Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BASIC COURSE
PREFACE
Shona is one of the two principal languages
of Rhodesia, and extends also into adjacent areas
of Mdzambique. It consists of a number of dialects,
but a standardized form of the language, based on
the Zezuru, Manyika, and Korekore dialects, is generally used in printed materials.
These dialects
differ from one another in pronunciation (including
tones) and in vocabulary, but they are in general
agreement with respect to the underlying grammatical
system.
One feature of this book is the attempt to
represent simultaneously in the transcription several different pronunciations, in tone as well as in
vowels and consonants.
The present volume is one of a series of short
Basic Courses in selected African languages, prepared by the Foreign Service Institute, under an agreement with the Office of Education, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, under provisions of
the National Defense Education Act.
It is intended
to give the student a start in Shona, providing him
with dialogues that relate to some of the situations
in which he is likely to use the language, as well
as with systematic practice on all major points of
grammar. Emphasis is placed on leading the student
to assume increasing amounts of responsibility and
initiative as he progresses through the book.
The linguist in charge of this project has been
Earl W. Stevick.
Shona texts, exercises, and tape
voicings were furnished by Mr. and Mrs. Matthew
Mataranyika.
The tape recordings which accompany
this course were prepared in the language laboratory
of the Foreign Service Institute under the direction
of Gabriel Cordova.
Howard E.
SOllenberger,~
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FOREWORD
Certain comments may be useful concerning the content and
the form of this course.
Shona Basic Course is intended for general use by adult
foreigners who want to learn Shona.
several important varieties of the language, with clear standardization only in regard to orthography, it is strictly speaking
impossible to write a course in 'Shona'.
the lines so that each user of the book may add further changes
in accordance with the usage of his own teacher.
The Shona dialogues and exercises were assembled during an
intensive but brief period of collaboration in the summer of
1963.
of the American member of the team, who assumes full responsibility for errors of fact, form, and organization.
The writers gratefully acknowledge the help gained from
consulting An Analytical Grammar of Shona, by G. Fortune, and
Standard Shona Dictionary, edited by M. Hannan.
Washington, D. C.
June, 1965
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notes..................................................
11
12
3
Dialogue
19
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
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Unit
4
Dial ague. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Notes
24
Singular and plural nouns.
Additional subject prefixes.
A third tonal class of verbs.
Use of practice conversations.
Unit
5
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Notes.................................................
34
6
Dial ague. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51 ~
65
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
unit
8
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
85
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
97
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
a log u e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notes...............
106
106
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Unit 12
Dialogue
117
Nate
118
Dialogue
125
Notes
126
Dialogue
135
Note
138
Dialogue
145
Note
147
Dialogue
156
Notes
157
13
unit
14
Object prefixes.
unit 16
Unit
17
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
Locative prefixes.
/-robo-/.
Unit 18
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
175
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 77
/--wo/.
The connective /na/ with personal pronouns.
unit 19
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
186
195
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196
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Unit 21
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
203
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
206
214
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
216
Reflexive verbs.
The nonconcordial prefix Is-I.
Unit
23
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
224
Notes.................................................
227
Passive verbs.
The '/-chi-/ participiai' form of verbs.
Unit 24
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
236
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
237
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Unit 25
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
246
Notes.................................................
248
2 56
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
257
265
Note
267
Tonal participial forms of the verb.
Unit 28
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
276
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
277
0/.
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unit
29
Dialogue .
Notes
288
289
Notes .....
298
300
Subjunctive.
Hortative.
Tonal participials used after the linking prefix.
Unit
31
313
Dialogue.
Note
314
The prefix
/sa-/
in titles.
Unit 32
Dialogue.
321
Notes ....
322
Agentive nouns.
Negative commands.
Tones of participial verbs in the /-a-/ tense.
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Unit 33
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
330
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
331
338
Unit 35
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
345
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
346
Note s
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354
unit 37
Dialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
362
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
363
368
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372
379
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
384
40...................................................
400
unit 41
Uni t
389
42................................................... 408
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Un it
43...................................................
.
427
45...................................................
433
unit 44
Un it
unit 46
Un i t
441
47................................................. .. 449
unit 48 ...................................
unit
415
49
Glossary
460
470
482
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UNIT 1
UNIT 1
BASIC DIALOGUE
In this dialogue, a married man (Role A) and
a married woman (Role B) exchange perfunctory greetings. The
time is morning.
A procedure for use with each new basic dialogue.
1. The student should not look at the dialogue until
after he has learned to pronounce it very well. He should
not even glance at it briefly. If he looks at it too soon, he
will almost certainly hear -- or think he hears--the sounds
for which the letters stand in English or in some other European language. If he waits until after he has learned to
pronounce the Shona, he will have given his ear an opportunity
to hear the sounds as they are really pronounced by his tutor.
I
2.
The tutor should begin by reading the entire dialogue aloud two or three times. The student should listen
carefully, without trying to repeat. The tutor should speak
at all times at a normal conversational speed. He should avoid
speaking more slowly or more distinctly than he would ever speak
with other persons for whom Shona is the mother tongue.
3.
I
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UNIT 1
se~yi
se~yl
varara
se~yi
varara
se~yi
vapwere
b. If a student still makes a mistake in pronunciation, the tutor should correct him by repeating correctly the
word that the student mispronounced. So, for example.
Tutor:
Ndarara' zvangu.
Students
Tutor.
Student:
Tutors
Zvangu.
~
/\
Ndarara zvangu.
Student:
Ndarara zvangu.
4.
5.
Reading aloud.
Now, for the first time, students should open their
2
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UNIT 1
books and read aloud after the tutor. When they can do this
easily, they may practice reading aloud independently.
6.
"'
--
Mangwananl mal.
Mangwananl baba.
[
A
M\jarara here?
Ndarara zvangu.
(!
[
B
[-::
B
slept) [fine].
--]
3
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UNIT 1
1.
Ndarara zvangu.
If one ignores the pitches of the syllables, one will
still find a kind of prominence which is associated with the
syllable /he/ in the first sentence and with /zva/ in the
second. As far as pitch is concerned, /he/ is relatively low,
while /zva/ is relatively high. What the two syllables have
in common, then, is not pitch. It is rather a combination
of extra force of articulation and extra duration. This kind
of prominence will be called 'accent. t The accent generally
falls on the next to last syllable before a pause. In some
styles of speech, the physical realization of accent is a
quite noticeable prolongation of the vowel of the syllable.
The student should notice whether this is true of his own tutor.
2.
- -
[
M~arara
here?
- ]
Ndarara zvangu.
Pitch differences of this kind are of great importance
in Shona. Sometimes, pitch is the only audible difference between two words of entirely different meanings:
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[ -
UNIT 1
-]
nhanga
tpumpkin t
- ]
nhanga
tyard!
- -
-]
kuchera
[-
Ito dig l
- ]
kuchera
-]
munda
[-
-]
munda
[
--
tfield l
tit is a field t
-]
vaenda
1they went!
[ - - - ]
vaenda
[ - - -]
vaenda
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UNIT 1
I'
I'
- ]
Ndarara zvangu.
A syllable is also said to have high tone if it has
the same pitch as an adjacent high tone. An example is the
last syllable of:
,
I'
vapwere
I'
I'
vapwere or vapwere
The student will have noted that acute and grave accents
are not the only marks which appear over the vowels in the basic
dialogue. The reason is that, although all speakers of Shona
use high and low tones, they do not all agree in the tone to be
assigned to each syllable. Variations in use of the tones constitute one of the most interesting set of differences among
the Shona dialects.
In a course of this kind, it would be impossible to
represent all of the tonal patterns that may be heard in various
parts of Mashonaland. In order to increase the usefulness of
the book, however, an attempt has been made to show at least
two major systems of tone use. One of these is characteristic
of a relatively central area, while the other is more typical
of eastern practice.
In interpreting the marks v and A , the student should
imagine a line running vertically through the center of the
symboli
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UNIT 1
3.
7
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VNIT 1
4.
5.
When the letter v is not adjacent to some other consonant letter, it may stand for any of three sounds, depending
on dialect.
In a major part of the central area, it stands for a
voiced labiodental sound which is not a stop and, if a fricative, has very light friction. It contrasts both with the
velar /w/ and with the voiced and voiceless labiodental fricatives written/vhland/f~
Other speakers use a sound much like the one just described except it is bilabial instead of labiodental.
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UNIT
6.
7.
The student should listen carefully to the pronunciation of h in the word !here!. The English sound at the beginning of the word hair is an unvoiced sound. The Shona
sound in !here! is like it except that it is voiced and that
it always has low pitch. These characteristics may cause it
to impress the student as theavyt.
The letter h stands for this kind of sound except in
the combinations sh, zh, ch, vh.
8.
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by low tone:
/ndarara/ plus /zvangu/ Is pronounced /ndarara zvangu/.
This alternation will be written /ndarara' zvangu/. (Practice
on this point will be found in Unit 2.)
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UNIT
UNIT 2
BASIC DIALOGUE
In this dialogue, a woman (Role A) and a
man (Role B) are greeting one another in the morning. These
greetings are a bit more formal than those in the dialogue
of Unit 1.
Remember that the student should:
Listen first, book closed.
Then imitate without knowing the
meanings of the new sentences.
Then imitate as he learns the meanings.
Then open his book and read aloud.
Then learn to take both roles.
,
shewe
courteous form of
address used by
women
-, - ]
,
,
Mangwanani shewe.
,
chirombowe
[ -
[ -
Good morning!
courteous form of
address used by
men
- -
Good morning'
Mangwananl chIrombowe.
[
A
- ]
, ,
aiwa
courteous expression
of diffidence or
dissent
, ,
zvitambo
[
B
-"
rnhuri (9,10)
11
UNIT 2
[-----
A
1.
-]
[=Varara'zvavo
]
zvakanaka.
or:
, ,
", ,
"
--.
Ndiri kuenda kumunda.
or:
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UNIT 2
2.
3.
m~arara
they slept
The stem of the verb that means tto sleept is frara/. The
first fa! in each of these verb forms is characteristic of
past tense forms. The subject prefixes are represented in
thes e words by !ndl t I r, !mltJl !you (pl.) r, and !v'; t they i
The form of these prefixes will be discussed more fully in
Unit S , Note 1
It should be noted also that the third person subject prefix has a high tone, while the first and second
person prefixes have low tone.
The personal subject prefixes for use in this tense
are the following:
Singular
,
nd-
Plural
t-
w-
#(lack of any ,
prefix) or w-
mwv-
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UNIT 2
4.
/\
Ndarara zvangu.
The usual equivalent that is given for /zvangu/ as it is
used here is las for me, in my fashion. t The effect of
using it in the above example is to make what one says more
gentle or more respectful. The same is true for /zvayo/,
/zvavo/, and the corresponding forms for other persons,
numbers and classes.
In Manyika, the corresponding words used in this
way begin with /h/, instead of /zv/.
5.
"
14
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UNIT 2
aiwa
zvitambo
baba
zvavo
mhuri yarara
varara
varara here?
mwarara
Group 1.
3. The tutor says the first sentence, and then the word
from the column of tcue words t , opposite the second sentence.
One of the students should reply with the second sentence.
The tutor then gives the cue word from the third line, and
so on through the entire series. Thus:
, ,
,
Tutor:
M~arara here?
, ,
Class:
M~arara
Tutor:
Senyi.
here?
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UNIT 2
.,
Tutor:
MwararaI' senyi?
, ,
Zvakanaka.
, ,
, ,
,
M~arara zvakanaka here?
, ,
Ndarara.
, ,
, ,
Ndarara zvakanaka.
,
Zvangu.
Student D:
Ndarara zvangu.
Student A:
Tutor:
Student B:
Tutor:
Student
c:
, ,,,
etc.
The drill has been completed when the student can
respond in this way, easily and correctly, to all the items
from the column of tcues t
For review of the same material without a live tutor,
the student may make use of an opaque card with a notch cut
out of one corner:
Mwarara senyi?
, ,
zvakanaka
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
zvakanaka
Mwarara zvakanaka here?
, ,
ndarara
II
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UNIT 2
Having done so, he receives immediate confirmation or correction of his own response and is simultaneously presented
with the next cue (ndarara).
If the card is turned over so that the notch is on
the right hand side, the English sentences may be used as a
second set of cues.
Materials for systematic practice.
Group 1.
"
Mwarara here?
senyi
, ,
zvakanaka
, ,
ndarara
zvangu
, ,
zvakanaka
, ,
warara
, ,\
, ,
zvakanaka
, ,
tarara
, ,
, ,
, ,
Ndarara zvakanaka.
, "
Ndarara zvangu.
, ,
, ,
Ndarara zvakanaka.
I slept well.
"
" here?
,
Warara
zvakanaka
) sleep well?
Did you (
sg.
Mwarara senyi?
/,
Warara
here
se~yi?
sg.
sleep?
"
,
Warara
here?
"
" here?
,
Warara
zvakanaka
) sleep well?
Did you (
sg.
, ,
, ,
Tarara zvakanaka.
We slept well.
17
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UNIT
Group 2.
,
baba
mal
,
baba na mal
~(
Y:
V"
mhuri
, ,
vapwere
"
,
Y: v,
"
Vapwere
varara
zvavo
18
UNIT 3
UNIT 3
BASIC DIALOGUE
[----
--]
"
,
Masikati
muzvare.
~
[-, - -,
, -]
Masikati shewe.
[ -
M~aswera
Good (mid)day.
- -]
here" shewe?
- ]
[ -, - ,- -]
waswerawo.
[ - , "
Baba vaswera
r-"
se~yi?
- ---]
, ,
, ,
,
here?
,
,
Mwaswera here?
"
M~arara
Speakers of Shona from the extreme eastern and southeastern parts of Rhodesia are likely to say / m~aswera
"
here'/ .
For such speakers, the two phrases cited above will not
illustrate the point being made in this note, but the isolated
words /mwarara/ and /mwaswera/ will.
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UNIT 3
"
Ndaswera zvangu kana mwaswerawo.
~,
",
Ndaswera zvangu kana mwararawo.
~
rr
3.
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UNIT
"
,
vaswera
senyi?
varara
.
senyi?
.
21
UNIT 3
"
. ( ,
Aiwa tarara zvedu
ZVlrlnane.
"
"
, ,
{ Aiwa
ndarara
zvangu zvirinane.
M~aswera
,
s.e:g.yi?
('
,
"
"
Aiwa
taswera
zvedu
zvirinane.
"
"
, ,
Aiwa
ndaswera
zvangu zvirinane.
Baba varara
, "
Baba vaswera
se~yi?
"
Aiwa
"
Mupwere ~aswera
,
,
Warara se~yi?
s~nyi?
.
waswera
.""
",
,
,
. ('
Aiwa ndarara zvangu ZVlrlnane.
("
",
, ,
Aiwa ndaswera zvangu zvirinane.
, ,
",
Aiwa, kana m~ararawo.
, ,
"
Aiwa, kana mwaswerawo.
o
Waswera se~yi?
,,/
,
M~arara here?
,
,
M~aswera here?
(
, "
, ,
Aiwa vaswera zvavo
,
here?
Exercise in the writing of tones.
Fill in the square brackets with short line segments
to represent the pitches of the individual syllables. Check
accuracy by reference to the sentences in the basic dialogues.
[
[
, ,
baba vaswera
ndaswera zvangu
mangwanani chirombowe
]
mhuri yarara zvakanaka here
se~yi
"
, ,
, , ]
vaswera zvavo zvirinane
aiwa zvitambo
22
UNIT
UNIT 4
BASIC DIALOGUE
mwana (1,2)
A
B
[-~
, -,
]
Masikati mwanangu.
- - ]
,
here" shewe?
Mwaswera
['"'\-
[- , - -, - ,]
Masikati baba.
[
child, offspring
--]
"
"
zvitambo.
Aiwa,
Oh, fine.
daughter
mUkunda (1,2)
- - ]
,
Wakadini mukunda?
[ B
"
,..,
penyu
alive
his, her
- -]
,
,
"
Mupenyu zvake.
[ -
Masikati baba.
Wakadinl mukunda?
M~aswera
here shewei
Mupenyu zvake.
Supplementary Vocabulary.
