S T E E L C O M M I T T E E OF CALIFORNIA

T E C H N I C A LI N F O R M A T I O N & P R O D U C T S E R V I C E

JANUARY 1987

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGNWITH METAL DECK

INTRODUCTION
The American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC) Specification has long recognized the use of
composite construction. In the Third Edition of the
Manual, 1936, steel beams were entirely encased in
concrete for composite development.
The 1963
AISC Specification contained provisions for both encased beams and beams with only a concrete slab on
the top flange. The entire horizontal shear between
the slab and steel beam was assumed to be transferred by shear connectors welded to the top flange
of the beam.
The composite design provisions of the 1969
AISC
Specifications contained
provisions for
complete and incomplete (or partial) composite
development.
The 1978 AISC Specification was
expanded to include design provisions for composite
construction with formed metal deck. Since most
steel framed buildings use metal decking as part of
the floor system, it was only natural that the
specification recognize this type of construction.
This paper will present typical composite design
examples using metal deck.
Both partial and
complete development will be considered. It is wellknown that composite design can reduce the size of
the supporting steel beam and/or keep deflections
within acceptable limits. Realistic savings can often
be made with the use of partial composite action.

Section 1.11.5. Composite Beams or Girders with

Formed Steel Deck
Composite construction of concrete slabs on
formed steel deck connected to steel beams or
girders shall be designed by the applicable portions
of Sects. 1.11.1 through 1.11.4, with the following
modifications.
1.11.5.1

. Section 1.11.5 is applicable to decks with

nominal rib height not greater than 3 inches.
.

The average width of concrete rib or haunch,

w r, shall not be less than 2 inches, but shall
not be taken in calculations as more than the
minimum clearwidth near the top of the steel
deck. See Sect. 1.11.5.3, subparagraphs 2
and 3, for additional provisions.

. The concrete slab shall be connected to the

steel beam or girder with welded stud shear
connectors 3/4-inch or less in diameter
(AWS D1.1-77, Section 4, Part F). Studs
may be welded through the deck or directly
to the steel member.
.

AISC Specification
Sections 1.11.5 and 1.11.5.1 of the AISC
Specification pertaining to composite design with
metal deck have been included for a quick reference.
The deck ribs can be oriented perpendicular or
parallel to the steel beam or girder. Design rules for
the deck orientation are summarized in Table 1 (see
page 2, top).

General

6.

Stud shear connectors shall extend not less

than I 1/2 inches above the top of the steel
deck after installation.
Total slab thickness, including ribs, shall be
used in determining the effective width of
concrete flange. ,
The slab thickness above the steel deck shall
not be less than 2 inches.

TABLE 1
AISC RULES - FORMED METAL DECK

ITEM

RIBS PERPENDICULAR

1. Concrete Area Below

Top of Deck

RIBS PARALLEL

NEGLECT

2. Stud Reduction Factor

INCLUDE

0 85

Wr
Hs
(Nr)l/2 ( - r ) ( - r -1)

Wr
06 ( - r - r ) ( r S - 1 )

3 Maximum Stud Spacing

32 in

NOT SPECIFIED

4 Deck Welding

16 m

NOT SPECIFIED

5 Minimum Width of Rb

Typical

Design

2 m.

Problems

DEPENDS ON Nr

Solution.

Example 1. Design a composite interior floor beam

(no cover plate) for an office building See beam A in
Figure 1.

1. Bending Moments:
a Construction loads:

Slab
Steelbeam(assumed)
Total

40'

BA I

= 054 kEps/ft2
= 003 "
= 057 "

MD-- 2/w____(.057x10x30) (30x12)

8

=770k]pm

b Loads applied after concrete has hardened.

30'

ML =

wL2 (.13x10x30)(30x12)
8 8

=175Skip-in

(Due to possible actual loading, no reducbon in hve

loads were considered for these beams )
c. Mmax = MD + ML= 770 + 1755 = 2525 kip-in.

Figure 1
2 Maximum shear.
Given: Span length, L = 30 ft.
Beam Spacing, s = 10 ft.
Slab thickness, t = 5.5 m.
Concrete: f'c -- 3 0 ksi
Concrete Weight = 145 pcf (n = 9)
Steel: Fy= 50 ksi
3 inch rfietal deck, ribs perpendicular
to beam
No shoring permitted

V = 10( 057 + .13) (30/2) = 28 1 kips

3. Effective width of concrete slab (AISC, para. 1 11 1)
b = L/4 = (30 x 12)/4 = 90 inches
b = s = 10 x 12 = 120 inches
b = 16t + bf = (16 x 5 5) + 6 0 in (assumed) = 94 in.

