by using a DPHE which was done numerically with finite
volume method. The simulation was based on the current samples
in northern climates such as Canada. They observed that the presented model could simulate the transient change of temperature
in both injection and extraction scenarios. As far as it is concerned,
very few researches have been carried out in the field [6870]. All
1078
Table 2
Experimental works on passive methods in DPHEs.
Authors
Configuration
Working fluids
Findings
Naphon [20]
Typical twisted tape (TT)
Heat transfer rate at lower twist ratios is higher than

that of higher ones across the range of Reynolds number
Inlet hot water temperature strongly affects the heat
transfer rate
Correlations:
Nusselt number:

D 2:475
Nu hikDi 0:648Re0:36 1 H
pr1=3
7000 6 Re 6 23; 000; Pr > 3; 3:1 6 H=D 6 5:5
Friction factor:

1:045
f 3:517Re0:414 1 HD
7000 Re 23; 000; 3:1 H=D 5:5
40% increase of pressure coefficient with half-length
twisted tape inserts compared with plain heat
exchanger was observed
On equal mass flow rate basis, the heat transfer
performance of half-length twisted tape is maximum
followed by smooth tube
On unit pressure drop basis, the heat transfer
performance of smooth tube is maximum followed by
half-length twisted tape
Outer tube: cold

water
Yadav [21]
Half-length twisted tapes
Inner tube: hot oil
Outer tube: cold

water
Akpinar [35]
Helical wires
Inner tube: hot air

Outer tube: cold
water
6500 Re 13; 000
Naphon [36]
Coil-wire insert

Outer tube: cold
water
An augmentation of up to 2.64 times in Nusselt number

was observed compared to the empty pipe
An increase of up to 2.74 times in friction factor
compared to the smooth tube was observed in the
experiments
The helical wires retard the development of boundary
layers in the pipe, and the velocity and temperature
profiles approach those in plug flow
Correlations are presented in details
Coil-wire insert is more significant in laminar flow
Effect of coil-wire insert on the enhancement of heat
transfer tends to decrease as Reynolds number increases
Correlations:
Nusselt number:
0:253
Nu hikDi 0:156Re0:512 Pr1=3 dHi
5000 Re 25; 000; Pr > 3; 0:39 H=di 0:65
Friction factor:
0:061
1:849 H
f 322:92ln Re
di
Choudhari and
Taji [37]
Zohir [38]
Coil wire inserts made up of different materials (copper,

aluminum, stainless steel)
Coil wires were used in inner tube of the DPHE
Outer tube: cold

water
4000 Re 13; 000
Coil-wire insert
(adjacent to the outer surface of the inner tube)

Outer tube: cold
water
5000 Re 6 25; 000; Pr > 3; 0:39 H=di 0:65

Cu insert has the highest heat transfer enhancement
relative to other materials (1.58 times as compared to
plane tube)
Friction factor found to be increasing with the
decreasing pitch of coil wire insert
Due to minimizing heat losses, the hot water is fed
through the inner pipe, with cooling water in the outer
annulus of the heat exchanger
The influence of turbulators is to create separation and
reattachment regions around them
Correlations:
Parallel flow:
Nu 0:00224 Re0:667 Pr 0:353
e 0:20487 Re0:1982 Pr0:0912

Counter flow:
Yildiz et al. [39]
Propellers with 45 degrees outward angle used in inner tube of

a DPHE
Inner tube: hot air

Outer tube: cold
water
2500 Re 15; 000
Nu 0:001 Re0:7592 Pr 0:3904

e 0:11964 Re0:26885 Pr0:081247
Heat transfer rates were about 250% better than those
found with the system without propellers
The increase in pressure drop changed between 500 and
1000% in comparison with that for the empty tube
The effect of propellers on the heat transfer is less for
low Reynolds numbers
1079

Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Configuration
Working fluids
Findings
Akpinar et al.
[40]
Swirl elements used in the entrance section of the inner pipe of

a DPHE
Inner tube: hot air
Heat transfer rates increased with decreasing diameters

and also increasing number of holes
The highest heat transfer rate was 130% compared to the
smooth tube. This increase was for a swirl element
which has 5 holes of 3mm diameter for the zigzag
configuration
The most important role in pressure loss is played by
swirl elements due to form drag, sudden contraction and
enlargement losses in the entrance section of the tube
Correlations are presented in details which are based on
dimensionless numbers
Outer tube: cold

water
8500 Re 17; 500
Eiamsa-ard
et al. [41]
Louvered strips with forward and backward arrangements

which are mounted on a core rod
Outer tube: cold

water
6000 Re 42; 000
Zhang et al. [42]
Simultaneous use of helical fins and vortex generators on the

outer surface of the inner tube of a DPHE

(steam)
Simultaneous use of helical fins and vortex generators

led to an efficient case with better heat transfer
Outer tube: cold air
The pressure drop will sharply increase when shorter

helical pitch is used
Correlations: (The case is related to RWP)
RWP: Rectangular Winglet Pair
6627 Re 13; 387
Sheikhol-eslami
et al. [43]
Perforated circular-ring (PCR) on the outer surface of the inner