"
Muzvare
')!"
v\
~arara se~yi?
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UNIT 4
")t!
v,
'
")t!
v,
'
mukunda
vakunda
"
")t!
v,"
daughter
(plural of above)
, ,
'
Mukorore warara
senyi?
o
mukorore
"
,
"Jl v"
'
Vakorore
varara
senyi?
vakorore
v, '
Mhandara yarara senyi?
mhandara
, ,
")t!
Mhandara dzarara"senyi?
o
1.
(pl.
, , a
Mujaha war ra senyi?
, , v v, ,
Majaha arara se:r:yi?
Y\
son
,
mujaha
boy of 14 or more
majaha
(plural of above)
, ,
vakorore
majaha
mhandara
24
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
UNIT 4
mu-
mw-
before vowels
va-
v-
mu-
mw-
before vowels
mi-
mw-
before vowels
ch-
zvi-
zv-
10
11
ru-
12
ka-
13
rw-
before vowels
tu-
tw-
before vowels
14
hu- or u-
hw-
before vowels
15
ku-
kw-
before vowels
16
pa
17
ku
kw
before vowels
18
mu
mw
before vowels
UNIT
3.
PRO-VERBS.
The most conspicuous feature of the tonal behavior of
the pro-verbs is that the first syllable of the stem has the
26
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UNIT 4
(Exercise 3)
Vakadini?
but
Mwakadini?
, ,
, ,
muzvare
Muzvare
mukunda
, ,
mukorore
, ,
mupwere
wakadini?
, ,
wakadini?
,
wakadlni?
, ,
wakadini?
, ,
wakadini?
, ,
Mukunda
, ,
Mukorore
, ,
Mupwere
mujaha
MUjaha
mhandara
Mhandara yakadini?
,
,
yakadini?
Mhuri
mhuri
baba
Baba
,,
Mai
"(
mal
""
Vazvare vakadini?
,
,,,
Vakunda vakadini?
""
Vakorore vakadini?
"" ,
,
Vapwere vakadini?
(
Majaha" akadlni?
,
,
Mhandara dzakadini?
vakadini?
vakadini?
Group 2.
Sentences for systematic practice. Alternate substitution of subject and verbs. Concord between noun subject
and subject prefix. Follow instructions on p. '~f
waswera
"
""
,
Muzvare
waswera
here?
here?
mukunda
wakadini
, ,
mukorore
MUkunda wakadini?
"
,
,
Mukorore wakadini?
27
UNIT
" " ,
Mukorore waswera here?
waswera
mujaha
, "
,
Mujaha waswera here?
muzvare
Muzvare wakadlni?
Exercise 3.
Mwakadinl?
,
Wakadinl?
MUkunda wakadlni?
,
Baba vakadlni?
,
,
Wakadini?
, ,
Vakorore vakadini?
f
Majaha" akadlni?
"
Mhandara yakadini?
Exercise 4.
28
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UNIT 4
Ndarara zvangu.
Varara here baba?
Varara zvavo.
Exercise 5.
Read the following words aloud, making certain that
the tones are correct. Then mark the tones. Finally, write
the English equivalent opposite each word.
mukunda
vakunda
mukorore
mujaha
majaha
vakorore
vazvare
muzvare
mhandara
mwakadini
vakadini
mai
vana
mwana
A procedure for use with practice conversations.
The practice conversations which follow the systematic
practice material in Units 4 - ~O
are intended to provide
29
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UNIT 4
opportunities for guided practice in short connected dialogues. These materials contain no new words or grammatical
features.
The first column consists of an English summary of one
side of the dialogue. The middle column contains the Shona
expressions that are needed for that side of the dialogue.
The third column contains the other side of the same conversation.
1.
The student covers all of the page in his book except
the first column. The tutor leaves all three columns in his
book uncovered. The student gives a Shona expression which
carries out the first English instruction in Column 1. When
he has done so, the tutor replies with the next line from the
other side of the conversation. The student hears and understands this, and goes on to reply in accordance with the second
English instruction. They proceed in this way to the end of
the dialogue.
,
,
,
Masikati mukunda.
Mas:Lkat:L baba.
Mwaswera here
,
,
Ndaswera zvangu.
"
,
Vaswera
here" mai?
"
, ,
Vaswera zvavo.
30
UNIT 4
"
~aswera se~yi
, ,
mukorore?
Aiwa, waswera
(
zvirlnane.
Free Conversation.
A is a married man.
B is a married woman.
C is a boy of sixteen.
D is a girl of sixteen.
Practice greetings that would be appropriate between:
A and B
A and C
Band C
A and D
Band D
31
UNIT 5
-------------------------------,;.-'---UNIT
BASIC DIALOGUE
meeting; a greeting
from one traveller
to another
masanga (6)
[- - ,
Masanga
[ -
Hello'
--, -]
-,
Hello!
Masanga chIrombowe.
- - -_J
,
ch1rombowe.
munhu (1, 2)
person
ani
, ,
ndiani
who?
who is it?
"
[, -, ]
Munhu ndiani?
,,]
f
'
Ndlnl
John.
-gara
where?
-:. ]
Munogara pap'1?
,
, )
(or: Munogarepi?
[
B
,
"
Ndinogara
mwaRusapi.
[
A
,
Muri
]
I live in Rusape
-ita
to do
apo
there
, - - ]
kUite~yi
apo?
32
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UNIT 5
, ,
-sanda
[
B
to work
, muPost Office.
"
Ndinosanda
Supplementary vocabularyo
The new words given below are proper nouns and other
words which have to do with place. In learnin9 the ~ords,
it is necessary also to learn the prefixes (kwa-, mwa-,
mu-, pa-) which go with some of them. These prefix~s correspond roughly to certain English prepositions.
Munogara papr? }
(Munogarepi?)
, ,
,
pano (16)
,
,
Nyadire
~
Ndinogara pano.
,
, ,
Ndinogara kwaNyadire o
,
,
Ndinogara kwaMutare.
here
Nyadiri
Mutare
Umtali
6)
guta (5,
Ndinogara muguta.
Ndinogara muSakubva.
Sakubva
Ndinogara muHarare.
,
,
Ndinogara m~aRusapi.
,
Ndinogara pahosipitari.
,
Ndinogara pakamba.
area near
Umtali
,
Harare
Salisbury
Rusapi
Rusape
kamba (9,
6)
(16)
Ndinogara patyo.
patyo
Ndinogara kure.
kure
Ndinogara chinhambo.
chinhambo
33
city
police camp
near
(17)
far
(7)
a short distance
UNIT 5
Supplementary vocabulary.
basa
(5,6)
work
Munolta basa~yi?
Low verbs.
Ndinor'!ma.
kurima
Ndinochaira.
kuchaira
to drive (a vehicle)
Ndinow~za.
kuweza
to work wood, do
carpentry
Ndinor'fuisa.
kurimisa
Ndinorapa.
kurapa
to heal, do medical
work
Ndinop~tesa.
kupetesa
High verbs o
, , ,
Ndinovaka.
, ,
("
Ndinodzldzlsa.
, "" muofisi.
,
Ndinonyora
I do office work.
,
('
kuvaka
to build
"
kudz { dzisa
, ,
kunyora
to teach
to write
{ ,
to visit
kufamb ra
,
school
chikoro (7 )
Ndinofamblra zvikoro.
I'm a superintendent
of schools.
zvikoro (8)
1.
office
schools
", ,
Ndinosanda muPost Office.
34
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UNIT
-'
}
wa-
2 pl.
3 pl.
you
they
mu-
(Eastern)
va,
u-
ma- }
mwa,
va,
wa-
(Class 2)
ya'"
ra,
a-
(Class 4)
1ri,
a-
,
cha,
zva-
chl-
zv1-
,
ya,
dza,
rwa-
1dzl,
ru'"
ka-
(Class 3)
(Class 5)
(Class 6)
(Class
7)
(Class 8)
(Class 9)
(Class 10)
(Class 11)
(Class 12)
ku-
ka,
twa,
hwa,
kwa,
pa,
kwa-
mu-
ma,
(Class 18)
tu-
hu-
,
ku,
pa,
}
mwa-
(Class 13)
(Class 14)
(Class 15)
(Class 16)
(Class 17)
35
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UNIT
Inol.
The prefix fno( has low tone between a high toned subject prefix and the stem of a high verb (including the proverbs, Unit 4, Note 3):
,
, ,
they work
Vanosanda.
Otherwise, it has high tone:
"
,
Tinosanda.
we work
,
"
Ndinogara
mwaRusapi.
, ,
Vanogara apo.
Tones of verb stems in the
fnoi
I live in Rusape.
they live there.
tense.
(1)
Central/westerlys
all low:
, ,
vanorima
ndinorima
,
ndinorimisa
36
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UNIT
, ,
vanorima
, ,
ndinorima
ndinorlmisa
still farther east and southeast:
lables except the last are high,
, , (
vanorlma
(3)
, ,
ndinorima
. ' ( (
ndlnorlmlsa
The first and second of these sets of dialect alternates
are reflected in the tone writing to be employed in this course.
The third set of alternates are not overtly indicated, but
may be inferred.
The tonal differences between high and low verbs in
this tense, and between third person and non-third person
forms of the indicative, are of great importance if onets
Shona is to be easily intelligible. For this reason, most
of the systematic practice sentences in this unit are devoted
to these matters.
2.
muHarare
in Salisbury
in Rusape
m~aRusapi
37
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UNIT 5
3.
tWhere t questions.
but
(For practice in forming twhere l questions, see groups 19 and
20,)
kurima
Unorlina here?
Ndinorlina.
kupetesa
Unop~tesa here?
Ndinop~tesa.
kuweza
,
Unochaira here?
,
Unorapa here?
,
Unow~za here?
Ndinow~za.
kurimisa
Unorlinisa here?
Ndinorllnisa.
kuchaira
kurapa
Ndinochaira.
Ndinorapa.
38
Group 2.
, ,
kunyora
f
f'
kudzldzlsa
, "
kufambira
, ,
kuvaka
UNIT 5
, "
,
Unonyora here?
,
f'
, "
,
Ndinonyora muofisi.
, , "
Ndinodzidzisao
Unodzidzlsa here?
,
f'
"
"
,
Ndinofambira
zvikoro.
, , ,
Ndlnovaka.
, "
,
Unovaka here?
Group 3.
, ,
mupwere
Group 4.
mujaha
,
majaha
,
, I sa' here?
Mujaha anodzidz
, ,
,
("
Majaha anodzldzisa here?
mhandara (sg.)
fnodzldzlsa.
mhandara (pl.)
,
, l'
,
Mhandara dzinodzidz sa here?
Dzlnodzldzlsa.
",
Anodzldzlsa.
Anodzldzlsa.
39
UNIT
kurimisa
Unorlinisa here?
Ndinorlinisa.
kurima
UnorYma here?
Ndinorlina.
kupetesa
Unop~tesa here?
Ndinopetesa.
kuchaira
Unochaira here?
Ndinochaira.
Group 6.
Plural subjects.
kuchaira
Munochaira here?
kurima
MunorYma here?
kugara
,
'
,
Munogara mwaRusapi
here?
kurimisa
Tinochaira.
Tinorlrna.
Tinorllnisa.
kupetesa
Munorlinisa here?
,
Munopetesa here?
kurapa
Munorapa here?
Tinorapa.
, "
kufambira
, ,
kunyora
Ndinofamblra zVikoro.
, ",
,
Unonyora muofisi here?
40
, "
,
Ndinonyora muofisi.
Group 8.
, "
kufambira
, ,
kunyora
UNIT 5
Plural subjects.
"
" , zvikoro
"
,
Munofambira
here?
, ",
Tinofambira zvikoro.
, "
,
Munonyora muofisi here?
kuvaka
, "
,
Munovaka here?
" "
,
Tinonyora
muofisi.
, , ,
Tinovaka.
kUdzldzlsa
, , "
,
Munodzidzisa here?
, , "
Tinodzidzisa.
, ,
t~ke
Group 9. Low and high verbs in the /-no-/ tense, first and
second person singular subjects.
, ,
kuvaka
, "
, , ,
Unovaka here?
Ndinovaka.
Ndinor'frna.
kurima
,
f'
, , "
Ndinodzidzisa.
kUdzldzlsa
kuchaira
UnochCiira here?
, , "
,
Unofambira zvikoro here?
Ndinoch~ira.
Unop~tesa here?
Ndinopetesa.
kupetesa
Group 10.
, ,
kuvaka
Plural subjects.
, ,
,
Munovaka here?
, ,
Tinovaka.
kurima
, ,
"
f'
,
Ndinofamblra
zvikoro.
Tinor'frna.
kunyora
, "
,
Tinonyora muofisi.
kurimisa
MunorYmisa here?
Tinorlmisa.
kUdzldzlsa
,
f
lsa
' here?
,
Munodzldz
,
f
"
Tinodzldzisa.
kurapa
Munor~pa here?
Tinor~pa.
",
41
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UNIT
kurapa
Anorapa here?
kuchaira
Anochaira here?
kupetesa
kugara
Anopetesa here?
,
Anorimisa here?
,
Anoweza here?
,
,
,
Anogara mwaRusapi here?
Group 12.
Plural subjects.
kugara
"
"
"Vanogara
,
"
Vanogara
mwaRusapi
here?
mwaRusapi.
,
, ,
Vanoweza here?
Vanoweza.
,
, ,
, ,
Vanorimisa here?
Vanorimisa.
,
, ,
, ,
Vanochaira here?
Vanochaira.
,
, ,
, ,
Vanorapa here?
Vanorapa.
,
, ,
, ,
Vanorima here?
Vanorima.
kurimisa
kuweza
Anorapa.
~
Anochaira.
Anopetesa.
,
Anorimisa.
~
Anoweza.
,
,
Anogara mwaRusapi
~,
kuweza
kurimisa
kuchaira
kurapa
kurima
Singular subjects.
, ,
,
,
Anofambira zvikoro here?
{
,
,
Anovaka here?
"
kudz { dzisa
Anodzidzlsa here?
,
",
,
Anonyora muofisi here?
,,~
kunyora
f'
"
Anofambira zvikoro.
,
Anovaka.
~
",
Anodzidzisa.
,
"
,
Anonyora muofisio
42
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UNIT 5
Group 15. Low and high verbs in the /-no-/ tense, third
person singular subjects.
,. ,
,
kuchaira
Anochaira here?
Anochaira.
,. ,
(
,.,.
,.
(
,.,.
kuvaka
Anovaka here?
Anovaka.
,.
,
Anorapa here?
kurapa
Anorapa.
,. ,. ,
,
,.,,,
,.
(
,.,.,.
Anodzidzisa here?
kudzidisa
Anodzidzisa.
,. ,
,,.
(
,
,,.
,
kugara
Anogara mwaRusapi.
Anogara m~aRusapi here?
c
(
, ,,.
,
(
,. ""
,
,.
, ""
Anofambira zvikoro here?
kufambira
Anofambira zvikoro.
, ,.
,
Anorimisa here?
kurimisa
Anorimisa.
~
Group 16.
kurima
, , ,.
kufambira
kurapa
,. ,
kunyora
Plural subjects.
,. ,
,.
Vanorima here?
,.
,
,
, "" zvikoro
Vanofambira
here?
, ,.
,
Vanorapa here?
,
,. ,.
,
Vanonyora here?
, ,.
Vanorima.
,
, ,. ,
,.
Vanofambira zvikoro.
,. ,
Vanorapa.
,
,. ,
Vanonyora o
43
UNIT 5
kugara
kuchaira
, ,
kuvaka
, ,
"
,
Vanogara m~aRusapi here?
, ,
,
Vanochaira here?
, ,
Vanogara m~aRusapi.
, ,
Variochaira.
,
"
,
Vanovaka here?
~
"
Vanovaka.
Group 17. The tense prefix /-no-/ with high and low verbs,
in first, second, and third persons.
, ,
,
, ,
Vanorima here?
Vanorima.
UnorYma here?
Ndinor'fma.
Unorapa here?
Ndinorapa.
, , ,
Ndinovaka.
, "
,
Unovaka here?
(
"
,
Anovaka
here?
(
,
,
Anochaira here?
, ,
,
Vanochaira here?
,
,
Vanopetesa here?