Loads: Concrete slab including reinforcing

steel and metal deck. . . . . . . . 54 Ibs/ft2
Mechanical ......................
4 "
Ceiling
.......................
6 "
Partition ........................ 2 0 "
Live ............................... 1 0 0 "

Page 2 Steel Tips January 1987

The 90 inch width governs.

Section
W18x35
Concrete

4. Required section moduti:

For MD + ML, Str= 2525 = 76 5 in 3
33
For MD, Ss - 770 _233m3
33

5 From the "Composite Beam Selection Table"1

for plain slabs:
Select W18x35, Str = 97 3 m 3 > 76 5 m 3
(required) o k
AWl 6x31 beam satisfies the required section
modulus but does not meet the desired depth
to span ratio of Fy/800. (See Commentary Sect 1.13.1)
Sectton properties of W18x35
Ss = 57 6 in 2 A s 10 3 n. 2 tf = 425 m.
Is=510m.4 d = 1 7 7 m , tw= 30m.
TM

A
10 3
25 0
353

Y
8 85
21 95
18.13

AY
91.2
548 8
6400

Yb =18.13in,ds=18 13 -8 85 =9 28m
dc=21 95- 18.13 =3 82in.
Io (For transformed concrete slab) = bh3/12n
Io = (90) (2 5)3/(12)(9) = 130 m.4
Io [for steel beam) = 510 in '+
Itr = T Ad2 + T. Io
d
Ad2
Io
Sectton
A
510
W18x35 10 3 928 8870
13
Concrete 25 0 3 82 364 8
1251.8 + 523 = 17748
Itr = 1775 m.4
b Section Moduh'
1775
Str - 18 13
St =

- 97 9 In.3

1775
(3 82 + 1 25)

6. Calculate composite design sechon properties:

= 350 in.3

7 Check concrete stress'

a. Moment of InertIa.
Ac= b(tc) = 90 x 2 5 = 225 in 2
A'c = Ac/n = 225/9 = 25 0 m. 2
Ys = d/2 = 17 7/2 = 8 85 n
Yc = d + hr + tc/2 = 17 7 + 3 0 + 2 5/2=21 95 in

1755
0 557 ksl < 1 35 ksi o k
fc = (350)(9) 8. Check steel stress:
Total load Str = 97 9 in 3 > 76 5 In.3 o k
Dead Load Ss --576m3>233m.3 o k

b
b

.!

'1

28(0
1 30) = 5 29 ksz < 20 ks o k
Web shear, fy - (17 7)
9. Check deflectEons
5wL4

c
--

ML2
-

384EI

1920 I

(770) (30)2 = 0 71 m < 1 00 in o k.

A D - (1920)(510)

Figure 2
(1755)(30) 2 = 0 464 in. < 3'0
AL= (1920)(1775)

o.k 2

10. Check to determine if shores are required:

(AISC 1.11-2)
1755
Str max = _
( 1.35 + 0.35 7 - - /
124 in.3>

979

(57.6) =124 m.3

in.3

No shores are required.

Flguro 3
1AISC Manual 8th Edit{on, page 2-109

2Long term deflection due to creep is not considered

significant.

Steel Tips January 1987 Page 3

11. Calculate the number of shear connectors

required for full composite action.
Assume 3/4-nch diameter by 41/2 inch long studs.
Maximum stud diameter unless located drectly over
the web s 2 5tI = 2.5 x 0 425 =1 06 m > 0 75 m o k

Loads: Concrete slab including reinforcing

steel and metal deck . . . . . 54 Ibs/ft2
Mechanical
4 "
Ceiling
6 "
Partition20"
IJve-100"

a Total horizontal shear:

Concrete Vh = 0 85f'c

= .85 x 3 x - = 287 kips

(AISC 1.11-3)

I_

Steel.

b/n

=258k, ps

(AISC 1.11-4)
Since the shear due to the steel area is less and
governs, the number of studs will be based on 258 kips.
Yb

b. Calculate the stud reduction factor forthe deck nbs

perpend,cular to the beam.