tube of a DPHE
The use of the louvered strip with backward

arrangement leads to better overall enhancement ratio
than that with forward arrangement around 924%
The Nusselt number increases with the increase of the
inclined angle. This can be explained by a strong
turbulence intensity generated by louvered strips,
leading to rapid mixing of the flow especially at higher
inclined angles
The maximum value of the overall enhancement ratio
was 2.65 in the case of the highest inclined angle
(h = 30) of backward louvered strip arrangement
Inner tube: water
Outer tube: air
6000 Re 12; 000
Nu 0:07721Re0:7366 Pr 0:4
f 0:5658Re0:2058
9575 Re 20; 776
Using PCRs leads to obtain lower heat transfer
enhancement than the CRs (circular rings) because of
reduction of intersection angle between the velocity and
the temperature field
Thermal performance increases with increase of N
(number of perforated hole) but it decreases with
increase of Reynolds number and pitch ratio
A decrease of the distance between each pair of the
turbulators causes an increase in friction factor due to
the more blockage against the flowing stream
Polynomial correlations are presented thoroughly in the
paper
(continued on next page)
1080
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Configuration
Working fluids
Findings
Sheikhol-eslami
et al. [44]
Agitator used in the inner tube of a DPHE
Inner tube: water
As inlet temperature of water increases, Nui (Nusselt

number of the inner tube) increases. This increment is
due to reduction of thermal boundary layer thickness in
water side
Nuo (Nusselt number of the outer tube) is a decreasing
function of temperature of upper tank and flow rate of
water
That is to say such tapes induce turbulence and
superimposed vortex motion (swirl flow) which induces
a thinner boundary layer
Polynomial correlations are discussed
Friction factor and Nusselt number decrease with the
increase of open area ratio and pitch ratio
Thermal performance increases with the increase of
open area ratio but it decreases with the increase of
pitch ratio
The presence of holes is a good method for reducing
pressure losses
The correlations are widely studied in details
Outer tube: air
6000 Re 12; 000
Sheikhol-eslami
et al. [45]
Discontinuous helical turbulators on the outer surface of the

inner tube
Inner tube: water

Outer tube: air
6000 Re 12; 000
Barga and
Saboya [23]
Experimental and numerical investigations, continuous

longitudinal rectangular fins
Inner tube: water
Heat transfer of the unfinned annulus found out to be

more than the finned annulus
Outer tube: air

10; 000 Re 50; 000
Jerry Taborek
[1]
Plain and longitudinal finned tubes in a DPHE under laminar

and turbulent flow regimes
of the authors found the DPHEs very efficient in geothermal applications. It is worth noting that DPHEs have been used in some
other applications in which many of them regarding phasechange-materials have been earlier reported [7174].

Outer tube: cold
water
In low-Reynolds applications, cut-and-twist fin

modifications would be advantageous
3. Geometry change
In an experimental work, Yang and Chiang [58] studied the heat
transfer in a DPHE containing a periodic varying-curvature inner
1081
Table 3
Concerning nanofluids in experimental studies related to DPHEs.
Authors
Methodology
Findings
Chun et al. [89]
Effect of alumina nanoparticles on heat

transfer in a DPHE through laminar flow
regime
13% increase of heat transfer coefficient for AK nanofluid and 10% increase for AR
nanofluid
AK: alumina particle with 43 nm size and a hydrophobic surface
AR: alumina particle with 2743 nm size and a hydrophilic surface
Correlation:
Zamzamian et al. [90]
Effect of Al2O3/EG and CuO/EG on heat

transfer in a DPHE and a PHE under
turbulent flow regime
Investigation of Al2O3-water
characteristics in a DPHE under turbulent
flow regime
Rabienataj et al. [91]
hi dk 1:7 Re0:4
Heat transfer coefficient is increased with the increase of operational temperature and
nanoparticle concentration
26% increase in heat transfer coefficient for Al2O3 and 37% for CuO in the case of a DPHE
Heat transfer is increased with the increase of Reynolds number and concentration of
nanoparticles
20% increase in Nusselt number for the case of 1% volume concentration
Correlation:
Nunf 1:25Re 15000:357 Pr0:07
1 2:5U0:54
f
Wu et al. [92]
Maddah et al. [94]
Investigation on the effect of water and

nanofluids in a double pipe helical heat
exchanger under laminar and turbulent
flow regimes
Simultaneous use of modified twisted

tapes and titanium dioxide nanofluids in a
DPHE under turbulent flow regimes
Reddy and Rao [95]
Simultaneous use of helical coils and

ethylene-glycol-water based TiO2
nanofluid in a DPHE under turbulent flow
Sarafraz and Hormozi [96]
Investigation on the effect of a biological

nanofluid (green tea leaves and silver
nitrate) in ethylene-glycol/water based on
thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics
of a DPHE under laminar, transient and
turbulent flow regimes
Simultaneous use of trapezoidal-cut
twisted tape and Al2O3/water Nanofluid in
a DPHE under turbulent flow regime
Durga Prasad et al. [97]
Aghayari et al. [98]
Investigation on the effect of Al2O3/water

nanofluid in a mini DPHE under turbulent
flow
The heat transfer enhancement of the five nanofluids over tap water ranges from 0.37% to
3.43% for the constant flow velocity basis for both laminar and turbulent flows.
Correlation (laminar flow):
Nub 0:089 Deb0:775 Pr 0:4
b
0:5
Where De Re DDcoili
40% increase in heat transfer and 23% increase in friction factor for the case of RGPR and
nanofluid rather than the use of typical twisted tape and nanofluid
Correlations (5000 6 Re 6 25; 000)

p 1:1 GPR0:75
Nu 0:056Re0:72 Pr 0:4 1 pU2:75 1 2TR
0:6
0:24
p
f 0:375Re
1 3pU
1 TR1:4 GPR0:35
Where:
TR: twist ratio
GPR: geometrical twist ratio
10.73% increase in heat transfer rate and 8.73% for pressure drop for the case of nanofluid
use in a smooth tube
13.85% increase in heat transfer rate and 10.69% for pressure drop for the case of
nanofluid flowing in a tube with helical coil insert of P/d = 2.5
Correlations:
0:037
NuReg 0:007523Re0:8 Pr 0:5 1 U7:6 1 Pd