(
"
Anovaka.
Anochaira.
, .,
Vanochaira.
, ,
Vanopetesa.
Munopetesa here?
,
",
,
Anodzidzisa here?
, ,
,
Anorimisa here?
, ,
,
Vanorimisa here?
, ,
,
Vanorima here?
Tinopetesa.
Anodzldzlsa.
Anorimisa.
, ,
Vanorimisa.
, ,
Vanorima.
44
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UNIT
,
here?
"
m~aRusapi
Vanogara
I ,
m~aRusapi.
"
"
,
Vapwere
vanogara
muguta here?
Vanogara muguta.
Mutare
""
"
,
Vapwere
vanogara kwaMutare
here?
Harare
"
"
"
Vapwere
vanogara
muHarare
here?
Vanogara kwaMutare.
, /
,
Vanogara muHarare.
kamba
"
"
,
,
Vapwere
vanogara
pakamba
here?
Vanogara pakamba.
guta
, , , ,
/ '
hosipitari
kure
patyo
Sakubva
,
,
Nyadire
Vanogara kwaNyadire.
chinhambo
Vanogara chinhambo.
Group 19.
"
I'
"
Vanogara kure.
I'
I'
,
"
I
Anodzidzisepl?
Vanogara patyo.
,
Vanogara muSakubva.
"
,I
' "
('
"
,
)
Anodzidzisa
papl?
Anodz:Ldzlsa.
,
, ('
Vanodzidzlsa.
Vanodzidzlsepi?
, , "
Ndinodzidzisa.
"('
",
,
Munodzidzlsepi? (Munodzidzisa papl?)
, (
"
Tinodzldzisa.
I "
('
Vanodzidzisa papl?
" ,
UNIT
Group 20.
MunorYmisepl?
etc.
Tinor'fuisa.
Munormisepl?
etc.
anochaira
vanovaka
munochaira
vanorlma
munodzidzisa
tinorima
vanodzidzisa
tlnonyora
vanogara
anonyora
vanonyora
Practice Conversations.
,
,
Masanga baba.
You reply to a greeting
and ask the other personts name.
,
,
Masanga mwanangu.
, ,
Munhu ndlani?
(
, Ndlni Gomo.
46
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UNIT
Munogarepl?
,
'
Ndinogara muHarare.
What does he do there?
Munoltertyl apo?
, "
,
Ndinonyora muofisi.
Free conversation.
The following are five personal names:
, ,
Musana
,
Kachara
,
Shumba
Maw a
Beta
A asks B about each of the above persons, where he lives
and what kind of work he does.
47
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{MIT 6
UNIT 6
BASIC DIALOGUE
A
,
,
,
Mangwanani baba.
muf~nd1si
Good morning.
(1, 2)
teacher, pastor,
missionary
~"
Mangwanani mufundisi.
Good morning.
, ,
'v
-uya
to come
r1ni
, ,
pano
when?
v,
(.
here
",
na
with, and
sun, day
.... tat~
B
three
,
",
ndaya pano.
-svika
to arrive
mus1 (3, 4)
day
....na
four
, ,
-pera
to come to an end,
become exhausted
in supply
48
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UNIT 6
kana
,
-bva
B
<
v '
-funga
to think
-enda
to go
, v
' v
Ndinofunga
ndinozoenda
kundodzldzlsa (koodzldzlsa).
Supplementary vocabulary.
Periods of time.
" ,
'U
" " ,
'v"
Ndinozogara
pano
p~tyo
A
A'L
pegure.
gore'" (5)
year
makore (6)
years
"'Qse (""ese)
whole, all
mwedzl (3)
month
mwedzl (4)
months
sondo (5)
(svondo)
masyondo(6)
week
zuva (5)
day, sun
mazuva (6)
days
weeks
nearly a year
patyo(petyo)
p~tyo
A
'L
""PQmwedzl.
near
nearly a week
nearly a month
49
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UNIT 6
Supplementary vocabulary.
I'
" ,
"
Ndaan~
"
Ndaan~
1"
mwe
one
two
-tatu
three
viri'
-na
} four
-rongomuna
five
I'
Ndaan~
"
......
'
,
tanhatu
six
"
...... nomwe'
seven
,
"",
masondo masere ndaya pano.
-sere
' ,
eight
"
,
"
masondo mapfumbamwe ndaya
pano.
,
,
"
masondo g _ ndaya
pano
o
-pfumbamwe
, ,
.kumi
Ndaan~
Ndaan~
Ndaan~
Ndacfn~
, ,
Takasvika mwedz
,
v
_viri yakaper
, ,
,
Takasvika makore mana akapera.
,
, ,
,
, v v
Takasvika masondo matatu akapera.
nine
ten
50
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Supplementary vocabulary.
UNIT 6
I arrived on Monday.
, (
'
(
Ndakasvlka mus! weChipirl.
Tuesday.
'
,
Ndakasv!ka mus! weChitatu.
, ,
,
,
Ndakasvika musi weChina.
Wednesday.
Thursday.
Friday.
Saturday.
1.
Sunday.
"
Ndakasvika
musi, we--.or
"
~ ')(
China chakapera..
51
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UNIT 6
High verbs.
(1) Central/westerly: the tones of the stem are low
in those forms that have low tone on the subject prefix:
~'
cf.
takauya
, ,
kuuya
we came
to come
, "
vakauya
(2)
Easterly:
they came
" ,
takauya
, "
vakauya
Accordingly, forms of the /-ka-/ tense of high verbs are
written in this book as:
'v ')(
takauya.
, "
vakauya
Low verbs.
The first two of the three geographical areas that are
covered by this course seem to have tonal patterns like those
used for the /-no-/ tense in the middle of the three areas
discussed in Unit 5, Note 1. That is to say, the tone of the
first syllable of the stem is high in first and second person
forms, and the rest of the stem syllables are low:
, ,
they went
vakaenda
,,
ndakaenda
, ,
takachaira
I went
we drove
52
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UNIT 6
~
"
vakaenda
,,
ndakaenda
,
takachalra
~(
v,
Mwakauya rini?
to become good
-naka
/-0-/).
53
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UNIT
fixes~
3.
17.)
Munoz~itenYl?
Ndinoz~enda
I will go
4.
50
, , .
mwana JIlumwe
UNIT 6
(Manyika~/llinwe/)
vana vavirl
one child
two children
makore mavirl
two years
The word for tten t is a noun, with the stem /.kllinl/, singular
/gllinl/. It does not change its prefix to agree with the word
that it modifies:
vana gllinl
, , (
makore guml
ten children
ten years
6.
ndayan~
b.
prefix)
you having left from
c.
,
"
ndava
pano
(n.b. high tone on sUbject prefix )
I now being here
__
I now have
kusvika
kuenda
kurima
kuchaira
kugara
,..
55
UNIT
Group 2.
Plural subjects.
kusvika
kurima
kuenda
Mwakaenda
musi weChlna here?
o
kuchaira
"
,
,
Mwakachaira musi weChina here?
kugara
kugara
kurima
kuenda
( '
"
"
Takachaira
musi, weChitatu.
, ,
(
Taka 9ara,apo mUSl weChitatu.
Group 3.
verbs.
kusvika
, ,
, ,
,
Wakasvika apo here?
, ,
~akagara apo here?
,
, ,
Wakarima apo here?
,
Wakaenda apo here?
, ,
Wakasvika apo
, ,
Wakagara apoo
, ,
Wakarima apo.
, ,
Wakaenda apo.
Group 4.
Plural subjects.
kusvika
kuenda
kurima
, ,
Vakarima apo.
56
UNIT 6
, ,
kuvaka
, ,
kusanda
Group 6.
, ,
kusanda
, ,
kuvaka
, ,
kuuya
, "
kudzidzisa
,
v
v
"
Ndakasanda
musi' weChipiri.
Plural subjects.
,
,
weChipiri.
'v y
"
Takauyd
musi, weChipiri.
,
musl weChlna here? Takadzldzlsa
musi
we,
I
Chipirl.
57
UNIT
Group 8.
, ,
kusanda
, ,
kuvaka
, ,
kuuya
, "
kudzidzisa
,-
, "
,
Vakauya apo here?
Vakasanda apo.
,
,,Vakavaka apo.
, ,,Vakauya apo.
,
", ,
Vakadzidzisa apo here?
,
",
Vakadzidzisa apo.
,
",
Vakavaka apo here?
, ,
,,
kuuya
''Y
M~akauya
kurima
M~akarima
, ,
kuvaka
kusvika
, ,
kusanda
kugara
,,
here?
M~akaenda
Takaenda.
'v ~
Takauya..
'
here?
, ,
, ,
here?
Takarima.
Mwakavaka here?
"
Mwakasvika
Mwakasanda
, ,
M~akagara
,
here?
Takasvika.
here?
Takasand~.
, ,
apo here?
Takagara app.
, "
kudzidzisa
kuenda
, ,
kuuya
",
Vakadzidzisa here?
, ,
,
Vakaenda here?
"
f"
Vakadzldzisa.
, ,
Vakaendao
, "
Vakauya.
Vakauya here?
58
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UNIT 6
Group 11. /-ka-/ VS. /-no-/ tenses, high verbs, second person
subjects.
, ,
,; ,
'v a
Mwakauy
kuuya
Munouya.
, , ,
, ,
Mwakavaka.
kuvaka
Munovaka.
, , ,
, , , ,
Mwakadzldzlsa.
kudzidzisa
Munodzidzisa.
, ,
, , ,
kusanda
Mwakasanda.
Munosanda.
,
, , ,
,
"
"
Mwakafamb'.1ra zvikoro.
kufambira
Munofambira
zvikoro.
0
Group 12.
, "
kudzidzisa
, ,
kusanda
, ,
kuvaka
, ,
kuuya
, "
kufambira
",
",
Wakadzidzisa.
,
, ,
Wakasanda.
Anodzidzisa.
,
, ,.
Anosanda.
,
"
Wakavaka.
, ",
Wakauya.
o
,
, "
,
Wakafambira zvikoro.
,
"
Anovaka.
, ,,,
Anouya.
, ,.,
,
,
Anofambira zvikoro.
Group 13. The /-ka-/ tense vs. the /-no-/ tense, low verbs,
second person subjects.
kurima
kuenda
kupetesa
kuchaira
kurimisa
kuita
, ,
Mwakarima.
,,
Mwakaenda.
, ,
Mwakapetesa.
, ,
Mwakachaira.
, ,
Mwakarimisa.
Munor'!ma.
Muno~nda.
Munopetesa.
Munochaira.
Munorllnisa.
, f
'
Mwakalta
basanyi?
Muno'!ta basanyl?
59
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UNIT
Group 14.
kurimisa
, ,
Wakaenda.
, ,
Wakasvika.
, ,
Wakachaira.
, ,
Wakarimisa.
Group 15.
tHaw long?!
kurima
kuenda
kusvika
kuchaira
, ,
Anorima.
, ,
Anoenda.
, ,
Anosvika.
, ,
Anochaira.
"
tatu
mazuva mavirl
,,,
mazuva matatu
china
mazuva mana
shanu
,
,
tanhatu
, ,
posl
,
piri
Anorimisao
zuva rimwe
mwedzi umwe
mwedzl mivirl
, ,
, ,
mwedzi mitatu
mwedzl mlna
mazuva mashanu
mwedzl mishanu
"
,
,
mazuva matanhatu
mwedzi mitanhatu
, ,
mazuva manomwe
mwedzi minomwe
,
chinomwe
, ,
rusere
"
"
mazuva
mas ere
"
mwedzi, misere
pfumbamwe
mazuva mapfumbamwe
mwedzi mipfumbamwe
10
" ,
gumi
"
"
mazuva
gumi
"
mwedzi, gumi
, ,
60
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Group 16.
IAgor
UNIT
Nwnerals 3-10.
"
,
Takasvika
masondO
matatu akapera.
"
,
Takasvika
masondo
mana akapera.
"
,
Takasvika
masondo
matanhatu akapera.
"
,
Takasvika
masondo
manomwe akapera.
"
,
Takasvika
masondo
mas ere akapera.
"
,
Takasvika
masondo
mapfwnbamwe akapera.
10
"
" yakapera.
Takasvika
mwedzi"
gwni
Group 17.
, , ,
kudzidisa
"
,
Takasvika
, (
, masondo
gwnl akapera.
'V'
,
",
Ndinozodzidzisa.
kurima
, ,
kusanda
Ndinozoenda kundorima.
kuchaira
, ,
kuvaka
Ndinozoenda kundochaira.
kuita
, "
kufambira
'v
" " zvikoro. Ndinozofambira
" "
,
Ndinozoenda
kundofambira
zvikoro.
Ndinozoenda kundosanda.
'
Ndinozoenda kundovaka.
Ndinozorima.
,
, ,
Ndinozosanda.
Ndinozochaira.
,
"
Ndinozovaka.
,
Ndinozoita basa.
61
UNIT 6
, ('
kudzidzlsa
"
(('
VanOzodzldzlSa.
, ,
Vanozorimisa.
kurimisa
, ,
kusanda
"
, ,
Vanozosanda.
, ,
Vanozorima.
, ,
Vanozosvika.
, ,
Vanozoenda.
kurima
kusvika
kuenda
Exercise 18.
Read aloud and verify correctness of tones.
Then write the tones.
munochaira
vanouya
wakarimisa (3 sgo)
takauya
unopetesa (2 sg.)
tinouya
unodzidzisa (2 sg.)
ndinosanda
wakadzidzisa (2 sg.)
ndakasanda
vakasanda
vanoenda
Practice Conversation
You say good morning to
a group of children o
"
, ,
Mangwanani vapwere.
Mangwanani mal.
You ask them how
they are.
"
,
Mwarara
, here
vanangu?
62
, ,
, ,
Tarara zvakanaka.
UNIT
"
Baba,, Musana
,
,
vanogarepi?
, ,
,
Vanogara muSakubva.
Vanoita basanyi?
, ,
Vanochaira.
You greet a girl as
your daughter.
Mangwananl Mukunda.
,
,
,
Mangwanani shewe.
You ask her when she
came here.
"
Wakauya rini pano?
,~,"
'v
)(
1.
a) Tutor asks student when he came here. Student replies, at the same time pointing to the appropriate day on the
calendar.
b) Tutor points to a day on the calendar and asks
students when he himself arrived. Students reply, 'You
arrived
ago l or tyou arrived last
t
c)
months.
63
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UNIT 6
2.
Practice asking when a person arrived and how long he
will stay (/-gara/). In replying, each student should use
at least onpe each of the time expressions in the supplementary vocabulary for this unit.
64
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UNIT
UNIT 7
BASIC DIALOGUE
, ,
-kuru
,
large, important
f
V'
V'
f noda'
-ti
,
"
Ndinoti vachasvika.
Van~
,
imba"
huru.
to say, do
I suppose they will get
here.
--nganl
, ,
vana vangani?
how many?
How many children do
they have?
boy
mUkomana (1, 2)
"
musikana
(1, 2 )
,
, ,
Vakomana vaviri
girl
Two boys and a girl.
A
V'!
'
nc;>muslkana.
,
Vanozogara kwegure.
Supplementary vocabulary.
,
,
, , ,
Vanoda imba huru.
,
,
, ,
Vanoda imba di k :}.
,
,
,
,
Vanoda imba nhete.
,
,
,
,
Vanoda imba chena.
narrow
-chena,
white
small
, ,
guru
diki
dete
jena
Classes 9, 10
, ,
huru
,
diki (or ndlki)
nhete
-chena,
chena
65
UNIT
SupplemeD~ary
vocabulary.
tense.
'They will arrive by and by.'
,
gare gare
by and by
manheru
evening
, ,
mangwana
tomorrow
1.
svondo rino
,
paMugobera
on Saturday
paChipirl
on Tuesday
this week
The /-cha-/ tense uses the subject prefixes of the /-no-/ tense,
Unit 5, Note 1, but the tonal patterns of the /-ka-/ tense, Unit 6,
Note 1. Its most usual meaning seems to be 'future', but with
some stems it corresponds to English 'still.'
2.
66
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UNIT
ndinosanda
~,
ndakasanda
but, for the same speakers:
, ,
ndinoda
,
ndakada
3.