.I

d
d,
mm

t Y s F'"'

Reduct'on Factor - 0 85
(W-r) r
)
(Nr) l/2
-1 _< 1.0
(AISC 1.11-8)
Figure 5 ,

Assume. Nr = 1, Hs = 4.5 in., wr = 4 m.

Given: hr= 3 m.
Reduction Factor = 0
(1) 1/2 k3/k3

Soluhon:
-1) = 0 565

q = (11 5) (.565) = 6 5 kips per stud

1. Bending Moments.
a. Construction loads.

N1 = Vh/q= 258/6 5 = 39.7

Use 80 - 3/4 in. diameter by 41/2 tach studs (40 on
each side of mid-span).
Example 2. Design a composite intenor grder (no
cover plate) for an office building. See gmrder B in
Figure 1. The 3-inch deck nbs are onented parallel to
the girder. Grder is assumed loaded as shown in
Rgure 4.

w,/ft.

/
[

Slab
Steel beam (assumed)
Total

= .054 kps/ft 2
-- 0 0 3 "
=.057"

Assume steel girder weighs 100 lbs/ft = .1 kap/ft.

(Approx. 3 Ibs./ft2)
PD = 0.057 kips/ft2 (10) (30) = 17 1 kps

MD-

wL2
8

PL _-1(40)2(12)
(17 1)(40)(12)

8
+
2

MD = 240 + 4104 = 4344 kip-in.

4 e 10 = 40'

Ftguro 4
Given: Span length, L = 40 ft.
Beam spacing, s = 30 ft.
Slab thickness, t = 5.5 m.
Concrete: f'c = 3.0 ksi
Concrete weight = 145 pcf (n = 9)
Steel: Fy = 50 ksi
3 inch rfietal deck, ribs are parallel to girder
No shoring permitted

Page4 Steel T/ps January 1987

b. Loads applied afterconstruction:

Reduce live load for large area supported by girder.
Total dead load = 57 + 3 = 60

R = 23.1 (1 + D/L) = 23 1 (1 + 60/130) = 34%

(UBC-1985)
Live load reduction factor = 34%
P = 0.13 x 10 x 30 x 0.66 = 25.7 kips.

ML = PL
2

25.7x40x12
2

=6168kip-in.

c. Mmax = MD + ML=4344+6168 = 10512 kp-m.

2. Maximum Shear.
V = [(.13 x 66) + (.057 + .003)]30 x 40/2 = 87 5 kips

3. Effecbvewdth of concrete slab' (AISC, para. 1.11.1)

b = L/4 = (40 x 12)/4 = 120 hnches

Y b = 2 2 23 m.,ds = 22.23 - 13 4 6 = 8 77m

c = 31.1 7 - 22.23 = 8.94 in,
!o (For transformed concrete slab) = bh3/12n
Io = (98)(2.5)3/(12)(9) = 14.2 m.4
Io (For steel beam) = 3270 m.4
Itr = [ Ad2 + T Io
Sechon
W27x94
Concrete

= (16 x 5.5) + 10.0 in. (assumed) = 98 in.

The 98 tach width governs.

4. Requ:red secbon moduli.

FOrMD+ML ' Str _ 10,512
33

Ad2
Io
2130
3270
2174
14
4304 + 3284 = 7588

Itr = 7588 in. 4

b = s = 30 x 12 = 360 inches
b = 16t + bf

A
d
27.7 8 7 7
27.2 8.94

- 319 m.3

*NOTE. Only the area above the metal deck has been
used to calculate the transformed section properties
A more refined method of using all of the concrete
area is usually not warranted. Neglecting the concrete
in the nb area is slightly conservabve.
For thzs
example, takmg all of the concrete into account
decreased the deflection about 5% and the concrete
stress about 15%
b. Sechon Moduli

FOrMD, Ss -

4344
33

=132in.3
Str

5. From the "Composite Beam Selectton Table"3 for

plain slabs:
St=

7588
2223

- 341m3

7588
(8 94+1.25)

= 745m'3

Select W27x94, Str = 342 in.3 > 319 m.3 (Requtred)

7 Check concrete stress:

Section properties of W27x94'

Ss = 2 4 3 i n 3
A=27.71n2 tf =.745m.
Is = 3270 m.4 d = 26.92 m. tw = .490 in.
6 Calculate composate design section properties

Ac = Concrete above deck (88x2 5)

Concrete tn deck area (3x44)
Concrete over girder (10x5 5)
Total

=
=
=
=

220 m 2
132 m.2
55 in,2
407 m.2

AC' = Ac/n = (98 x 2.5)/9 = 27.2 m.2 .