2:723
0:2377
P 0:041
f Reg 0:3250Re
1 U
1d
4000 < Re < 15000; 0 < U < 0:02%
Where:
24:45 < Pr < 32:85; 0 < P=d < 2:5
67% increase in heat transfer coefficient at vol% = 1
Correlation:

p
Nu 0:00564 1 8:14 U Re0:9324 Pr 0:38 Pe0:0038
Due to secondary flow in the outer pipe, the heat transfer enhancement is larger than the
inner pipe
34.24% increase in Nusselt number and 29% increase in pressure drop for the case of 0.03%
concentrations of nanofluid with trapezoidal-cut twisted tape inserts of H/D = 5
12% increase in heat transfer
Fig. 1. Schematic of a double pipe heat exchanger [1].
tube with water as the working fluid (Fig. 3). Effects of Dean,
Prandtl and Reynolds numbers and also the curvature ratio on heat
transfer rate and pressure drop coefficient were widely studied and
it was concluded that the Nusselt number and friction coefficient,

in comparison with smooth tube, increased 100 and 40 percent,
respectively.
1082
Fig. 2. Different flow configurations [2]. (A) Parallel flow. (B) Counter flow.
Fig. 3. Inner tube with a periodic varying-curvature [58].
In another experimental study, Rennie and Raghavan [59]

investigated a double pipe helical heat exchanger for both parallel
and counter flow configurations (Fig. 4). The corresponding heat
transfer rates of inner tube and the annulus were calculated using
Wilson plots. It is well worth noting that the performance evaluation criterion of both configurations was identical, while surely the
heat transfer regarding to the counter flow configuration was
higher than its counterpart which was due to a higher temperature
difference. The above-mentioned performance evaluation criterion
(PEC) is the comparison of heat transfer coefficients between the
enhanced tube and smooth tube under the same pumping power
condition and can be expressed in terms of Nusselt number and
friction factor as:
Nu
Nu0
PEC 1=3
f
f0
In which the subscript 0 concerns the characteristics of smooth

tube.
Dizaji et al. [60] did an experimental study of heat transfer and

pressure drop of corrugated tubes in a DPHE which turned out to
perceive much importance in the field (Fig. 5). Both inner and outer
tubes were corrugated in concave and convex shapes. Working fluids in the experiments were hot and cold water which flowed in
the inner and outer tube of the heat exchanger, respectively.
Research findings showed that the highest effectiveness was
obtained for a case when the inner tube and the outer tubes had
the convex and concave corrugated configurations, respectively.
Bhadouriya et al. [61] investigated heat transfer and pressure
drop of a DPHE both experimentally and numerically in which
the major objective was the effect of twist ratio of the inner tube
on the flow characteristics (Fig. 6). A uniform wall temperature
at the inner wall of annulus was a boundary condition for the outer
flow. Working fluids in the experiments were water and air which
flowed in the inner (square duct) and the annulus of the heat
exchanger, respectively. The results showed that this geometry
change led to an increase in heat transfer rate and pressure drop
in all flow regimes. The results of the present paper will help the
engineers design more compact heat exchangers. It was also concluded that, unlike smooth tube, Nusselt number in the laminar
flow regime was dependent on the flow characteristics and physical parameters such as Reynolds number and twist ratio.
Tang et al. [62] investigated the effects of twisted inner tube of a
DPHE which was carried out experimentally and numerically. In
the experimental process, the inner tube had three different cross
section shapes which were circular, oval and tri-lobed (Fig. 7);
while the outer tube was a simple cylindrical tube. Upon having
a higher performance evaluation criterion, an intense concentration was shown to the above-mentioned tri-lobed cross section
along with the simple outer tube. Moreover, a broad range of studies were carried out in numerical process of the study, especially in
different cross-section shapes.
It is noted that several other authors began to run into numerical investigations of the same problems. One of these many
numerical investigations was performed by Agrawal and Sengupta
[63] who studied the heat transfer and flow characteristics of the
annulus part of a DPHE. Effect of four different promoter shapes
was also investigated in the study. In the simulations, the radius
of inner tube was defined as the following:
rz c h eC 2 jzz0 j
np
where the parameters are defined as below:
c radius ratio
r i
r 2
(r i is the radius at unenhanced section of the enhanced tube

and r 2 is the radius of the outer tube.)
4
And C 2
L np
Fig. 4. Double pipe helical heat exchanger by Rennie and Raghavan [59].
h and L are the promoter height and promoter length, respectively.