Possessive pronouns.
Certain of the possessive pronouns have been encountered
already.
,
mhuri yavo
,
,
,
mupenyu zva~e
~
their family
zvangu
as for me
it (i.e. /mhuri/ Class 9) slept
Singular
, ,
-angu
my
, ,
-ako
, ,
-ake
Plural
~
-edu
our
thy
-enyu
his, her
-avo
your
their
-'awo,
10
, ,
-adzo
67
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UNIT 7
--'arwo,
15
..... akwo
' "
ako
16
-'apo
13
' ,
-atwo
17
..... akwo
' "
14
..... ahwo
' "
18
..... amwo
' "
II
12
,...' ,
I-a-I
1-0-1
w-
10
dz-
v-
II
rw-
w-
12
k-
y-
13
tw-
r-
14
hw-
15
kw-
ch-
16
p-
zv-
17
kw-
y-
18
mw
68
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UNIT 7
vana vacho
its children
(vana (2),
(i.e. the school)
chikoro ( 7 ) )
vana
,
mukunda
, ,
mukorore
,
baba
,,
{
",
",
Anodzidzisa vana vedu o
,
",
,
, ,
Anodzidzisa mukunda wedu.
,
f"
"
"
Anodzldzisa
mukorore
wedu.
mai
Classes 1 and 2.
"",v,
Group 2.
,
imba
mwana
"
,,,
vana
basa
,
chikoro
69
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UNIT
,, ,
Ndinoda mai vangu.
,,
mai
,,~,
,,,
baba
mhuri
Group 4.
kusvika
, ,
kuuya
kuenda
',
Uchaenda
here?
",
Ndichaenda.
Uchadz~dzYsa here?
Nd1chadzYdz!sa.
Plural sUbjects.
Muchasvika rin1?
, ,
,
T1chasvika manheru.
Muchauya'rini?
,,
(
Muchaenda rlni?
Tichauya manheru.
,,
,
T1chaenda manheru.
"
70
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UNIT 7
, ,
kusanda
.. ,
,
Ticharima manheru.
"
,
Mucharima
rini?
,,
,
Muchaita rini?
kurima
kuita
Group 5.
kusvika
, ,
kusanda
, I
kuenda
.. ..,
kudzidzisa
kurima
, ,
..
Tichalta manheru.
..
kuuya
kurimisa
Group 6.
day.~
tomorrow. ,
, ,
" , mazuva
""
")
Ndinouya
qse(ese
kuuya
,,
kuita
..
Ndichauya
, ,
mangwana.
Ndichaita
, ,
mangwana.
..
kusanda
kurima
..
(
, , , , ')
Ndinorfma mazuva Qse(ese
, "
kudzidzisa
71
Ndichasanda
, ,
mangwana.
, ,
Ndicharima
, ,
mangwana.
NdichadzYdzYsa
, ,
mangwana.
UNIT 7
kuchaira
, ,
Ndichachaira
, ,
mangwana.
"
, , Qse
, '('ese')
Ndinochaira
mazuva
kufambira
Group
7.
Ndichafamb1.ra
zVikoro
, ,
mangwana.
Certain time expressions with the /-cha-/ tense.
Achadzldzlsa kwegore.
,
mwedzi
Achadzldzlsa kwQmwedz1.
kurimisa
,
svondo
Acharimisa kw~mwedzl.
, ,
, ,
Acharimisa kwesvondo.
, "
kufambira
(
",
,
"
Achafambira zvikoro kwesvondo.
gore
kuita basa
,
svondo
"
kusanda
Achasanda kwesvondo.
mwedzl
Achasanda
kuweza
')t
Achaweza kWQffiwedzl.
"
A
V
A
kw~mwedzl.
van~
A
'
vana vatatu.
,
72
'Y:
UNIT
n~masikati.
,
vanCf
, ,
vana vangani?
,
, ,
VanCf vana vatatu.
, ,
,
Vanogara papl?
live~
, ,
,
Vanogara muSakubva.
,
, , (
Vanosanda basanyl?
,
, "
,
Vanofambira zvikoro.
Ndinoti vachasvika
, ,
, ,
panG mangwana.
You ask whether
they will stay
for a week.
, ,
, ,
Vanozogara kwesyondo
,
here?
Hunde~ vanozogara
, ,
kwesvondo
Free conversation.
Describe your own famlly~ and several other families, telling
as much about them and their future plans as you can within the
vocabulary and the grammar which you have met so faro
73
UNIT 7
74
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UNIT 8
UNIT
BASIC DIALOGUE
"
Chl~yi
cheungad~?
chitoro (7., 8)
,,
Ndichaenda kuchitoro.
Ndingaend~wo
Hongu.,
,,
store
newe here?
,,
tingaend~.
Tingaend~
Tingaend~
"
time
';t!
nguvany~?
"
Supplementary vocabulary.
ini
iwe
(
lye
zvedu masikati.
isu
we
you (sg.)
imwl
he, she
ivo
Supplementary vocabulary.
a store.
(9,
,
,
they
( b1.
Ndingada slm
Ndingad~
chigero.
Ndingadq. munyu.
,
,
Ndingad~ shuka.
10)
an iron
(7, 8)
scissors
(3)
salt
(9)
sugar
75
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UNIT 8
zingwa.
,
,
Ndingada parafini.
,
,
Ndingad~ machisi.
,
,
Ndingad~ sipo ..
Ndingad~
Ndingad~
,,
mbeu.
Supplementary vocabulary.
( 5, 6)
br"-ead
(9)
kerosene
(9, 10)
match
(9, 10)
soap
(9, 10)
seed
,,
Ndichaenda ku-
maheu.
( 6)
sweet beer
jangano.
( 5, 6)
communal labor
basa
( 5, 6)
work
,
musha
,
dhibhi
,
chechi
(3, 4)
home
(5, 6)
dip tank
(9, 10)
church
jana
(5, 6)
herding of cattle
munda
, ,
mitambo
,
gadheni
(3, 4)
field
(3, 4)
games
( 5, 6)
garden
(11)
(10)
river
rivers
(9, 10)
well
(5)
rwizi
ndwizl
,
tsime
danga
76
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1.
The
I-nga-I
UNIT
tense.
,,
"
I
I
TingaendCj.
maslkatl.
We can go in the
afternoon.
I-nga-I
I-ka-I
The
tense uses the same subject prefixes as
the /-no-/ and /-cha-/ tenses, and the same tonal patterns as
the I-cha-/ and
tenses.
Forms with /-nga-I have a1potential1meaning, which
is often translated into English by use of one of the modals
Ican t , tmay', tmight l It may also be used in stating a desire,
in order to give obliqueness to a request. The first of the
above examples illustrates this use.
With respect to their meanings, forms with /-nga-/ are
then quite unlike what are usually called 'tensest and much more
like what linguists call tmodes t or tmoods t This book speaks
of 'the /-nga-/ tense t rather than tthe /-nga-/ mood' because
/-nga-I occurs in the same slot as /-no-/, I-cha-/, and /-ka-/
and is mutually exclusive with them, and because the meanings
of these three prefixes do have to do with time o
A note on strong adjectives.
The student has already met two different types of words
which show concordial agreement with nouns. Each category-possessives and subject prefixes--has some kind of prefix corresponding to each of the noun classes. But the precise form
of the prefix for any given class may not be identical with the
form of the prefix for that same class as it appears with the
nouns themselves. Thus, the subject prefix for Class 1 is
/a- /, the prefix used with possessives is
but the noun
itself in the same class has /mu-/.
Iw- I,
77
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UNIT 8
I-ti-I.
(Indirect quotation)
He said,
(Direct quotation)
I want to go.
(Original sentence)
Wakati
ndinbaa kuenda.
o
10
1.
iwe
Iwe
';(
ungaend~ nguvany~?
78
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lye
lye
, '"
"
';{
angaend~ nguva~y~?
isu
imwl
UNIT 8
iva
,,
"
kuenda newe
Tingaend~
newe here?
lvo
"
Vangaend~
newe" here?
kurima munda
Vangarim~
iye
Angarim~
kusanda muofisi
munda herel
munda herel
imwl
kuenda kuchikoro
,,
iwe
Ungaend~
, ,
kuuya
Ungauy~
3.
'v
"
kuchikoro herel
,
One syllable high verb, first and second vs. third persons.
IWhat [kind of] soap do you
want? I
,
,
,
Unoda siponyi?
iwe
imwi
kuchikoro herel
,
Munoda
"
iye
Anoda
lvo
,
"
Vanoda
slpo~yi?
{
"
,
1-\.noda sipo diki.
sipo~yi?
sipo~yi?
79
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UNIT 8
4.
,
ini
, '" kuuya.
"
Ndinoda
Ndichauya mangwana.
iSU
, '" kuuya.
"
Tinoda
' v 'it:
'
,
Tichauya
mangwana.
,
,
"
Anoda kuuya.
,
"
, ,
Achauya mangwana.
,
,
"
Vanoda kuuya.
, ,
,
"
Baba vanoda kuuya.
,
"
, ,
Vachauya mangwana.
,
"
, ,
Vachauya mangwana.
"
,
, kuuya.
"
Mai
vanoda
,
"
, ,
Vachauya mangwana.
iye
ivo
baba
,,
mai
5.
'v
')(
baba
, '" kuvaka
"
Tinoda
imba, o
, ,
,
"
,
Baba vanoda kuvaka imba.
,
majaha
, ,
vafundisi
,
iye
"
,
Majaha" anoda, kuvaka
imba.
"
,
,
,
,
Vafundisi vanoda kuvaka imba.
,
,
,
"
,
lye anoda kuvaka imba.
"
,
"
,
Vafundisi
vanovaka
dzimba.
{vo
'
, kuvaka
" imba.
,
f vo vanoda
'
" dzimba.
,
f vo vanovaka
isu
, ,
"
,
Baba vanovaka dzimba.
"
,
Majaha" anovaka
dzimba.
,
,
"
,
lye anovaka dzimba.
80
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6.
s1mbi
,
machisi
,
,
lmwe.
'
NdingadCi simbi
,
slpo
,
1"
Ndingadq. machisi
mwe.
,
, 1mwe.
'
Ndingadq. sipo
chigero
Ndingad~
zingwa
7.
UNIT 8
'
chigero chlmwe.
'
A
Ndingadq.
zingwa r1mwe.
8~
three irons.'
,
s1mbi nhatu.
,
,
machisi nhatu.
,
,
sipo nhatu.
v
zvigero zvitatu.
,
mazingwa matatu.
guta
,
imba
,
musha
,
hospitari
gomo
, "
, ,
Tinogara muguta guru.
, ..,
"" ,
Tinogara muimba huru.
,
v
" ,
Tinogara
mumusha"
mukuru
o
, ..,
,
, ,
Tinogara muhospitari huru.
, ..,
, ,
Tinogara mugomo guru.
81
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UNIT 8
9.
guta
,
hospitari
chitoro
",
, ,
chikoro
,
, , , ,
Anosanda mumunda mukuru.
munda
gadheni
chechi
10.
{
",
, ,
Anosanda mugadheni guru.
,
"
,
, ,
Anosanda pachechi huru.
Reported speech.
{'
Achaenda kuofisi.
inl
,
"
,
Ndakati achaenda kuofisi.
ivo
"
"
,
Vakati
achaenda
kuofisi.
lye
, ,
,,
,
Wakati ndichaenda kuofisi.
ini
ivo
,
iye
, ,
Anogara patyo.
,
, ,
Ndakati anogara patyo.
, ,
, ,
Vakati anogara patyo.
, ,
, ,
Wakati ndinogara patyo.
82
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~"
UNIT (3
ini
lye
",
"
.
f'
Wakati
vaswera
ZVlrlnane
ivo
, ,
,
. ( ,
Vakati taswera ZVlrlnane.
Practice conversation.
You ask where the little
boys went o
""
Rini?
(The day you had in
mind was Monday.)
Musumbunuko.
, ,
Vakaenda
kudhibhi.
Reading selections.
Read aloud, and check the accuracy of
the tones.
Then write the tone marks in. Finally, translate
and answer questions about it in 8hona.
Vasikana vanoenda kumunda here?
Vachaenda masikati.
Vakomana vanoita basanyi?
Vachaenda kugadheni.
VangazosvikaIt kudanga here?
Runde.
Imba yenyu ihuru here?
83
UNIT 8
Runde ihuru.
Munogara senyi pano?
Tinogara zvakanaka.
Mungasvika pano manheru here?
~
T~ngasvika
~
Chipiri manheru.
Free Conversation,
Use the /-nga-/ tense in asking and giving permission
to do various things. Include requests for permission to go
to each of the places included in the supplementary vocabulary
for this unit.
84
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UNIT
UNIT 9
BASIC DIALOGUE
-ri
, "
-tengesa
to sell
hobo (5, 6)
banana
.mari (9)
B
, ,
money
Anoita marinyi?
Ahl
am selling bananas.
-nyanya
to be excessive
kani
(a politely emphatic
interjection)
dozen
B
,
"
Aya ari
pano.
kubvani
, , ,
Kubvani mari yenyu iyi.
, ,
mwazviita
UNIT 9
-siya
A
, ,
Mwazvita~
to leave
, , ,
tamusiya.
Supplementary vocabulary.
Coins.
Anoita
tiki
(9~
sisi/susupenzi
(9~ 10)
six pence
shereni
,
,
hafupeni
(9~ 6)
shilling
(5~ 6)
halfpenny
(5, 6)
penny
kobiri
10)
mashereni mairl
three pence
two shillings
hafukoroni
(9~ 6)
half crown
chishanu
,
mbofana
(7~
five shillings
(9, 10)
pondo
(9~ 10)
pound sterling
8)
to write
Ndiri kubika.
,
Ndiri kuverenga.
to read, count
,
"
Ndiri kutamba c
to play
to cook
Ndiri kugeza.
,
Ndiri kubereka
to wash
,
mwana~
, ",
Ndiri kudirira mbeu.
86
to water seeds
-sima
to transplant
ruva ( 5, 6)
flower
"
,
miti.
Ndirl kutema
, ,
-tema
to cut trees
to cut
mutl (3, 4)
f
/,
to transplant flowers
, ,
UNIT
tree, medicine,
wood
to split firewood
to split (transitive)
piece of firewood
to buy kerosene
1.
, ,
-tenga
to buy
paraflni (9)
kerosene
I-rl I.
Infinitives after
I-rl I.
I-rl I
87
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UNIT 9
,
- ,
Ndiri kutengesa mahobo.
,,~
1 1m selling bananas.
3.
8.)
Anoita marlnyi?
Unolta basany1?
Iba/,
but in
Isa/.
" 'I
/ nguvanyi
or Inguvanyil
88
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4.
UNIT 9,
the forms /aya/ (Cl. 6) and /iyi/ (Cl. 9) are examples of forms
which will be called PROXIMAL DEMONSTRATIVES, and which correspond
closely to English tthis, these t Demonstratives may be used
in positions where one usually finds nouns, as in the above
examples, or they may be used as modifiers of nouns:
,
aya mahobo
these bananas
(
iyi marl
this money
,
ichi chikoro
this school
PROXIMAL
1
uyu
uyo
ava
avo
uyu
uyo
iyi
iyo
iri
iro
aya
ayo
ichi
icho
izvi
izvo
iyi
iyo
10
idzi
idzo
89
UNIT 9
11
urwu
urwo
12
aka
ako
13
'utwu
14
uhwu
.
uhwo
.
15
uku
uko
16
apa
apo
17
uku
uko
18
umu
umo
utwo
Note that the distals are like the proximals except that
they have /-0/ as the final vowel.
Note also that the word /apo/, which has already been
learned with the meaning tthere t , is simply the distal demonstrative for Class 16. In the same way, /apa/ is often translated
with there', /umu/ with tin here f and /umo/ with lin there'.
(For practice, see Groups 1-3.)
1.
,
hobo
,
mahobo
munda
minda
,
parafini
,
shuka
,
munyu
,
,
Unoda iyi parafini here?
,
,
Unoda iyi shuka here?
,
,
Unoda uyu munyu here?
Ndinoda iyo.
,
Ndinoda iyo.
Ndinoda iyo.
Ndinoda uyo.