Ys = d/2 = 26 92/2 = 13.46 in.
Yc =d + hr + tc/2 = 26.92 + 3.0 + 2.5/2 =31.17 in.
A
27 7
27 2
54.9

6 1 = 0 9 2 k s l < 1 3 5 k s i ok.
(745)(9)

8. Check steel stress:

Totalload 'Str=341 m.3>319in.3 o k.
Dead load- Ss = 243 m 3> 132 m.3 o.k.

a. Moment of Inertia

Section
W27x94
Concrete

fc-

Y
13.46
31.17
22.23

AY
372 8
847.8
1220.6

3AISC MANUAL, 8th Edbon, page 2-108.

87 5
= 6 63 ksi o.k,
Web shear, fy = (26 92)(0.49)
9 Check deflections.
=

5wL4
384El

19PL3
384 El

5(.1 )(40)(40)3(12) 3
= 384(29000)(3270)

19(17.1)(480) 3
+ 384(29000)(3270)

AD = .0607 +.9867=1.047m. o.k.

19PL3

19(25 7)(480)3

384EItr - 384(29000)(7588)

L4
=0.639 in. < 360

"--" 4 Deflection due to long term creep is not considered

signhcant.

Steel T/ps January 1987 Page 5

10 Check to determine f shores are required.

(ALSO 111-2)
Str max =

6168
1.35 + 0 35 4 3 4 4 !

N2=

(243) = 449 m.3

449 m.3 > 341 m.3 No shores are required

11. Calculate the numberof shear connectors
required for full composite action.

N2=

N1

13 - I

-1)

; 13= Str/Ss =341/243=1 4

46[(4626 X 1 4/6168) -1]

I 4-1

=5 75

Since 6 studs is less than the number of studs

required for N1, formula 1.11-7 does not apply

Assume 3/4 inch dameter by 41/2 inch long studs

Partial Composite Construction

a Total horizontal shear:

,%.

- 407
Concrete. Vh = 0.85f'c -- = .85 x ; x -2- = 519 kps
Example 3 Design beam A, Example 1, using partial
composite action.

(AISC 1.11-3)
Steel Vh = As __FY = 27.7 x -- = 693 kips
2

Given. Same data as Example 1.

(ALSO 1.11-4)
Since the shear due to the concrete area s less and
governs, the number of studs wdl be based on
519 kips.
b. Calculate the stud reducbon factor forthe deck
nbs oriented parallel to the girder.

Reduction Factor= 0 6 ( r/hrWr'-

(AISC 1.11-9)
(wr )
(hr)

-1.0) < 1 0

9 - 3>1.5
3

Soluhon: Steps 1 through 6 are the same as Example

1. The maximum calculated shear due to dead and Iwe
Icad is 28.1 kips Full composite acbon was based on
the steel area, and therefore the honzontal shear s
258 Ips as determined by AISC formula 1 11-4
In order to dlustrate the reduchon in the number of
shear studs required, partal composite acbon wdl be
considered 75%, 50%, and 25% development f appropnate. It should be noted that 25% s the minimum
level permitted by AISC
a. 75% development
Serf = Ss + [V'h/Vh]l/2 (Str- Ss)

Since this rabo s larger than 1.5 no reduction in stud

shearvalue is necessary. (wr was assumed 9 roches,
the actual wdth will probably be closer to the flange
wdth or 10 roches.)

V'hN h = 0 75

Allowable Icad per stud = 11.5 kips.

92.5 m. 3 > 76.5 m.3 o.k.

NI= 519/11 5 = 45.1 Use 92 studs per girder, 46 on

each sde of mid-span.
c. Due to concentrated loads check stud spacing:

N =V'h/q = (.75 x 258)/6 5 = 29 8

Serf

( AISC 1 11-1)

= 57.6 + [.7511/2(97.9 - 57.6) = 92 5 m.3

Use 60 - 3/4 inch diameter by 41/2 tach long studs

(30 on each side of md-span).