It is noted that np defines the type of the promoter. The corresponding heat transfer and pressure drop of different promoters and flow
configurations were thoroughly studied and it was observed that
1083
Fig. 5. Different corrugated tubes in a DPHE [60].
Fig. 6. Twisted inner tube of the DPHE [61].
the Gaussian promoters (np = 2) performed better in comparison to

the other promoters.
They also observed that the height of promoters and annulus
diameter had an effect on pressure drop while the heat transfer
was solely dependent upon the height of promoters. It was also
concluded that the heat transfer and pressure drop decreased with
the increase of length and pitch of the promoters. In some other
numerical studies, heat transfer and pressure drop of helical [64]
and oval [65] cross-sections were also studied.
4. Heat transfer enhancement methods

In general, heat transfer enhancement methods are fallen into
three main categories.
4.1. Active method

This method addresses the issue of using an external force for
increasing heat transfer rate. Typical examples can be mentioned
as reciprocating plungers, implementing magnetic field for flow
disturbance, using surface or flow vibration and also applying electromagnetic fields. It is stated that some investigations have been
performed on this method in DPHEs. El-Maghlany et al. [18] experimentally investigated a DPHE with rotating inner tube. Corresponding results were based on the influence of hot and cold
fluids, flow configurations (parallel flow or counter flow) and also
the inner rotating tube speed on Number of Transfer Units (NTU)
and effectiveness of the heat exchanger. It was generally stated
that the heat transfer rate, NTU and effectiveness increased with
the increase of rotation speed.
1084
ger. Finally, correlations of heat transfer rate and pressure drop

were presented which could acceptably predict the results.
Following the pervious researches, in another experimental
investigation, Yadav [21] investigated the effects of half-length
twisted tapes on heat transfer and pressure drop of a double pipe
U-bend heat exchanger. The twisted tapes were in the inner tube
of a DPHE which caused a 40-percent increase in heat transfer in
comparison with smooth tube. But corresponding results showed
that the performance evaluation criterion of smooth tube was
1.31.5 times higher than that of the aforementioned modified
heat exchanger. It is stated here that the effect of twisted tape
insert in DPHEs has not been widely studied yet. Nonetheless, a
numerical investigation concerning this effect was reported [22].
Fig. 7. Different cross sections of the inner tube in [62]. (A) Circle, (B) oval, and (C)
tri-lobed.
Meanwhile, Zhang et al. [19] investigated the heat transfer

enhancement in a DPHE by means of rotor-assembled strands.
The strands had three different geometries which were helical
blade rotor, blade-discreted rotor and blade rotor with ladders. It
was observed that, in comparison with smooth tube, the percentage of Nusselt number increase was about 71.5123.1 and the corresponding friction factor increase was 37.474.8 percent. It was
also concluded that the highest performance evaluation criterion
of the DPHE was for the case of blade rotor with ladders. To the
authors knowledge, very few investigations are reported for using
active methods in DPHEs and no solo numerical study is carried
out yet. But it is worth noting that the researches on active methods in the annuli and concentric tubes are widely reported.
Because the inner tube in these heat exchangers are not considered, they are not brought in DPHE category. As a result, they are
not mentioned in this investigation.
4.2. Passive method
In this method, no external force is used for heat transfer
enhancement. Surface or geometrical modifications and various
inserts play a central role in the field [7578]. In recent years, a
broad wide of researches have been carried out in implementation
of various kinds of passive methods in DPHEs which the usage of
twisted tapes [2022], extended surfaces [1,2332,34], wire coils
[3538] and other kinds of turbulators have been frequently cited.
In the following parts, investigations regarding each one of these
methods will be thoroughly discussed.
4.2.1. Twisted tapes insert in double pipe heat exchangers
As it is known, twisted tapes insert is one of the most efficient
heat transfer enhancement methods which has a wide range of
usages due to simplicity, low cost, easy installment and routine
maintenance [79]. Generally, twisted tape performs as a continuous swirl generator which causes turbulence on flow. This leads
to a better mixing of the fluid which eventually results in a higher
heat transfer rate. But it is stated in earlier investigations that
twisted tapes perform better in laminar flow regime [75]. Subsequently, the studies regarding twisted tape insert in DPHEs will
be discussed.
Naphon [20] studied heat transfer and pressure drop of a horizontal DPHE with and without twisted tape inserts which was performed experimentally. The twisted tapes were made of 1-mmthickness aluminum. Working fluids of the experiments were hot
and cold water flowing in the inner tube and the annulus, respectively. The results showed that twisted tape insert had a significant
effect on heat transfer and also pressure drop in the heat exchan-
4.2.2. Extended surfaces (fins)

Extended surface, also known as fin, is a geometry which deals
with all three forms of heat transfer, but mostly conduction and
convection are considered. The mostly believed increase in heat
transfer rate may not always work for a fin. Due to overcome this
puzzled idea, an effectiveness factor is used which is defined as the
ratio of the heat transfer rate in the fin to the heat transfer rate of
the surface without any fins.
ef
qf
hAc;b hb
where Ac;b is the cross-section area of the fin base. In order to use
these fins properly, the criterion e P 2 should be valid [2].
Considering fins in DPHEs, several investigations have been carried out. In one of both numerical and experimental researches in
the field, Barga and Saboya [23] studied heat transfer, pressure
drop and efficiency of longitudinal rectangular fins in the annulus
of a DPHE in which the experiments and simulations were all in
turbulent flow regime. Working fluids in the experiments were
water and air which flowed in the inner tube and the annulus of
the heat exchanger, respectively. In numerical investigation, the
existing problem was simulated by using two-dimensional heat
transfer analysis. They stated that the fin efficiency was related
to dimensionless physical parameters such as D which is the ratio
of the internal/external diameter of the inner tube/outer tube of
the annulus to the length of the finned annular duct or H which
represents ratio of the fin height to the length of the finned annular
duct. It was also reported that the ratio of the Nusselt number of
the finned annulus to that of the smooth tube was lower than unity
and this ratio decreased with the increase of Reynolds number. As
a result, using these fins adversely affected heat transfer in the
annulus.
Kumar et al. [24] investigated DPHEs with longitudinal fins both
experimentally and numerically in which the fins had three different rectangular, triangular and parabolic geometries. It was concluded that, as a heat transfer base, the efficiency of longitudinal
rectangular fins was higher than the others; while longitudinal
parabolic fins resulted in less pressure drops. They also stated that
the mass flow rate of the hot fluid should be higher than that of the
cold one.
In a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation,
Taborek [1] studied smooth and rectangular-finned double pipe
and multi tube heat exchangers with the prospect of presenting
the most optimum operating conditions. In this heat exchanger,
hot water flowed in the inner tube, while the cold water flowed
through the annulus. It is noted that the experimental process
was only performed for the smooth DPHE. Having validated the
numerical data with the identical experimental ones, he carried
out further studies regarding the modified DPHE through numerical simulations in which three different rectangular, triangular and
parabolic geometries for the fins were considered. It was also
shown that implementation of parabolic fins results in a higher