90
UNIT
,
,
Unoda iyi sipo here?
s1po
,
simbi
chikoro
zvikoro
,
chitoro
,
zvitoro
,
chechi
, ,
vapwere
, ,
Ndinoda iyo.
, " iyo.
Ndinoda
,
,
Unoda izvi zvikoro here?
,
,
Unoda ichi chitoro here?
,
,
, " izvi zvitoro
Unoda
here?
, ,
, " icho o
Ndinoda
Ndinoda izvo.
Ndinoda icho.
Ndinoda izvo.
Ndinoda iyo.
Ndinoda avo.
mupwere
, " uyo.
Ndinoda
, ,
vafundisi
, ,
,
Unoda ava vafundisi here?
Ndinoda avo.
, ,
,
Unoda uyu mufundisi here?
Ndinoda uyo.
,
mufundisi
2.
Singular
hobo
slpo
Izvi zvigero
zv1noita
,
, ,
mari~yi?
"
simbi
zingwa
mari~yi?
91
UNIT
3.
hobo
mahobo
mana
, ,
"
mari~yi?
simbi
slmbi
ina
f
'
DZlnoita
pando.
sipo
fnoita shereni.
, ,
Dzinoita mashereni
mana.
sipo
ina
fnoita chishanu.
mari~yi?
Chlnoita mashereni
mair1.
zvigero
zvina
hUn1
4.
, ,
Zvinoita
, , masherenl
masere.
, ,
,
,
Dzlnoita hafukoroni
iwe
Uripi?
IIim here. I
, , ,
Ndiri pano.
Imwl
Murlpi?
"
Tir 1 pano.
lye
Arip1?
Ari pano.
"
{va
Varip1?
Vari pano.
, ,
92
5.
UNIT
I-ri/.
,
mumba
gadheni
,
hospitari
patyo
,
Vana vari patyo here?
gomo
, "
,
Vana vari mugomo here?
munda
danga
, ,
pano
,
kure
6.
, '('\ "
,
Vana varl pano here?
, ,'\'
,
Vana vari kure here?
,
Baba
"
,-
vanoite~yi
"
"
Mai
mugomo?
"
.. kumusha?
,
vanoite~yi
, ,
Vanobika.
, ,
,Vanhu vanoitenyi kujangano?
..
Vanotema miti.
,
,.,
,
,
Baba vanoite~yi mugadheni?
, ,
,,
Vanodirira mbeu.
..
"
Vanovaka
..
imba.
, ,
, ,
Vanhu vanoitenyi kumaheu?
.. ,
Vanorima.
93
UNIT
7.
II sold an iron.
,
iwe
Ndakatengesa'slmbi.
,
imwi
,
iye
",
Mwakatengesenyi?
Takatengesa'sirnbi.
,
"
,
Wakatengesenyi?
Wakatengesa slmbi.
,
"
Vakatengesenyi?
Vakatengesa s mbi o
.,
lVO
8.
v,
, v, 1
II tm selling sal t.
,
",
,
Ndiri kutengesa munyu.
kurima
"
,
Ur1 kutengesenyi?
, ,
Uri kuitenyi?
,
,
Uri kurimenyi?
kugeza
, ,
kutema
uri kugezenyi?
(
,
,
Url kutemenyi?
kudirira
, ,
kuvadza
Uri kudirireny{?
,
,
,
Uri kuvadzenyi?
, "
kutengesa
kuita
"""
Ndiri, kuvadza
huni.
Practice conversations.
You ask where the
children are,
, ,
,
Vana varipi?
'!
'
Varl
kugadheni.
",,
Vari kuitevyi?
94
UNIT
,
""
Gadheni
riripi?
Rlrl chlnhambo.
""
,
Vanouya
rini?
,/
r
"'''''
kutengese~Yl pano?
/ " v,
Ndir { kutengesa
SlpO.
'"
Zvakanaka.
Reading exercise.
Read aloud, verify and write tones, translate, and answer questions in Shona about the content.
Uri kuitenyi mujaha?
Ndiri kutenga shuka.
Vasikana vari
kutenge~yi?
kUite~yi
pano?
kUite~yi
pano?
95
UNIT 9
Free Conversation.
Using real fruits and vegetables if they are available,
practice pricing and buying various kinds of food.
96
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UNIT
UNIT 10
BASIC DIALOGUE
Maslkatl chlrombowe.
Good day!
Maslkatl.
Good day.
-tsvaka
who?
, ,
Muri kutsvaka ani?
,
,
,
"
Ndiri kuda Baba Mukarati.
,,
"
Waenda kwaMutare
Ahl
Ohl
(
,
"
Mwaldenyi
kwawari?
-taura
,
He went to Umtali
to speak
,
Supplementary vocabulary.
Some important place-names in
Rhodesia.
,
,
kwaMutare
to/at
Umtali
,
kuHarare
Salisbury
to/at
kuMarondera
,
kuGatoma
,
kuKwekwe
,
kuGweru
,
kuBhuruwayo
,
kuChipinga
to/at
Marandellas
to/at
Gatooma
to/at
Que Que
to/at
Gwelo
to/at
BUlawayo
to/at
Chipinga
97
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10
UNIT 10
Waenda
chinhambwe.
.
""
"
Waenda
mambakwedza.
dawn
1.
I would like
(This is the only instance of two of the so-called tense prefixes occurring together.)
98
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" ,
, ')(
"
,
Ndaigara muimba yedu.
,
I'
"
UNIT 10
,
" " dZQse.
""
Ndaienda
kujana nguva
Ndalr~ra
,
(
mwana mwedzl
wakap~ra.
""
""
,
,
,
,
Ndaitengesa mahobo musi weMugobera.
2.
Vaswera here?
,
,
,,
Waenda kwaMutare.
vauya
99
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UNIT 10
, ,
vasvika
,
ndataura
That is, after high tone, westerly dialects have low tone on
the stems of high verbs. Note that with low stems, some dialects have high tone on the first stem syllable only.
Almost without exception, verbs in this tense are used
to refer to events that have taken place during the same day
or during the preceding night. It may therefore be called the
tpast todayt tense, or the thodiernal t tense (from the Latin
word for Itodayl).
(For practice in forming the hodiernal tense, see Groups
1-8.)
1.
II
(
",
Walta basa rako here?
,
" here?
Waenda
kumaheu
Ndaenda kumaheu.
,
,
Ndataura navo.
,
Ndarima munda.
,
Wataura
navo" here?
Warlma munda here?
,
,
Warera mwana here?
Ndarera mwana.
Waswera senyi?
2.
did my work.
Ndaswera zvirlnane o
kutaura
,
, ,
Wataura senyi?
kudirira
Wadlrira senyi?
kurima
.,
, ,
kugeza
Wageza senyi?
, ,
, ,
Wataura zvakanaka.
, ,
, ,
Wadirira zvakanaka.
, ,
, ,
Wageza zvakanaka.
~
100
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3.
UNIT 10
(
, ,
Ndasvlka chinhambwe chapera.
Wasvlka rlnl?
Wasvlka rlnl?
Wasvlka
chlnhambwe chapera.
,
,
Wataura rini?
, ,
(
Wataura rlnl?
,
, ,
Ndataura chinhambwe chapera.
, ,
, ,
Wataura chinhambwe chapera.
4.
, ,
kutema
, ,
kusima
"
,
Watema
mitl( here?
, ,
kutenga
, , (
,
Watenga paraflni here?
, "
,
,
Watengesa munyu here?
, ,
, (
,
Waona vadzidzlSi here?
(
,
,
,
Waslya mwana here?
, "
kutengesa
, ,
kuona
, ,
kusiya
5.
II
cut trees.
" mitl.
(
Ndatema
Ndaslma maruva.
, "
,
Ndatengesa munyu.
Ndaona vadzldzls1.
(
,
,
Ndaslya mwana.
(iye)
WasYyepl vana?
mal
Mal.vaslyepi vana?
''r'
,
baba
,
mujaha
101
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UNIT 10
majaha
mhandara (sg.)
mhandara (pl.)
6.
, ,
Nguva yapera.
sipo
sipo yapera.
paraflni
Paraflni yapera.
MunyU wapera.
nguva
munyu
hUnl
, , e
Mahobo ap rae
, ,
Huni dzapera.
basa
Basa rapera.
mahobo
baba
"
kutenga
munyu,
,
iwe
, ,
muzvare
,
imwi
,
(
,
Watengepl munyu?
"'Y
.
( munyu?
,
Muzvare
watengepl
.,
Mwatengepi munyu?
102
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8.
UNIT 10
kusvika
, ,
kuuya
kuenda
",
,
,
Mujaha waenda here kumusha?
"
kutema
mitl(
kuita basa
~
kubva
, "
, ,
Mujaha waita basa here kumusha?
"
, ,
Mujaha wabva here kumusha?
Practice conversations.
Ask another person
what he is doing
here.
Ndiri kugeza.
Iwe uri kuitenyi?
Reply that you are
playing" and ask
when he is going
to go home.
",
Ndirl kutamba
,
zvangu.
Unoenda rini
,
kumba?
Ndlchaenda maslkatl.
You ask where the
other personts
cattle kraal is.
, , , (
,
Danga renyu rlripi?
R{rl chInhambo.
103
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UNIT 10
, ,,
(
Baba vaenda rlni
,
kUdanga?
,,
"
Vaenda mangwanani.
What is he doing at
the kraal?
V~r{ kUitegy{
kUdanga?
Varl kUita basa.
Is he intending to
go to the dip
tank?
kUdhlbhi here?
Hongu vachaenda
maslkatl.
Reading Read aloud, verify and mark tones, and learn to take
both roles without reference to the printed text.
Mwakaita basa here Mugobera?
Vakarera vana.
Vakomana vakaitenyi?
,
Vakadirirawo.
Masikati mhandara.
Masikati shewe.
Mwaswera here?
Aiwa zvitambo.
104
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UNIT 10
Waenda kwaMutare
Wanouya rini?
,
v
"
Wanozouya
musi weMusumbunuko.
Free conversation.
Ask and answer questions about what you and others have
actually done during the current day or the preceding night.
105
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UNIT 11
UNIT 11
BASIC DIALOGUE
(
"
v
NdlYo
inosvlka
muguta.
path, way
Where does the path go?
This is the [one] that goes
to (tarrives in t ) the
village.
-gurlra
to cut (for)
" "inogurira
" , here?
,
Hapana
'
"
,
ngepaWatsomba
here?
f nosvika
,
,
Kwazvo, ndiyo iyi.
",
Supplementary vocabulary.
muvha
mugwagwa
,.,.
(3, 4)
refu
.... pamhl
1.
road
(3, 4)
long, tall
wide
narrow
.... pfupi
'
,.,.
,
tsva
short
new
verbs~
Ndiyo
,~
lnosv~ka
muguta.
here?
~\
~"
UNIT 11
Ndinobereka mwana.
(
It is I (I) who
carry the child.
Relative verbs are also used after /ndianl/ lwho (is it)?!.
[For practice in constructing and using relative verbs, see
Groups 1-8 and 10, 11 of the sentences for systematic practiceJ
2.
UNIT 11
relative verbs:
compare:
3.
nzira yakanaka
,
Nzira yakanaka.
, ,
ndisu (t{s~)
ndini
, ,
ndiwe
ndlmwl
ndiye
ndlvo
kuslma maruva
Vakas1ma maruva.
f
NdlVO
,
"
kuvadza
hun1
",
')(_y
vakas~na
maruva.
,
,
, ,
Vakavadza huni.
~,
108
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"
kutenga
munyu,
,
"
,
Vakatenga munyu.
, ,
,
kuuya kuchechi
, "
,
Vakauya kuchechi.
2.
UNIT 11
Low verbs.
'They did his work (before today). '
tWho [all] did his work~ t
, ,
, ,
Vakaita basa rake.
kuita basa
kusvlka kumusha
, ,
,
Vakasvika kumusha.
,
", ,
,
Ndivanaani ~akasvika kumusha?
, ,
,
Vakataura navo.
(
, , "",
,
Ndlvanaani vakataura navo?
, ,
,
Vakageza mwana.
,
, , \ , ,
,
Ndlvanaani vakageza mwana?
, ,
,
Vakaenda kurwizi.
~
kutaura navo.
,
kugeza mwana
kuenda kurw:l;-zi
,
kurera vana
, ,
,
Vakarera vana.
,
, ("'"
,
Ndivanaanl vakarera vana?
109
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UNIT 11
3.
, ,
,
kusanda muofisi
, ""
,
,
Ndiani anosanda muofisi?
,
"
,
Anotenga munyu.
"
kutenga
munyu,
, "",
,
Ndiani anotenga munyu?
,
kuvaka dhibhi
"
,
Anovaka
dhibhi.
, , ,
Anotengesa muchitoro.
"
kufamblra mhuri
Anofambira mhuri.
, ,
, ,
kunyora zvakanaka
""
, "
Ndiani
anofambira
mhuri?
,
"
, ,
Anonyora zvakanaka.
,
, ,
kuvadza huni
""
"
"
Ndiani
anonyora
zvakanaka?
,
, /, , ,
Anovadza huni.
, (' "
""
, (
Ndianl anovadza hunl?
, '"
,
kutema muti
,
"
,
Anotema muti.
",
",
4.
kugara pachitoro
'He lives at
the store. t
'Who lives at the store?t
( ,
,
Anogara pachitoro.
,
,,,
UNIT 11
, ,
,
Anogeza mumba.
,
kugeza mumba
"
kurima gadheni
, ,
,
Anorima mugadheni.
,
"'V
'
Ndiani
anorlma mugadheni?
kuenda kutsime
, ,
,
Anoenda kutsime.
, "
,
Ndiani anoenda kutsime?
,\/
,,
kudirira mbeu
kuweza zvakanaka
, ,
kuchaira zvakanaka
,
"'v"
Ndiani
anoweza zvakanaka?
, ,
, , ,
Anochaira zvakanaka.
, ",,,
",
Ndiani anochaira zvakanaka?
5.
kubika
kurima
Ari kurima.
, ,
" , kurima
"
Ari
ndiani?
kutaura
Ari kutaura.
, ,
Ari kuverenga.
, ,
Ari kmv eza.
kuverenga
kuweza
III
UNIT 11
6.
High verbs.
tHe t scorning. t
, ,
kuuya
, ,
kunyora
, ,
kusanda
, "
kudzidzisa
, ,
kutamba
7.
"kuuya
,
"
Ari
ndiani?
"
"
Ari
kuuya.
, ,
, ,
Ari kunyora.
"
"
Ari
kusanda.
, ,
"
,
Ari kudzidzisa.
"
"
Ari
kutamba.
~ri
... , kudzidzisa
"
"
Ari
ndiani?
),
,
"
kutamba ndiani?
, ,
kusima
maruva
"
"
,
"
kutema
miti.
kutema
mitlf Vari
,
, ,
kuvadza huni
, "
kutengesa
mazingwa
, ,
kutenga,
munyu
,
kutenga
shuka
",
...,
"
,
Vari, kusima
maruva ndiva,
naani?
",
"
,
"
Vari
kutema
miti, ndivanaani?
",
,
'('"
Vari
kuvadza
hunl
ndivanaani?
...,
",
Vari, kutengesa
mazingwa ndiva,
naani?
"
"
,
Vari
kutenga
munyu.
"
"
"
Vari
kutenga
munyu"
ndivanaani?
"
" " shuka.
Vari
kutenga
",
,
,
",
Vari kutenga shuka ndivanaani?
112
8.
UNIT 11
Low verbs.
tThey are reading. t
, ,
....
,,,
kuverenga
Vari kuverenga.
kutaura
vari kutaura.
... ,
,,,,
Vari kutaura ndivanaani?
kurimisa
Vari kurimisa.
"
,
Vari kubereka vana.
... ,
"
Vari, kubereka
vana ndiva,
naani?
Vari, kuenda
kuchechi ndiva,
naani?
, ,
kubereka vana
kuenda kuchechi
9.
chikoro
v
chigero
,
,,,,,
Ndicho chikoro chenyu here?
,
here~
,
",,,
Ndicho chitoro chenyu here?
musha
,
" here?
Ndiwo
musha"
wenyu
Munda
,
" ,
Ndiwo munda wenyu herR?