Mrnax = 6168 in.-kips at md- span

Moment at concentrated Icad 10 feet from support:
M = 3PLJ8 = (3 x 25.7 x 40 x 12)/8 = 4626 in. leps
Check for N2 (the number of studs required between
the concentrated Icad and the point of zero moment):
(AISC 1 11-7)

Check Deflection.
l e tf = !s + [V'h/Vh]l/2(Itr - Is)

(AISC 1 11-6)

l e tf = 510 +[.75)1/2(1775-510) = 1606 m.4

'L = (1775/1606)(0 464) = 0 513 m.
0 5131n <L/360= 1 00in. o k.

Page 8 Steel T/ps January 1987

b. 50% development:

Example 4. Check girder B to determine if partial

composite action would decrease the number of
shear studs.

V'h/Vh = 0.50
Serf = 57.6 + [.5011/2(97.9-57.6) = 86.1 in.3

Given: Same data as Example 2.

86.1 in.3 > 76.5 in.3 o.k.

Solution: From AISC Formula 1.11-1 - (Assume Serf =
required Sir); rearrange Formula 1.11-1 and solve for
V'h.
Vh (Serf-Ss)2
V'h=
( s i r ' Ss)2

N = V'h/q = (.50 x 258)/6.5 = 19.8

Use 40 - 3/4 inch diameter by 41/2 inch long studs
(20 on each side of mid-span).
Check Deflection:
left

= 510 + [.5011/2(1775-510) = 1404 in.4

V 'h =

519(319 -243)2
(341 -243)2

= 312 kips

AL = (1775/1404)(0.464) = 0.587 in.

0.587 in. < L/360 = 1.00 in, o.k.

V 'h

312

Vh

519

- .60 or 60% development

c. 25% development
N = (312)/(11.5) =' 27,1 or 28'studs on each side of
mid-span

V'h/Vh = 0.25
Serf = 57.6 + [.2511/2(97,9 -57.6) = 77.7 in.3

Check Deflection:

77.7 in. 3 76.5 in.3 o.k.

left = 3270 + [.6011/2(7588 - 3270) = 6615 in.4

N = V'h/q = (.25 x 258)/6.5 = 9.9

'L = .0639(7588/6615) = 0.733 in.

Use 20 - 3/4 inch diameter by 41/2 inch long studs

(10 on each side of mid-span).

0,733 in < L/360 = 1.33 in. o.k.5

Check Deflection:
left = 510 + [.25] 1/2 (1775-510) = 1143 in.4
5Deflection due to long term creep is not considered
significant.

AL = (1775/1143)(0.464) = 0.721 in.

0.721 in. < L/360 = 1.00 in. o.k.

TABLE 2
S U M M A R Y OF STUD REQUIREMENTS
Composite

Construction

Full Vh
100%

75%

Partial Vh
60%

50%

25%

Beam A
Total Studs
Required

80

60

48

40

20

LL Def. in.

0.464

0.513

0.587

0.721

Girder B
Total Studs
Required

92

68

56

LL Def.in.

0.639

0.692

0.733

0.553

Will not develop

required shear transfer

SteelTips January 1987 Page 7

GENERAL DISCUSSION
Composite construcbon on medium to long spans can
be used to reduce construction costs Where appropnate the use of parbal composite acbon wdl generate additional savings As noted in Table 2, 40 to 60% of the
shear studs mght be ehmmated when only the studs required for the assumed loading condibons are considered
Following are some general observations that should
be cons;tiered when using composite construction.
1 In most cases, composite construcbon should be
constdered for spans 25 feet and longer
2 It s more economical to use a rolled beam on shorter
spans than a rolled beam with a cover plate Long span
beams or girders fabricated from three plates may have
the bottom flange smaller than the top flange. Be sure
the top flange is large enough to support all constructzon
loads unbl the concrete has obtained its required
strength
3. The composite design tables in AISC for plato slabs
can be used for preliminary estimates of required transformed sechon modulus when using metal deck.