performance evaluation criterion. It is worth noting that correlations regarding heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were
also presented.
Following the pervious researches, in the field of using fins in
DPHEs, several numerical investigations have been performed.
Among these, Kahalerras and Targui [25] studied the heat transfer
enhancement of a DPHE with porous fins on the outer surface of
the inner tube. The numerical model used in the porous regions
was The Brinkman-Forchheimer Extended Darcy, while the differential equations related to boundary conditions were solved by
finite volume method. Authors stated that the corresponding
results are only valid when the fluids flowing in both tubes are
identical and also they should have equal mass flow rates. In this
investigation, effects of geometrical, physical and thermal parameters such as porous fins height and spacing, Darcy number and
thermal conductivity ratio Rk on heat transfer and pressure drop
of the DPHE were widely studied. For the case in which Rk 1,
the highest average Nusselt number was obtained for lower porosities along with higher fins heights.
In another novel numerical study, Syed et al. [27] investigated
the laminar convection in a DPHE with variable fin-tip thickness.
The tip thickness is defined as the ratio of fin-tip angle to finbase angle whose values varying from 0 to 1 correspond to the
fin shapes varying from the triangular to the rectangular crosssection. It is worth noting that this parameter is defined for the
first time in the field. In their simulation, Discontinuous Galerkin
Finite Element Method (DG-FEM) is used. Moreover, the effectiveness of the DPHE is obtained by considering pressure drop, Nusselt
number and j-factor. Considering rectangular cross-section, Nusselt number and j-factor increase were 178 and 89 percent, respectively. But the Nusselt number and j-factor increase for triangular
cross-section were 9.5 and 19 percent, respectively. They also
showed that the fin-tip angle was strongly related to the number
and height of the fins. Finally, it was concluded that defining the
aforementioned parameter plays a significant role in DPHE design
which brings about positive changes in cost, weight and friction
loss. It is stated here that some other numerical investigations
regarding finned DPHEs have been performed [26,80].
It is well worth noting that several other researches regarding
finned DPHEs were deeply analyzed by optimization processes
which have made a significant contribution to the field. In one of
these studies, Sahiti et al. [28] carried out a study for minimizing
entropy generation of a pin-finned DPHE for various heat exchanger
flow lengths and different pin lengths as a function of Reynolds
number. The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the
DPHE were analyzed experimentally. Working fluids in the experiments were water and air which flowed in the inner tube and the
annulus, respectively. They concluded that larger number of passages along with smaller pin heights will be more preferred in comparison with less heat exchanger passages with larger pin heights.
Having achieved a good grasp of optimization in heat exchangers, Iqbal et al. [34] carried out an investigation regarding an optimum design of longitudinal fins which led to a higher conjugate
heat transfer. Existing fins were in rectangular, parabolic and
trapezoidal geometries. In this numerical investigation, genetic
algorithm along with Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element
Method (DG-FEM) was used to solve governing equations in which
the fin shaped were optimized with Nusselt number as the objective function. The results were optimized based on two different
parameters which were equivalent diameter and hydraulic diameter. Optimized results based on equivalent diameter showed a 289percent increase in heat transfer coefficient, while this figure found
out to be 70 percent for hydraulic diameter. It is noted here that
similar studies for optimizing finned DPHEs have also been carried
out by Iqbal et al. [30,31].
1085
4.2.3. Wired coils