,
,,,,,
Ndiwo munyu wenyu here?
chitoro
munyu
,
",
,
Ndiyo mari yenyu here?
mari
,
,
"
,
Ndiyo shuka yenyu here?
shuka
, ,
huni
""
dzimba
,
" here?
Ndidzo
dzimba"
dzenyu
danga
,
" here?
Ndiro
danga"
renyu
shereni
,
""
Ndiyo
shereni yenyu
here?
113
UNIT 11
basa
,
",
Ndiro basa renyu here?
mashereni
,
",
Ndiwo mashereni enyu here?
",
maruva
,
mwana
,
" here?
Ndiye
mwana"
wenyu
,
,
"
,
Ndiye mukunda wenyu here?
,
",
,
Ndivo vana venyu here?
mukunda
,
vana
, ,
vapwere
,
"",
Ndivo vapwere venyu here?
lVO
ini
,
isu
iwe
.
!
lmWl
11.
,
"
,
Anovaka dzimba.
,
""
,
Ndiye
anovaka dzimba.
,
"
,
Vanovaka dzimba.
, , ,
,
Ndinovaka dzimba.
, , ,
,
Tinovaka dzimba.
, , ,
,
,
Unovaka dzimba here?
, , ,
,
,
Munovaka dzimba here?
,
""
,
Ndivo
vanovaka
dzimba.
"
\
",
,
Ndini ndlnovaka dzimba.
" , ,tinovaka
' , , " " dzimba.
"
Tisu
""
"
,
Ndiwe
unovaka
dzimba, here?
, "
",
,
,
Ndimwi munovaka dzimba here?
Low verbs.
IShe carries the child.
ivo
, ,
,
Anobereka mwana.
, ,
,
Vanobereka mwana.
,
ini
Ndinobereka mwana.
,
iye
,
isu
,
iwe
imwl
,
"
"
".
\I
"
Tinobereka mwana.
,
UNIT 11
"
"
"
, v
Ndimwi
munobereka
mwana" here?
Practice conversations.
You ask where his
house is.
"
,,Imba yangu iri muguta.
~
Is it near?
, ,
Is it large?
". V
V'
'
Ihuru
here?
Inoenda kupi?
The one that goes
to town.
Inosvlka muguta.
Ndiyo iyi.
You ask whether
there isntt one
that goes by
Watsomba.
".,
'
Hapana lnosvlka
,
"
ngepaWatsomba
".
here?
,
115
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UNIT 11
Inoenda kuSvondo
Inotamba mitambo.
Inofambira kuHosipitare.
Inogara zvakanaka.
Free conversation.
Collect a number of objects and ask whether each belongs to various individuals.
116
UNIT 12
UNIT 12
BASIC DIALOGUE
chiShona (7)
Shona style of
speaking or acting.
, "
,
, ,
Handitauri chiShona zvakanaka.
Ahl
mutauro (3, 4)
B
language
Where do you study our
language.
, ,
wedu?
A
, ,
KuNyakatsapa.
, ,
-pedza
, ,
,
Unopedza rini?
At Nyakatsapa.
to finish
When do you finish?
-zlva
A
to know
Handizivi zvakanaka.
Supplementary vocabulary.
Anogona kutaura
(7)
chiNdevere
(7)
Ndebele.
English
(7)
chirooroo (7)
,
chiraparapa (7)
,
chiPutukezi (7)
117
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UNIT 12
1.
"
Handitaur~
, , ,
Handiziv~
,
, ,
chiShona zvakanaka.
, ,
I dontt speak
Shona well.
I dontt know
for sure.
zvakanaka.
1.
, Have
kutaura
ivo
, ,
kunyora
, ,
L~nyora?
Vapedza here
imwi
kubika
M~apedza
here kUbika?
118
,
Wapedza here kubika?
.
Wapedza
. , ,
iye
iwe
kusanda
2.
here kudirira?
,
Wapedza here kudirira?
, ,
,
, ,
Wapedza here kusanda?
kudirira
II don't teach. 1
, "
Handzidzist.
!o
" , mazuva
" "Qse here?
,
Unosanda
"
,
Handisandi.
!o
",
""
,
Unouya
mazuva
Qse here?
Handiuy~.
, , "
""
,
Unodzidzira
mazuva
Qse here?
Handidzidzir~.
kusanda
, ,
kuuya
, "
kudzidzira
, , "
" "Qse here?
,
Unodzidzisamazuva
, "
kudzidzisa
3.
UNIT 12
"
,
iwe
,
imwi
Hatid~.
, ,
Haad}.
, ,
iye
iva
i\
, ,
Havad~.
119
UNIT 12
4.
in1
Hand{ta~ri chINdev~re.
, "
,
Haatauri!o chiNdevere.
iye
"
"
isu
Hatitaurl!o chiNdevere.
ivo
chiNdevere.
, "
,
,
Hautaurt chiNdevere here?
Havataur~
iwe
imwi
5.
Hamutaur~
,
,
chiNqevere here?
Ha~goni
,
,
Handigon~.
"
here, kuchaira?
f ye anogona
Haagon~.
Harnugoni
"
here, kurimisa?
f va vanogona
Havagon~.
Handigon~.
Hatigon!.
!o
,
,
Hamugoni.
!o
'
, ,
"
,
Vanogona here kutema?
Havagon~.
Hatlgon~.
120
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6.
UNIT
12
,
,
Handirimt.
, "
Handitauri.
!o
Handigoni.
!o
UnorYmisa here?
70
"
Handirimisf
ini
"
,,Handidi!o kusima maruva.
lVo
"
,,Havadi kusima maruva.
kugona
Havagon~
kuverenga
Havagon~
!>
,-
,,kusima maruva.
kuverenga.
,
,Haagoni kuverenga.
!>
, ,
kuziva
, , (
Haazivl!o kuverenga.
kuchaira
Haazlv~
iSU
Hatlzlvi!o kuchaira.
kuda
('
donlt want to
transplant flowers.
kuchaira.
, ,
Hatidl kuchaira.
We donlt want to
drive.
121
UNIT 12
UNIT 12
Practice conversation.
You ask another person
what language he
speaks.
Ndinotaura chirungu
kuchikoro.
Tinotaura chiSh~na
kumusha.
,
"
Vapwere vanotaura
,
chirungu here
kuchikoro?
"
Havataur~
chirungu.
, ,
,
Vanotaura chiShona.
Oral Reading Practice.
Ndiani uri kutaura?
Ndini.
kUite~yi?
Ndiri kunyora.
Uri kunyora mutauronyi?
Ndiri kunyora chirungu.
Anotaura chiShona zvakanaka here?
AhI
123
UNIT 12
Free conversation.
Practice asking and answering questions about what members
of the class regularly do. In answering, some of the replies
should be negative.
124
UNIT 13
UNIT 13
Basic sentences.
Mwazvlnzwa here?
Do you understand?
(tHave you heard it?t)
kwete
no
Kwete.
~
No.
~
Handina kuzvinzwa
izwl (5, 6)
voice, word
~
" aya
- mazwi.
,
Nyorai
mUdzldza (1,2)
student
(
~
~
"
Ava vadzldza
vanobva
Amerika.
-dzldza
to learn
,
Ndinoda kudzidza kutaura chiShona.
~
/\
-pinda
to enter, to
surpass
Pindai.
Come in!
pasl (16)
underneath, floor,
ground, the earth
Garai paSl.
Sit down!
masure (6)
back, behind
, "-,,
Taurai mumasure mwangu.
o
~
Repeat (tspeak t
after me.
125
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13
UNIT
-isa
to put
bhuku (5, 6)
book
. .
Itaizve.
[Please] repeat.
"
,
Tauraizve.
(IDo/speak again. I)
-shoma
,-
Mungataur~
1.
few, little
zvishoma here?
tive
form~
, ,
"
Handina kuzvinzwa
, ,
"
handizi kuzvinzwa
This negative also may be used as a counterpart of affirmatives
in either the /-ka-/ or the hodiernal tense.
126
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UNIT 13
"
,
,
handisakazvinzwa
, "
Nyorai
Write ;
, "
Taurai.
Speak}
,,
,
Garai pasi
Sit downJ
127
UNIT 13
3.
The enclitic
I--zve/.
, "
Taurai.
Speakl
"
Tauraizve.
Speak again!
Pinda.
Enter!
Pindazve.
Enter againI
Wataura.
o
, ,
,
Wataurazve
He spoke.
He spoke again.
, "
Taurai
vs.
Tauralzve.
bhuku
hobo
{
SlPO
,
shuka
munyu
mari
128
UNIT 13
shereni
,
,
hafukoroni
f
'
,
Walsa
mahafukoroni
angu papl?
,
,
,
Waisa mbofana dzangu
papl?
mbofana
2.
, ,
kupedza
, ,
kutema
, ,
kusima
, ,
kuvadza
"
"
here, basa
renyu?
Mwapedza
,,~
Tema.L mitl.
Slmal maruva.
, ,-, ' ,
Vadzai huni.
3.
Low verbs.
kudirira
,
, v
Mwadirlra here maruva?
,
, v
,
Mwaverenga here bhuku?
,
,
,
Mwarera here mwana2
,
Mwar{ma here munda,
f
' *'
Dirlrai
maruva.
kuverenga
kurera
kurima
JOt
"
,
Verengai
bhuku.
, *'
,
Rerai mwana.
, *'
Rimai munda.
129
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4.
ISpeak again.
kutaura
Taural!
"
,
Tauraizvel
kupinda
Pinda!l
'
,
Pindaizve.
kuverenga
VerengaIl
kuenda
Enda'Il
5.
'>t
' ,
,
Verengaizve.
,
,
Endaizve.
High verbs.
tCome.'
, ,
kuuya
, ,
kutenga
, , ,
kutengesa
, ,
kutamba
'Come again.
, " f
Tengesa
"
,
Uyaizve.
, ,
,
Tengaizve.
, "
,
Tengesaizve.
, '!
Tamba
'
,
,
Tambaizve.
'JII'
Uyail
,
Tengal.
,,~
6.
, , basa
- rako.
"
Pedza
,
"
,
Rera mwana wako.
,
,
"
Verenga bhuku rako.
*'
""
,,,
Pedzai
basa renyu.
, *'
",
Rerai mwana wenyu.
~,
"
130
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7.
UNIT 13
"
",
, ,
yako
,
"
Tengesa
mitlf "
yako.
"
, ,
Pedza basa rako.
kupedza basa
,
,
renyu
,'llIC
"
Pedzai
basa renyu.
, lft'
,
"
,
Rera mwana wako
,
"
,
Verenga mabhuku ako.
kuverenga mabhuku
, ,
enyu
8.
'
kurera mwana
, ,
wako
",
,,~
iye
,
ivo
inl
lsu
'
'
mumasure
Taural
,
'
'11(.
Taural
mumasure
,
'
, J!\
Taurai mumasure
,
' ,~ mumasure
Taural
, ,
mwake.
, ,
mwavo.
,
m';langu.
, ,
mwedu.
(Same)
iye
in!
ivo
,
isu
, ,
,
"
, /
'1'
mumasure mwake.
Pindal
Ari kuda kupinda mumba.
,
,
,
, ,
'.-c mu.masure
mwangu.
Ndiri kuda kupinda mumba. Pindal
, ,
,
Varl kUda kupinda mumba. Pindaf mumasure mwavo
, ,
/
Pindaf mu.masure mwedu.
Tiri" kuda kupinda mumba.
131
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UNIT 13
10.
bhuku
,
"
,
Iri bhuku rakanaka here?
imba
"
"
Harina
kunaka.
danga
mazw{
mugwagwa
nzira
munda
zingwa
~
machisi
,
mwana
,
vana
,
gadheni
maruva
,
ofisi
chitoro
, "
,
Iri danga rakanaka here?
, , ,
,
Aya mazwi akanaka here?
, ,
,
Uyu mugwagwa wakanaka here?
, ,
,
Iyi nzira yakanaka here?
, ,
,
Uyu munda wakanaka here?
, ,
,
Iri zingwa rakanaka here?
,
, ,
,
Iyi machisi yakanaka here?
, "
,
Uyu mwana wakanaka here?
, "
,
Ava vana vakanaka here?
,
, ,
,
Iri gadheni rakanaka here?
, ,
,
Aya maruva akanaka here?
,
, ,
,
Iyi ofisi yakanaka here?
,
, ,
,
Ichi chitoro chakanaka here?
(
, Halna kunaka.
, ,
Harina kunaka.
"
Haana
, ,
Hauna
, ,
Raina
, ,
Rauna
kunaka.
kunaka.
kunaka.
kunaka.
, Harina kunaka.
~
(
, Halna kunaka
Haana ku.naka.
, ,
Havana kunaka.
, ,
Rarina kunaka.
, ,
Raana kunaka.
, ,
Haina kunaka.
, ,
,
"
,
Iyi tsime yakanaka here?
Hachina kunaka.
, ,
Hazvina kunaka.
, ,
Hachina kunaka.
, , Raina kunaka.
, "
,
Iri hobo rakanaka here?
('
Harlna
kunaka.
, ,
, ,
zvitoro
chigero
,
tsime
,
hobo
132
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11.
UNIT 13
r I didn t t go wi th them.
, ,
"
Vakaenda kwaMutare.
, ,
Vakaita basa.
, , ,
Handina kuenda navo.
f
'
,
Handlna
kuita
basa navo.
, ,
"
,
Handina
kurima
munda navo.
Vakarima munda.
, ,
Vakataura chirungu.
"
"
Vakauya
pano.
_f'
"
,
Handlna
kuuya
navo.
,
f
f
'
Vakadzldlra
chiShona.
Practlce conversations.
You ask who built
this house.
, ,
Ndinl.
You comment that
it is very nice,
and ask whether
the dip tank is
nearby.
, ,
,
Yakanaka kwazvo.
Dhibhi
f
'
,
rlri
patyo
here?
Ehunde.
Rirl
Unbcteny{ pC:n~?
(I
Ndinoda kudzldza.
133
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UNIT 13
Un~d~ kUdz{dzeny{~
(I
Ndinoda kudzldza
kutaura chirungu.
Reading practice:
two-line conversations.
here?
m~ake
Free conversation.
Practice giving and recelvlng directions, using
affirmative plural imperative forms.
134
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UNIT 14
UNIT 14
BASIC DIALOGUE
sima (5, 6)
vegetable
I am selling vegetables.
What do you have?
mbatata
(9, 10)
potato
nzungu (10)
kabichi
groundnuts
(5, 6)
cabbage
I have potatoes, groundnuts
and cabbage.
ltd like some cabbage.
-mwe
"
one
matatu.
-tarnbira
to receive
Mwazvlta, tamblranyi.
Thank you.
Supplementary vocabulary.
mbesa
Foodstuffs.
(9, 10)
foods
mango
(9, 10)
guava
mango
35
UNIT
14
"
Takatenga mapopo.
papo (5,6)
papaya
raranji (5,6)
orange
Takatenga mandlmu.
ndlmu (5,6)
lemon
"
"
Takatenga zvinanazi.
chinanazl (7,8)
pineapple
Takatenga manhanga.
nhanga (5,6)
pumpkin
" "
dikiti
(5,6)
Takatenga mbatata.
mbatata (9,10)
potato
Takatenga ndodzl.
ndodzl (10)
peas
Takatenga shushururu.
shushururu (10)
beans
"
Takatenga magwere.
gwere (5,6)
"
..
Takatenga mararanJl.
"
Takatenga{mabarWe~
chibarwe (7,6 or 8)
zvibarwe.
ear of
maize
Takatenga tsunga.
tsunga (5)
(kind of green
vegetable)
"
Takatenga tsenza.
, "
tsenza (9,10)
(an edible
root)
" "
Takatenga miriwo.
muriwa (3,4)
Takatenga madima.
dima (5,6)
sweet potato
"
Takatenga nzungu.
nzungu" (9,10)
groundnuts
"
Tak.atenga madhumbe.
"
dhumbe
(5,6)
coco yam
Takatenga
nyemba (10)
cow pea
1.
n~-emba.
sentences:
136
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Munenyi?
-.
UNIT 14
,
Ndine mbatata,
,
nzungu nekabichi.