4 For most condbons in steel framed bufidngs, only

the concrete above the metal deck need be consJdered
when determining the section properbes Ths assumphon is slightly conservatwe However concrete below
the top of the metal deck s to be included an calculating
the concrete area for honzontal shear (AISC Formula

I 11-3)
5 References 2 and 3 point out addrt,onal refinements
that can be made to gve a more accurate ndicaton of
the deflections and stress levels
6 Composite beams should be designed as self
supporting for most bufiding construcbon Except for
unusual condJbons shonng should not be required as ft
is too expensive The shonng may cost more than the
sawngs generated by composite construction
On long spans, consideration must be given to the
weight of additonal concrete' due to deflectEon of the
gtrder when no shores are used Girders or beams on
long spans should be cambered to reduce the extra
concrete and dead load due to the members deflection

GENERAL NOMENCLATURE
Ac

Actual area of effective concrete flange in

composite design (square inches)

Ac'

Effecbve area of concrete diwded by modular

rabo (in 2)

MD Moment produced by dead load

ML Moment produced bylve load

As

Area of steel beam in composite design On 2)

Modulus of eiasbcity of steel (29,000 kps per

square inch)

Fy

Hs

left

Specified minimum yield stress of the type of

steel being used (kips per square inch)
Length of a stud shear connector after welding
(inches)
Effective moment of inertia of composite secbons
for deflection computations (inches4)

lo

Moment of inertia of steel beam or concrete fill for

its effectwe flange width (inches4)

Itr

Moment of inertia of transformed composite

section (in.4)

Page 8 Steel Tips January 1987

Nr

Number of stud shear connectors on a beam En

one nb of metal deck, not to exceed 3 n
calculations

N1

Number of shear connectors required between

point of maximum moment and point of zero
moment

N2

Number of shear connectors required between

concentrated load and point of zero moment

Serf Effectwe section modulus corresnding to

partial composite action (inches')
Ss

Section modulus of steel beam used in

composite design, referred to the bottom flange
(inches3)

Section modulus of transformed composrte cross

section, referred to the top of concrete (inches3)

G E N E R A L N O M E N C L A T U R E (cont/nued)
Str SectIon modulus of transformed composite
cross section, referred to the bottom flange;
based upon maximum permitted effecbve width
of concrete flange (inches3)
Vh Total honzontal shear to be resisted by
connectors under full compos;te action (kips)
V'h Total horizontal shear provided by the
connectors mn prowding parhal composIte action
(kips)
b

Effectwe width of concrete flange

bf

Flange wdth of rolled beam or plate girder

(Inches)

fc

Concrete compression working stress (kzps per

square inch)

f'c

Specified compressive strength of concrete

(kps per in.2)

fv

Computed shear stress (kxps per square tach)

hr Nominal nb height for steel deck (roches)

n

Modular ratio (BE c)

Allowable horizontal shear to be resisted by a

shear connector (kps)

tf

Flange thtckness (inches)

tw 'V thfckness (inches)

w r Average wdth of nb or haunch of concrete slab on
formed steel deck 0nches)
8

Rabo Str/Ss or Serf/Ss

Displacement of the neutral axis of a loaded

member from ts posaton when the member s
not loaded (inches)

REFERENCES
1 Manual of Steel Construction, EJghth EdJtlon, AISC,
Chicago, 1980
2 Effectwe Width Criteria for Composite Beams Vallemlla and Bjorhovde, AISC Engmeenng
Journal, 4th Quarter, 1985, Vol. 22, No. 4.
3. Concrete Slab Stresses in Partml Composite
Beams and Grders - Lorenz and Stockwell, AISC
Engmeenng Journal, 3rd Quarter, 1984, Vol 21,
No 3.
4 Compomte Beams with Formed Steel Deck - Grant,
Slutter and Fsher, AISC Engineenng Journal, 1 st
Quarter, 1977, Vol 14, No. 1.
5 Comparative Tests on Composite Beams wrth
Formed Metal Deck - Allan, Yen, Slutter, and Fisher,
Fntz Engineering Laboratory Report No.
200.76 456.1, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.,
Dec. 1976.
6. Partal-lnteraction Design of Composite Beams Johnson and May, The Structural Engineer, Vol.
53, No 8, Aug 1975.

Analyszs of Tests of Composite Steel and

Concrete Beams with Mahon Steel Decking Errera, Structural Engineenng Department,
Cornell Umversty, Ithaca, New York, Dec 1967

Tests of Laghtweght Concrete Members wth Metal

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Steel T/ps January 1987 Page 9