Akpinar [35] evaluated heat transfer, pressure drop and dimensionless exergy loss in both sides of a concentric DPHE equipped
with wire coils which were inserted in the inner tube. In this
experimental study, working fluids were hot air and cold water
which flowed in the inner tube and the annulus, respectively. He
concluded that heat transfer rate and exergy loss follow a rising
trend by helical number (number of helical turns of a wire)
increase and swirl pitch decrease. It was also shown that the
increases of Nusselt number, friction coefficient and exergy loss
were 2.64, 2.74 and 1.16 higher in comparison to smooth tube.
Finally, it was shown that the counter flow configuration with
the highest helical number (hn = 137) caused the highest heat
transfer rates.
Naphon [36] investigated the effect of wired coils inserts on
heat transfer and pressure drop of a concentric DPHE with water
as the working fluid. He observed that using these wired coils leads
to a significant effect in heat transfer rate in laminar flow regime.
In other words, this effect will decrease with increase in Reynolds
number. It is reported here that other similar studies regarding
wire coil inserts in DPHEs have been done [37,38].
4.2.4. Other kinds of turbulators
As far as we know, most of the studies on turbulators in DPHEs
are performed experimentally. Although turbulators increase the
heat transfer rate, depending on their kind, they also increase the
pressure losses.
Starting to investigate, Yildiz et al. [39] carried out an experimental study of fluid rotation on heat transfer and pressure drop
in a DPHE. The rotation was due to propellers which were mounted
freely in flow stream. In this system, it was observed that the heat
transfer rate was 250 percent higher than an identical smooth
tube, while this increase for pressure drop found out to be about
5001000 percent higher in comparison to smooth tube. These figures were dependent upon Reynolds number and the number of
propellers which were set to be 5 and 10. It is noted that this paper
never discussed the optimized number of propellers, dimensions
and rotating angle of the propellers.
In an experimental investigation, Durmus [56] studied the heat
transfer and exergy loss in both sides of a concentric DPHE with
snail entrance (figure). The working fluids were cold air and hot
water which flowed in the inner and the outer tubes, respectively.
It is also reported that the effect of the snail vortex generator on
the heat transfer was less for low Reynolds numbers due to the
speed rotation of the air. This snail entrance which was implemented in the inlet part of the inner tube could enhance the heat
transfer by creating a swirling flow. Corresponding results showed
that Nusselt number of both sides of this heat exchanger for counter flow increased from 85 to 200 percent in which the mentioned
figures were mostly dependent on swirling angles. Considering an
identical swirling angle, the aforementioned figures mostly turned
out to be about 20 percent higher than the obtained parallel flow
results. It was also observed for both parallel and counter flows
that the pressure losses were about 110 percent higher in comparison to smooth tube. He also stated that upon an exergy loss criterion, counter flow was the most optimum case.
Akpinar and Bicer [40] studied the effect of perforated turbulators which were in the inner tube of a DPHE. In this system, hot air
flowed in the inner tube and cold water flowed in the annulus. In
their study, effect of number of holes, diameter and their configuration was studied. The configurations were in two forms of zigzag
and linear. It was found out that heat transfer rates increased with
the increase of number of holes and the decrease of the diameters.
Also, the maximum Nusselt number increase was 130 percent
higher than that of smooth tube. In another experimental investigation, they studied perforated turbulators in DPHEs [40]. But the
1086
difference of this work with the above-mentioned one was in the

case of exergy loss analysis which was done in this paper.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [41] studied the effect of louvered strips on
heat transfer and pressure drop of a DPHE with hot and cold water
flowing in the inner tube and the annulus, respectively. The louvered strips were in two backward and forward configurations.
Upon comparing with smooth tube, in the case of louvered strips
with forward configuration, average Nusselt number and friction
factor increased 284 percent and 413 percent, respectively. Having
investigated the results for backward configuration, they concluded that the average Nusselt number and friction factor increase
were 263 percent and 233 percent, respectively. It was also
observed for the case of forward configuration that the performance evaluation criterion increased about 924 percent.
Zhang et al. [42] studied the heat transfer increase in the shell
side of a DPHE equipped with simultaneous use of helical fins
and vortex generators in which steam in the inner tube and cold
air in the annulus were used as the working fluids. The vortex generators were used in four different geometries. The types of the
vortex generators were DWP (delta winglet pair), DW (delta wing),
RW (rectangular wing) and RWP (rectangular winglet pair). It was
reported that the heat transfer enhancement per unit vortex generator area is the highest for delta wings followed by delta winglets
pair, rectangular winglets and rectangular wing.
Sheikholeslami et al. [4345] studied the heat transfer and
pressure drop of a DPHE experimentally. The working fluids in
these investigations were water and air which flowed in the inner
tube and the annulus, respectively. Several enhancement methods
such as perforated circular rings [43], agitator [44] and discontinuous helical turbulators [45] were used in their experiments. Having presented precise correlations, they were able to predict the
flow characteristics properly.
The other enhancement method used in DPHEs is using roughened surfaces [5153]. In one of these experimental investigations,
Raj et al. [53] studied the effect of doubly enhanced tubes on flow
characteristics in a DPHE with water and Ethylene Glycol as the
working fluids. They performed this study under laminar, transient
and turbulent regimes. It was observed that, on a constant pumping power basis, the highest inner-side heat transfer rate increase
for Ethylene Glycol was 6 percent in laminar regime and this figure
was 18 percent for water in turbulent flow regime. Having performed thorough investigations, they concluded that these doubly
enhanced tubes were most efficient in turbulent flow regime.
In this field, some numerical studies have also been carried out.
Alkam and Al-Nimr [46] studied the effect of porous substrates in a
DPHE with the prospect of improving performance of the heat
exchanger. These substrates were inserted in both sides of the
inner tube which caused the heat transfer rate to increase in both
parallel and counter flow configurations. This increase was more
conspicuous in higher thermal conductivity ratios. It should be
noted that the thermal conductivity ratio is defined as the ratio