V~vana makore mana.
101,
nomwana
nezvitoro
la
nababa
nesimbi
navana
10
nenzungu
nomuti
11
norwizi
nemiti
12
nakamwana
5
6
nehobo
13
notuvana
namahobo
14
nohuswa
.
nechitoro
15
nokuenda
137
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UNIT
14
We have groundnuts.
and/with soap
nenzira
and/with a path
nechikoro
and/with a school
,
,
nenzungu
and/with groundnuts
nababa
and/with Father
138
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UNIT 14
I" ...1
Ina-I:
cf.
Further east, in the Manyika area, the tone rules for the
connective itself are the same except for nouns that begin with
I' "... 1. The tone of the connective is low before these nouns,
just as i~ is before other nouns that begin with low tone.
The
syllable that follows the connective is raised to high, again just
as it is in other nouns that have basic low tone on the first
syllable:
nababa
nechikoro
tones
I' "/,
.-
nenzungu
On the other hand, two or more consecutive high tones
after
may not be lowered.
Ina/
5-8.]
1.
Connective with subject prefix, with :louns before which it
has the vowel
class concords with relative verbs modifying
these nouns.
(Use the noun as the cue.)
lei;
Tine
nyemba dzakanaka.
139
UNIT
14
Tine
Tine
Tine
,,
" "
mbeu dzakanaka.
Tine
Tine
Tine
paraflni yakanaka.
Tine
Tine
,
Tine
Tine
,
Tine
Tine
,
, ,
bhuku rakanaka.
, " " rakanaka.
""
dikiti
tsunga rakanaka.
ndlmu rakanaka.
Tine
dima rakanaka.
,
,
",
chinanazi chakanaka.
Tine
" ,
chigero chakanaka.
Tine
chikaro chakanaka.
Tine
zVinanazl zvakanaka.
Tine
v
v
'
,
zv i gero
zvakanaka.
Tine
zVikaro zvakanaka.
"
, ,
mudzidza wakanaka.
,,,
, ,
mudzidzisi wakanaka.
140
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Tino, / Tine'
, ,
murimisi wakanaka.
Tino, / Tine'
munda wakanaka.
Tino, / Tine'
munyu wakanaka.
Tina'/ Tine'
musha wakanaka.
3.
UNIT 14
Connective with nouns before which it may have the vowel /a/.
Tina'/Tine'
vana vakanaka.
Tina'/Tine'
vadzldza vakanaka.
Tina/Tine
Tina'/ Tine'
mabhuku akanaka.
Tina'/Tine'
Tina'/ Tine'
mandlmu akanaka.
Tina'/Tine'
magwere akanaka.
IMfORTANT: After completing work on Groups 1, 2, and 3 separately, take nouns from all three groups at random as cues.
Respond with sentences in which the connective has the proper
vowel and the relative verb has the proper concordial prefix.
4.
,
baba
,
,
,
Baba vana mabhuku angu here?
mUjaha
MUjaha
majaha
,
,
,
Majaha ana mabhuku angu here?
"
an~
mabhuku an 6 u here?
"
141
UNIT
14
mhandara
vapwere
vadzldza
mufund{si
"
imwi"
iwe"
5.
"
,,!:p
I '" I.
6.
Connective without subject prefix, before nouns with two consecutive high tones.
142
UNIT 14
1"1.
8.
I' 'I.
7.
mandlmu
,
magwere
,
mbatata
,
ndodzi
,
Ndatenga mararanji
" " "
')(
n~mandimu.
munyu
,
"
'
nzungu
Ndatenga mararanjl nenzungu.
IMPORTANT: After completing work on Groups 5-8 separately,
practice the lines of all four drills together in random order.
Practice conversations.
You ask who has
good potatoes.
, ,,,
,
Ndiani ane mbatata
, ,
dzakanaka?
,
,
,
Munoda mbatata here?
~
')(
dzapera.
143
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UNIT
14
"
Mungadziteng~
,
pano.
Makabichi mashanu
anoita mar{nyi~
, ,
Anoita mashereni
,
mashanu.
You protest at
the price.
Ah!
,
Muri kunyanya
kani.
, ..., , Ndinokupa mashereni
mana.
Akanaka kwazvo.
Kuchitoro.
,
Anoita tiki.
Mudzidzisi ari kutsvaka ani?
Ari kutsvaka Baba Mukarati.
Anodenyi kwawari~
Anoda kutaura navo.
Free conversation.
What vegetables or fruits have you recently bought or
do you presently need? Name two commodities at a time, in
this way using the connective Ina/.
144
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UNIT 15
UNIT 15
BASIC DIALOGUE
shamwari (9, 10)
/
Dzinosvika rini?
Ndinofunga mangwana.
-gadzirira
friend
I think tomorrow.
to prepare for
[something or
someone]
What have you preparea
Wagadzlrirenyi?
(7, 8)
chinhu
"J
to prepare
zhinji
thing
many
lIve prepared many things.
Ungazouyawo
here?
!>
Ndinof~nga ndinauya.
-mwa
to drink
tii (9)
tea
kafi (9)
coffee
UNIT
15
"
chiVyi
....
B
what is it?
some, other
What else?
Chivyizve chlmwe?
to eat
-dya
mupunga"
(3 )
rice
sweet potato
dima (5, 6)
muchero
A
Ah!
(3, 4)
fruit
" madima
"
mpunga,
Tichadya
nemichero mizhinji.
Supplementary vocabulary.
hama
Miscellaneous words.
(9, 10)
kin
Dzichasvika rini?
nhasi
Dzichasvika nhasi.
mhando
kind, sort
(9, 10)
sadza (5, 6)
Muchavagadzirira mhandonyi
yesadza?
146
UNIT 15
Object prefixes.
Notice the non-initial prefixes which have been underlined in these sentences:
What will you fix
for them (Cl. 2)?
,
Mungadzitenga pano.
-~
cf.
The underlined syllables are called OBJECT PREFIXES.
There
is an object prefix for each of the person-number combinations
and for each of the classes.
Choice of prefix is determined
by the noun that might have been used in place of it.
In
leneral, the object prefix is in the same class as the noun
(e.g. the third of the above examples); but where the object
is a person or persons, the object prefix is likely to be in
the personal class (lor 2), even if the noun is one which,
like /hama/ (first of the above examples) is in some other
class.
The personal object prefixes are:
Singular
Plural
-ndl-
-tl-
-ku-
-ffiU-
-mu,
-va-
,
,
Except for the second and third person singular (i.e. /-ku-/
and /-mu-/, above) the vowels and consonants of the object
prefixes are identical with those of the subject prefixes used
with the /-no-/ and /-cha-/ tenses (Unit 5, Note 1). Note
however, that their tonal characteristics are different, as
shown in the following set of examples:
147
c:::
Z
H
~
j---I
\Jl
Monosyllabic
high stem
Polysyllabic stem
Low stem
Hodiernal~
3 pers:
'
v
'
vakupa
varltengesa
varlgadzira
Hodiernal~
1+ 2 pers:
ndakupa
ndachltengesa
ndachlgadzira
/-no-/
'
v
'
ndinokupa
ndinochltengesa
'
""
v
ndinochigadzlra
/-cha-/
'
v
'
ndichakupa
ndichachltengesa
ndichachlgadzlra
/-ka-/
'
v
'
ndakakupa
ndakachltengesa
'
""
v
ndakachigadzlra
Infinitive
Neg. of /-no-/
handirldi
OJ
>
CJ)
j---I
+=-
CD
,
,
'
I 1 teng
' eSlv
handlr
ndiri kuchlgadzlra
handirigadzlrl
[For practice with forms that contain object prefixes, see Groups 1-8.]
()
()
c:::
~
CJ)
1.
UNIT
15
'I saw it in
the house.
,
,
chinanazi
,
,
zvinanazi
Ndazviona mumba.
zvinhu
chigero
, ,
mukorore
, ,
vakorore
Ndazviona mumba.
,
Ndachiona mumba.
,
Ndamuona mumba.
Ndavaona mumba.
mUkunda
Ndamuona mumba.
vakunda
Ndavaona mumba.
Ndavaona mumba.
mai
Ndavaona mumba.
shamwarl (sg.)
Ndaiona mumba.
shamwarl (pl.)
Ndadziona mumba.
Ndaiona mumba.
Ndadziona mumba.
Ndaiona mumba.
Ndauona mumba.
Ndariona mumba.
Ndaaona mumba.
,,
hama (sg.)
hama (pl.)
,
mari
,
mupunga
mabhuku
Ndachlona mumba.
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UNIT
15
2.
did it.'
/
/ wagadzlra
/ V
/
mumba/ ( Cl. 1 8) Ndiani
mumba?
Ndini ndamugadzlra.
zingwa
Ndlnl ndarigadzira.
Ndlnl ndazvigadzira.
Ndlnl ndaigadzira.
Ndlnl ndaigadzira.
madima
Ndlnl ndaagadzira.
shushururu
Ndlnl ndadzigadzira.
ndodzl
Ndlnl ndadzigadzira.
mupunga
Ndlnl ndaugadzira.
nyemba
Ndlnl ndadzigadzira.
mahob~
Ndlnl ndaagadzira.
zvinanazi
150
3.
I-J
\Jl
I-J
zvinanzl
Vazvlgadzira here?
baba
Vazvlgadzira here?
mazingwa
Vaagadzira here?
mhandara
Yaagadzira here?
::r:
shushururu
Yadzigadzira here?
",
shamwari yedu
I'
00
lJj
:t:"
Yadzigadzira here?
Yaugadzira here?
()
.
Waigadzira
.
:;0
00
00
H
()
I'
mupunga
mukorore
I'
Waugadzira here?
o
q
tz:I
here?
tii
mUjaha
\;,aigadzira here?
michero
1iaigadzira here?
c
Z
H
I-J
\Jl
UNIT 15
4.
Ndarlbika.
Varlbika.
Ndaritenga.
Varltenga.
mbatata
Ndadzitenga.
Vadzitenga.
kugadzira
Ndadzigadzira.
Vadzigadzira.
masimo
Ndaagadzira.
Vaagadzira.
Ndaatengesa.
Vaatengesa.
rnichero
Ndaitengesa.
Vaitengesa.
kubika
Ndaibika.
Vaibika.
sadza
5.
t
I cooked it.
/-no-/
know you.
"
V
"
"
"
here?
Munondlziva
"
V
"
"
Ndinomuziva.
"
v
"
"
"
here?
Unondlziva
Ndinokuziva.
" v
"
" here?
Munomuziva
" v
"
"
Ndinomuziva.
"
Munovazlva here?
Ndi'novazlva.
6.
"
"
"
Anok~zlva kwazvo.
Anomuziva here?
Anomuziva kwazvo.
Anomuziva here?
Anondiziva kwazvo.
Anokuziva here?
Anondiziva kwazvo.
152
7.
UNIT
15
bhuku
"
V
'"
Ndinorlda.
mabhuku
Ndinoada.
hobo
Ndinorlda.
mahobo
Ndinoada.
zingwa
Ndinorida.
mazingwa
Ndinoada.
chinanazl
Ndinochida.
'"
'"
zvinanazi
Ndinozvida.
chikoro
Ndinochida.
mari"
Ndinoida.
'" '"
mupwere
Ndinomuda.
'" '"
vapwere
Ndinovada.
paraflni
Ndinoida.
Ndinoida.
Ndinodzida.
Ndinoida.
Ndinouda.
Ndinoida.
nzungu'"
mupunga'"
153
UNIT
15
Havaazivi.
!>
"
,
Handiriverengi.
!>
"
"
Haana
kumurera.
He didntt.
Does/Will Mother prepare
our things?
here?
,
,
Havazvigadzir;.
~
She doesntt/wontt.
Practice conversations.
You ask a person
what he wants
to drink.
,
,
Munoda kumwenyi?
, ,
"
Tine tii nekofi.
,
,
Ndingadq. kofl.
154
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UNIT 15
Mune mhandonyl
yemlchero?
..
Tine mhando nhatLi.
"
"
zvinanazi
A
nemararanJl.
You say which kind
you'd like.
Ungadenylzve?
And you'd like a
small banana.
Oral Reading Practice.
Vazhinji vanomwa kofi here?
Vanoziva kugadzira kofi yakanaka here?
Ndinofunga havazivi.
Tine shamwari zhinji dzinotaura chingezi.
Vamwe vanogara muRhodesia.
Hama dzangu dzinogara kuAmerica.
KuAmerica vazhinji vanomwa kofi.
Free conversation.
Ask questions concerning what each person has bought,
seen, eaten, drunk recently.
Replies should contain object
prefixes. Also ask about what each person likes, and what
he generally eats a lot of, again calling forth replies
that contain object prefixes.
155
UNIT
16
UNIT 16
BASIC DIALOGUE
My house is small.
mupanda (3, 4)
B
room
,
chete
A
Mitatu chete.
only
Only three.
,,-
fafitera (5, 6)
window
, v
'
Unogeza
mafafitera
mashoma.
, v
'
Ndinofunga
kudaro.
I think so.
mushonga (3, 4)
B
medicine, polish
to begin
-vamba
A
1 1m about to begin.
Ndoda kuvamba.
156
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Supplementary vocabulary.
UNIT
16
(11, 6) }
hand, arm
(3, 6)
,
usu
(14)
I
face
meso
(9)
muviri
(3, 4)
body
nhumbl
(9, 10)
clothes
,-
,-
mbatya
(9, 10)
clothes
'" '"
Arl kugeza midziyo.
mUdzlyo
(3, /.f)
utensil
'" '"
ndiro
(9, 6 or 10)
,-
'"
Arl kugeza ndiro.
1.
utensil,
dish
cf.
mukunda mupenyu
'"
,
'" v
v
Mhuri yavo
ihuru.
cf.
My daughter is fine.
(talive t )
a living daughter
Their family is large.
their large family
My house is small.
cf.
my small house
157
UNIT
16
The
1-0-1
form of verbs.
1 1m about to begin.
Adjectives
mafafitera
Ndageza mashoma.
~
(ma)ndlro
nhumbl
Ndageza mashoma.
Ndageza shoma.
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UNIT 16
mbatya"
Ndageza shoma.
" "
masimo
Ndageza mashoma.
Ndageza shoma.
mararanji
" mararanji
"
""
"
Wageza
mazhinji
here?
"
Ndageza
mashoma.
mipanda
Ndageza mishoma.
2.
Indepe~dent
tIt is small. t
"
" indiki
"
"
"
here?
1mba" yenyu
" "
Indiki.
,
"
huru
f v
"
" lhuru
"
here?
Imba" yenyu
fhuru.
chena"
"
" ichena here?
Imba" yenyu
"
"
Ichena.
3.
"
pfupi
"
"
Iyi nzira ipfupi.
"
"
"
Ipfupi
kwazvo.
refu
"
"
Iyi nzira irefu.
"
"
" kwazvo.
Irefu
pamhi"
/
"
Iyi nzira imhamhi.
"
"
" kwazvo.
Imhamhi
tete
"
fnhete kwazvo.
,
itsva
"
Iyi nzira itsva.
"
"
Itsva
kwazvo.
159
UNIT 16
4.
pfupi
Mupfupi kwazvo.
refu
Murefu kwazvo.
mhamhl
Mupamhl kwazvo.
nhete
Mutete kwazvo.
itsva
Mutsva kwazvo.
huru
5.
Mukuru kwazvo.
magwere
~
mbatata
~
raranji
Mad~ki
Ndlki
dZlripl?
I
Ndlki dZlripl?
Dlki rlripl?
'
vapwere
Ndiki dziripi?
ndodzl
aripi?
nzungu
Vadiki varipi?
mwana
Mudiki aripi?
munda
Mudiki uripiZ
chinanazl
zVitoro
rwizi
Chidlki chlripl?
~
Zvidiki zviripi?
RUdlki ruripl?
160
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UNIT 16
6.
,
kabichi
,
tsunga
,
ndodzi
7.
It is cabbage. t
, ,
Ikabichi.
, ,
Itsunga.
,
,
Indodzi.
bhuku
mabhuku
,
/
,
"
,
Aya mabhuku enyu here?