of effective thermal conductivity in the porous domain to the fluid
thermal conductivity.
It is stated here that other simulations based on porous substrates were also performed [47,48].
One of the other thermal enhancement methods which was
studied numerically is using ribs as the turbulators in DPHEs. As
far as we know, the only study based on the ribs was done by AlKayiem and El-Rahman [49].
Another thermal enhancement method which is used mostly in
shell and tube heat exchangers is using baffle. But not many studies are reported for baffles in DPHEs. To the authors knowledge,
the only studies for baffles are carried out numerically by Targui
et al. [54,55].
4.3. Compound method
This heat transfer enhancement method is a combination of
both active and passive methods. Simultaneous use of fluid vibration and wire coils can be a good example of this method in which
plethora of studies have been carried out in heat exchangers [81].
Having taken the existing researches of the theory in DPHEs into
consideration, we state that not many studies have been reported
on the field. In one of these few investigations, Omkar et al. [82]
carried out a study in which helical fins were used on the outer
surface of the rotating inner tube. Working fluids were water and
glycerol which flowed in the inner tube and the annulus, respectively. It was observed that a 64-percent increase in Nusselt number occurred for the case of 100 rpm of the inner tube in
comparison to the constant inner tube.
5. Nanofluid in double pipe heat exchangers
In recent years, adding solid particles to a heat transfer medium
has been one of the considerable techniques for increasing heat
transfer rate in heat exchangers. Although they have drawn many
attentions, they cause some problems such as high pressure drop,
abrasion, clogging and sedimentation. But using nanofluids causes
a relatively higher increase of heat transfer in comparison to solid
particles. In order to tackle above-mentioned problems, nanofluids
are used with solid particles which are in very small sizes and low
concentrations. As a result, many investigations have been performed regarding nanofluids in heat exchangers [8388].
Considering nanofluids in DPHEs, several studies have been
carried out in recent years [54,67,89102]. In many of these studies, authors have tried to use nanofluids along with other heat
enhancement methods which are mostly passive methods. Therefore, some of these studies are brought in the following (see Figs. 8
to 10).
Fig. 8. Geometry of the DPHE [63]. (A) Properties of the inner tube. (B) Different promoters of the inner tube.
1087
Fig. 9. Snail entrance of the DPHE [56].
Fig. 10. (a) Typical twisted tape (b) IGPR twisted tapes (c) RGPR twisted tapes [94].
5.1. Experimental investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs

Prasad et al. [97] studied the effect of trapezoidal-cut twisted
tapes in a DPHE. The nanofluid used in this investigation was
water-based Al2O3 which was in turbulent flow regime. The results
showed that the heat transfer rate increase in the annulus was
higher than that of the inner tube which this was mainly due to
the secondary flows in the annulus. They also observed that the
increase in nanofluid concentration and also the twist ratio leads
to a higher heat transfer and pressure drop.
Furthermore, Reddy and Rao [95] investigated the flow characteristics of a DPHE which was equipped with wired coils. Working
fluid in the experiments was TiO2 in which the base fluid was a
mixture of water and Ethylene Glycol. It was observed for the case
1088
of 0.02-percent concentration of nanoparticles in nanofluid that

the heat transfer and friction factor increase were 10.73 and 8.73
percent higher than using the base fluid. While, the figures for
nanofluid along with the wire coils found out to be 13.85 and
10.89 percent which found out to be a progress in the field.
In another experimental investigation, Maddah et al. [94] studied the effect of Al2O3 nanofluid along with modified twisted tapes
in a DPHE. They altered pitch length and twist ratio of twisted
tapes by taking the growth progression ratio (GPR) into consideration. The GPR is clarified in the following figure:
In which IGPR and RGPR stand for increaser geometrical progression ratio and reducer geometrical progression ratio, respectively. It was observed that using nanofluid along with twisted
tapes with GPR < 1 led to the increase in heat transfer and pressure
drop rates. On the other hand, twisted tapes with GPR > 1 caused
heat transfer and pressure drop to be decreased.
Continuing researches were carried out by Wu et al. [92] who
studied heat transfer and pressure drop of water along with different water/aluminum nanofluids in helical DPHEs. They stated that
these nanofluids have a negligible effect on critical Reynolds number. They also concluded that the side effects of nanofluids such as
Brownian motion, thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis on heat
transfer rate were less than the effects of thermophysical properties of nanofluids. They also reported that these nanofluids could
be supposed as homogeneous phases.
5.2. Numerical investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs

Starting to investigate numerically for nanofluids in DPHEs,
Demir et al. [99] studied the heat transfer characteristics of TiO2
and Al2O3 nanofluids in a DPHE with constant temperature of the
wall as the boundary condition of the problem. A single-phase
model containing 2-D equations was used to study hydrodynamic
and thermal characteristics. The results showed that using
nanofluids with high concentrations leads to an increase in heat
transfer rate and pressure drop. Moreover, the results clearly
showed that even nanofluids with low concentrations could
enhance heat transfer rate.
Mohammed et al. [100] numerically investigated the heat transfer and pressure drop of different nanofluids with louvered strip
inserts which were in the inner tube of the DPHE. The inserts
had forward and backward configurations with different angles
which these effects were studied simultaneously with angle and
pitch of the inserts. Finite volume method was used to solve governing equations. The considered nanofluids were Al2O3, CuO,
SiO2 and ZnO in which their concentrations were in the range of
14 percent and their diameters were 2050 nm. Results showed
that the forward configuration enhanced the heat transfer about
367411 percent and the performance evaluation criterion 1.28
1.56 times higher compared to smooth tube. Having investigated
thoroughly, they concluded that the highest heat transfer rates
among nanofluids were for SiO2, Al2O3, ZnO and CuO, respectively.
Finally, it was shown that the heat transfer rate increased with the
increase of concentration and decrease of diameters of the
nanofluids.
In another numerical investigation, Bahiraei and Hangi [101]
studied MnAZn nanofluid in a DPHE with the presence of magnetic
field. Two-phase Eulerian-Lagrangian method was used to solve
the governing equations. The aforementioned nanofluid was the
coolant which flowed in the inner tube and the fluid in the annulus
was water. They also studied the effects of Reynolds number, concentration, size of the particles and magnitude of the magnetic
field in which the heat transfer and pressure drop increased with
the increase of them all. But it was shown that, in higher Reynolds
numbers, the magnetic field effect was less important. Finally,
genetic algorithm was used to find the most optimum performance

evaluation criterion.
Shakiba and Vahedi [102] also carried out a research on the
effect of magnetic field on thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics in a DPHE.
Targui and Kahalerras [54] studied numerically the effect of
simultaneous use of porous baffles and different nanofluids in a
DPHE. It was found out that the particle volume fraction played a
more significant role on heat transfer in comparison to the nature
of nanofluid. They also stated that the highest thermal effectiveness was for a time when the nanofluids flowed in the annulus
of the DPHE.
Saeedan et al. [67] studied the computational dynamics and
modelling the heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluids in a
DPHE with helical baffles, while the outer surface of the inner tube
was covered with fins. The considered nanofluids in this study
were Cu, CuO and CNT in water-based fluids. They reported the
effect of Reynolds number and volume concentration on heat
transfer and pressure drop of the heat exchanger. As it is known,
Nusselt number increases with the increase of volume concentration, while it was observed that the increase of CNT/Water concentration led to the decrease in Nusselt number.
6. Conclusions
Present review paper concerns the experimental and numerical
studies associated to mainly forced convective heat transfer occurring in DPHEs. It is reported that this type of heat exchanger is
widely used in industrial and engineering processes. There are a
lot of studies which emphasize the need of a higher heat transfer
rate and a minimized friction factor, which usually concern passive
heat transfer enhancement methods. In some cases, the heat transfer rate found out to increase about 400 percent, while the most
pressure drop decrease was 1000 percent in comparison to smooth
tube. In double pipe heat exchangers, geometry change is also a
considerable method for increasing the performance evaluation
criterion in heat exchangers which requires more studies in future.
In many of these studies, secondary flow plays a significant role in
increasing the heat transfer rate. In some investigation, the heat
enhancement methods such as coiled wires were also used in the
annulus of the double pipe heat exchanger. The authors believe
that using vortex generators along with low-Prandtl-number fluids
could be a good choice in the annuli. The active enhancement
method is not widely used in double pipe heat exchangers which
is believed that the authors should pay particular attention to this
method. Another scope studied in this review is using nanofluids in
double pipe heat exchangers which has drawn many attentions in
recent years. Further efforts are too necessary in future to focus on
the combination of nanofluids and passive heat enhancement
methods which found out to be a significant solution of many
problems.
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Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 10751090

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Thermal Engineering

A comprehensive review on double pipe heat exchangers

M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 10751090

heat transfer area, m2

M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 10751090

Aicher and Kim [12]

Cross flow influence in nozzle

Inner tube: water

The influence of the nozzles on heat transfer is greater when heat

NuN Nusselt in nozzle region

Dezfoli and Mehrabian [13]

Moradi et al. [14]

Sheikholeslami et al. [16]

An experimental study on heat

f 1:82 logReT 1:64

Inner tube: hot water

10; 000 6 Re 6 13; 000

Inner tube: SCO2

Heat transfer increases with the increase of Reynolds and Graetz

Nub Bulk Nusselt Number

the phenomenon was more noticeable at low flow rates and

flow gradient term

where b is the thermal expansion coefficient.

M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 10751090

Typical twisted tape (TT)

Inner tube: hot water

Heat transfer rate at lower twist ratios is higher than

Outer tube: cold

Half-length twisted tapes

Inner tube: hot oil

Outer tube: cold

Inner tube: hot air

Inner tube: hot water

An augmentation of up to 2.64 times in Nusselt number

Coil wire inserts made up of different materials (copper,

Inner tube: hot water

Coil wires were used in inner tube of the DPHE

Outer tube: cold

Inner tube: hot water

5000  Re 6 25; 000; Pr > 3; 0:39  H=di  0:65

e 0:20487  Re0:1982  Pr0:0912

Yildiz et al. [39]

Propellers with 45 degrees outward angle used in inner tube of

Inner tube: hot air

Nu 0:001  Re0:7592  Pr 0:3904

M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 10751090

Swirl elements used in the entrance section of the inner pipe of

Inner tube: hot air

Heat transfer rates increased with decreasing diameters

Outer tube: cold

8500  Re  17; 500

Louvered strips with forward and backward arrangements

Inner tube: hot water

Outer tube: cold

6000  Re  42; 000

Zhang et al. [42]

Simultaneous use of helical fins and vortex generators on the

Inner tube: hot water

Simultaneous use of helical fins and vortex generators

Outer tube: cold air

The pressure drop will sharply increase when shorter

f 1:82 logReT 1:64

5000 Re 6 25; 000; Pr > 3; 0:39 H=di 0:65

e 0:20487 Re0:1982 Pr0:0912

Nu 0:001 Re0:7592 Pr 0:3904

8500 Re 17; 500

6000 Re 42; 000

6627 Re 13; 387

6000 Re 12; 000

6000 Re 12; 000

6000 Re 12; 000