"
mwana
mUdzldza
,
,
mudzidzisi
"
"
,
Uyu mudzidza
wenyu
here?
8.
, "
"
,
Uyu mudzidzisi wenyu here?
,
mushonga
mahobo
,
mandimu
,
"
Uyu mushonga wakanaka.
, , ,
Aya mahobo akanaka.
,
"
Aya mandimu akanaka.
chigero
popo
, ,
,
Iri ipopo here?
ndlmu
,
"
Iri popo
rakanaka.
161
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UNIT 16
,
tsunga
nzungu
,
mbatata
9.
,
, ,
Iri tsunga rakanaka.
,
, ,
1 1 11 begin work on
Tuesday.
, "
"
"
Ndakavamba
kutaura navo
mwedzi
')(
wakapera..
, ,
""
"
Vakavamba
kusvika pano
musi
weChlshanu.
Watovamba kUdzldzlra chiShona.
Practice conversations.
You ask someone
whether he is
selling his
oranges.
,
,,,
mararanji enyu?
,
Handina
You ask where you
can get some.
A.
v'
"
~kutengesa.
Ndingaaona kupl?
~
' ,
162
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UNIT 16
V,/
/"
Ehunde.
Ndin4
mashoma. Munoda
mangani~
Madazeni maviri.
Ndinolta mashereni
,
maviri .
Rlni?
,
(It happened
last month.)
Mwedzi wakaperct.
,
, v
Iri kUpl?
(Itts at Highfields.)
KuHighfields.
ine mlpanda minganl?
It has three
large rooms and
two small ones.
,
miviri .
here?
,
Ndinofunga kudaro.
163
UNIT 16
un~
Ndinofunga
mayiri.
un~
mafafitera mangani?
Free conversation.
Discuss the size and other qualities of specific fruits,
vegetables~ houses, etc.
164
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UNIT 17
UNIT 17
BASIC DIALOGUE
nhasi
today
1 1 m going to Umtali.
mutenda
(1, 2)
patient
Ah!
Oh!
"
" aripo?
""
Ndiani
"
""
"
Pahosipitari.
Who is there?
(a negative enclitic)
--ba
B
" ,
Hapanaba.
"" ,
-maira
B
A
In the hospital.
" ,
Zvakanaka.
bandera
, ,
-tanga
Fine!
(5, 6)
signboard
to do first
-tsauka
to turn off
rUdyl
right (hand)
[At] the first sign, turn to
the right.
,
kCIrudyi.
165
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UNIT
17
Supplementary vocabulary.
front, ahead
mberi (9)
Enda mberi.
Go straight ahead.
to turn about
left (hand)
TenderUka{kurunzer~.
kumunzere.
1.
1.
2.
Ndinogara muguta.
3.
Ndichaenda kuchitoro.
4.
KuNyakatsapa.
At/to Nyakatsapa.
5.
Pahosipitari.
At the hospital.
6.
Vanozogara kwegore.
7.
I live in a town.
The basic forms of these prefixes are /pa/ (Class 16), /ku/
(Class 17) and /mu/ (Class 18). Because words which contain
them so often have to do with location, these three classes
may be called the tlocative' classes.
166
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UNIT
17
9.
Hakuna nzira.
There is no path/way.
Note that the locative prefixes on a noun may determine the class of prefixes used with other words in the
sentence:
masure (Cl. 6)
mumasure (Cl.
18 plus
mumasure m~angu
Cl, 6)
,.
,.
,-
18)
around here
pano
here
" "
muno
in here
167
17
UNIT
~sl
~tyo
(16)
(16)
near
Ndlani ariE?
2.
Who is there?
I-mbo-I
Mutambara?
Ndichamboenda.
I-mbo-I
1.
II think there
are few. 1
mutenda
mudzidza
munhu
mushonga
, "
mupwere
"
v
'
"
Ndinofunga
pana
vashoma.
etc.
168
UNIT 17
mUkuru
,
muzungu
2.
"" zvipfumbamwe.
Mune
dima
, ,
mupwere
Murnba
"mun~
" vapwere
,,,
vangani?
Mun~
ndlmu
Mun~
chinhu
, , ,
dikiti
,
,
chinanazi
mbatata
munhu
3.
"
"
Mun~
mapfumbamwe.
"
mapfumbamwe.
"" vapfumbamwe.
;';
mapfumbamwe.
,,~
Mune zvipfumbamwe.
vanhu
",
, , "
MuHarare mune vanhu vazhinji kupinda mwaMutare.
dzimba
"
1
1MuHarare
mune dzimba" zhlnjl
kupinda
mabandera
"
zvitoro
migwagwa
"
./
"
m~aMutare.
,,,
m~aMutare.
169
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17
UNIT
4.
,,/
dzimba
nzira
zVitoro
vanhu
makomo
ndwizi
miti
, ,
nzira zhinji.
,
, ,
zvitoro zvizhinji.
,'/
"
,,",
5.
Ikuna/.
Relative form of
Negative with
I-na/.
manhanga
,
, ,
iva
tsunga
imwi
,
ndodzi
,
isu
, ,
, ,
Kwedu hakuna manhanga.
, ,
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UNIT 17
6.
Mutare
"
v
here" kwaMutare?
Mwakombosvika
"
Harare
"
v
here kuHarcire?
Mwakambosvika
Marondera
.-
"
v
here kUChiplnga?
Mwakambosvika
Chipinga
.-
hosipitari
guta
"
v
here" ku;uta?
Mwakambosvika
.-
.-
M~akambosvika
Baba Marata
Rusapi
.-
/
"
Mwakambosvika here kwaRusape?
Sakubva
7.
.-
Concords with an ordinal numeral. [Tones should be supplied orally by the student, but should not be written in
the book. ]
t
guta
mugwagwa
chikO'ro
bandera
nzira
gomo
tslme
rwizi"
UNIT
17
8.
Ordinal numerals.
runzere"
tatu
rUdyl
ina
runzere"
" v
shanu
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the prefix -chito the stem of the numeral.
This form is in turn preceded by
a linking prefix.
9.
Object prefixes.
Mwambomuona here?
Mwambovaona here?
Mwamboriona here?
Mwamboaona here?
shamwari
Mwamboiona here?
mUdzldzlsi
Mwambomuona here?
mwana
mabhuku
"
172
UNIT 17
,
vadzidza
,
Mwambovaona here?
zvinhu
Mwambozviona here?
Mwambodziona here?
hama
10.
kusvika
kubika
I-mbo-I.
"
Practice conversations.
You ask someone
whether he has
ever been to
Gwel0.
/
I
Mwakambosvika
Gweru" here?
/'
,,
Ndakaenda
,
,
naBaba Muti.
Hongu.
II
Mwakaenda rini?
Mwedzl wakapera.
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UNIT 17
Mwakagarayo nguva
ndefu here?
Oral reading practice. [Be on the look out for relative verb forms.]
M~akambosvika kwaRusape here?
vanosanda mumaofisi.
Mune zvitoro
Vamwe
y~kupetesa.
Guta ra-
Munobvazve mugwagwa
unoenda Nyanga.
Free conversation.
Begin a series of conversations with questions of the form
'Have you ever ?'
174
UNIT 18
UNIT 18
BASIC DIALOGUE
I
-fara
to be glad
zviyo (8)
millet
sadza
A
(5, 6)
rezvlyo?
" "
ose
all
-edza
B
Ahl
to try
(9, 10)
mvura
tafura
try tomorrow.
rain, water
(9, 10)
table
Hatina kuisa(ba).
We didn't (put).
""
-unza
to bring
~
" "
Mary unza
mvura.
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UNIT
lL
-gashira
to receive (from
someonets hand)
-gashidza
to cause to receive
(from someoners hand)
Ndlgashldzewa.
-bvisa
to remove, cause to
leave
Ndazvlr:zwa mal.
Supplementary vocabulary.
(9,
(11 have
cooking pot
mugati
,,
mutsv'airo
(3, 4)
(3, 4)
broom
chironga
(7, 8)
earthenware pot
masimbe (marasha)
(6 )
charcoal
madota
(6 )
ashes
mapflhwa
( 6)
chigadzo
(7, 8)
chota
(7, 8)
fireplace
chikuva
(7, 8)
176
The enclitic
1.
UNIT
18
I--wol.
Ndlgashldzewo.
,
'v
'
Neniwo ndingalda.
kana waswerawo.
"
,
, kana wararawo.
"
Ungazouyct
,
"
,
Ungazouycrwo.
I--wol
I--wol
has
as
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UNIT 18
Inal
2.
The connective
pronouns produces:
Inal
Singular
Plural
.-
.-
neni
nesu
newe
nemwi
, ..- ,
naye or naye
navo or navo
.-
.-
.-
.-
practice~
Inal
1.
inl
.-
.-
.-
iwe
iye
.-
'" v
Baba vanoda kutaura naye
isu
.-
.-
.-
.-
.-
.-
.-
.-
.-
.-
.-
imwi
.-
'" v
Baba vanoda kutaura navo.
ivo
2.
Inal
II brought water:
Tones of
I--wol.
Ndaunza mvura.
Mwaunza mvura.
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UNIT 18
Waunza mvura .
"v
"
"
Vaunza
rnvura.
3.
You spoke.
I spoke too.
Mwataura.
Ndataurawo.
Mwasvlka.
Mwaenda kuchikoro.
Ndasvlkawo.
Ndaendawo kUchikoro.
M~alta basa.
Ndaltawo basa.
Mwasanda.
Ndasandawo.
M~auya.
Ndauyawo.
Mwatenga mahobo.
Ndatengawo mahobo.
Mwapedza.
Ndapedzawo.
4.
Contrasting translations of
ndlro
kubvisa
179
UNIT
18
harl
kuisa
..
choto
5.
,
, ,
Isa mupunga muhari.
,
,
..
Isa mupunga pachoto.
kuvamba
kugadzira
kuedza
kutenderuka
kuvamqa
kutaura
6.
'v
..
Tinoenda tQse.
, ..
, ..
Vanoenda vQse.
We all go.
They
180
UNIT 18
We go everywhere with
them.
Handl~zwi zVQse.
I don't understand
everything.
Children play all the
time.
7.
kwete
v'
Tinorlda kwazvo.
Hatlmborldl.
"
nezuro
hongu
We like it.
"
I
ndianl
8.
ndlanl
nezuro
nguva dzgse
dzgse?
181
UNIT
12
ndlnl
n::':,uva
kwete
,
nezuro
9.
Random
dz~se.
chan~es
ndlanl
ndlnl
,
nezuro
kwete
10.
I enjoyed (before
today) the sadza
[@ade] of millet.
Ndaf~r~ nesadza rezvlyo.
I enjoyed (today)
the sadza [made]
of millet.
182
UNIT 18
SHONA BASIC COURSE
nezuro
hongu
Mwakablka zvakanaka.
nguva dZQse
Practice conversations.
You ask Mother what
she has cooked.
Mal mwablkenyl?
Ndablka mupunga.
You ask what she
has cooked to
go with it.
Mwablka murlvonyi?
Ndablka tsunga.
You ask how she
cooks tsunga.
Hongu, ndingadCf.
"
"
"
Ungandldzidzis~wo
here?
Ndingafar~ kUkudzl-
dzlsa.
You ask about a
suitable time.
"
Ndingadzldzlr~
"
rini?
UNIT 18
munorida here?
Hongu.
Rakanaka kwazvo.
chiri muhari?
Isadza rezviyo.
Ehunde.
Ungarid~wo
Ndingarid~
here?
kwazvo.
Free conversation.
Go to a real kitchen and talk about the things that you
see there.
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UNIT 19
UNIT 19
BASIC DIALOGUE
A
Ndakarima nzungu.
Ndiani unadzlda?
saki (5., 6)
B
Ndaingad~
sack
,-
masaki mana.
A
,
v,
Ndingazouy~
mhunga (9)
,
,
Mune mhunga here?
nawo mangwana.
millet
Do you have any millet?
Ndinafunga ndingaon~
,
maviri.
, , ,
-batanidza
,
",
Mungazobatanidz~
to join together
(transitive verb)
"
zvenyu.
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UNIT
19
Supplementary vocabulary.
chipaketi
(7, 8)
Er. 'pocket t
upfu
(14)
mealie meal
koroni
(9 )
wheat
nyimo
(10)
Bambara groundnut
pfunde
( 5, 6)
sorghum millet
musika
(3, 4)
market
Inal
1.
The connective
In the sentence:
Ndingazouy~ nawo mangwana.
iwo
iyo
iro
iwo
iCho
izvo
etc
186
UNIT
19
a verb.
contains a verb.
Nor does either sentence contain the independent form of a substantive (Unit 16, Note 1).
The word /rimwe/ lone l in the first of these examples
has the concordial prefix of Class 5, in agreement with
/saki/.
3.
,
piri
zviyo
187
UNIT
19
,
magwere
,
piri
,
ndodzi
,
tatu
,
mupunga
,
posi
,
mbatata
pirl
shushururu
2.
,
, ,
,
,
Ndaingada saki rimwe rezvlyo.
,
,
,"
,
,
,
Ndaingad~ saki rimwe rCi-magwere.
,
,
,
.
!
Ndaingada masaki maVlrl em gwere.
,
, ,"
,
Ndaingad~ masaki maviri endodzt.
A
posl
a '
piri
, ,
mapfunde
,
chipaketi
,
posi
'AV
Tatenga zvipaketi
'
~mapfunde.
,
zi~iri
AV
'
zVCi-mapfunde.
mararanji
,
dazeni
,
piri
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UNIT 19
3.
The connective
t
Inal
,
nzungu
Talngad~ nzungu.
mhunga
Talngad~ mhunga.
zviyo
,
magwere
Talngad~ zviyO.
murlvo
, ,
masimo
Talng,ad~ murlvo.
michero
Talngad~ mIchero.
ndodzi
4.
Talngad~ magwere.
Ndingazouy~ nawo mangwana.
Talngad~ maslmo.
Talngad~ ndodzl.
chota
'
,,-
pfihwa
,
zvirongo
dhlbhi
zvigadzo
harl
'vv
'
,,-
'vv'
"
'
,,-
,,-
189
UNIT
19
5.
"v
""
,
Ndinoenda
kwaMutare
paMusobera.
Itll go to Umtali on
Saturday.
(When will I go to
Umtali?)
We wash clothes on Saturday.
"
"
" )
(Tinogeza
rini
nhumbi?
190
UNIT
19
~,
/'0'
/)
(Where did I go in
the morning?)
The children (Will) study
English.
(Wha~
language will/do
they study?)
Practice
conversa~ions.
191
UNr~
19
You ask whose home
the work party
is at today.
KwavaChemusango.
You ask what time
they begin,
Vanovamba nguvanyl?
Maslkatl ano.
and when they
.finish.
'"
v
'
Ndinofunga
manheru.
[In this conversation, the student must supply most of the tones.]
You ask someone
whether there
is a large market at Marandellas.
KuMarondera kunQ
musika mukuru
here?
MUkuru zvishoma.
Munonyanya kuendayo
here?
Hatinyanyi(ba).
Vanonyanya kutengesenyi?
Vanotengesa mirivo
nemichero.
You ask where
Mr. Mukarati
is.
Baba Mukarati
varipi?
Ah!
Waenda kumusika
nemagwere.
192
UNITl9
Waenda nguvanyi?
Waenda mambakwedza.
You say that you
(pl.) wanted to
buy something--
Taida kutenga.
Mwaida kutengenyi?
that you wanted to
buy murivo,
Taida kutenga
murivo.
Mwaida mhandonyi
yemurivo?
specifically, cabbages.
,
,
Taida makabichi.
Vachaenda
Vachada kuenda
n~masaki
matatu enzungu
vakarime~yi?
kumusika?
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UNIT
19
Vachalte~yi
kumusika?
Free conversation.
Discuss a forthcoming trip to town, with special attention to what you may do and what you may buy while you are
there.
194
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UNIT
20
UNIT 20
BASIC DIALOGUE
dovl (5)
peanut butter
chingwa (7~ 8)
bread
Ah!
Zvlnonaka.
yo",
Ndinozvldisa
It is delicious.
it very much!
I like
kwazvo!
C
Nenlwo ndichamboedzawo.
grandmother
Hongu.
Yes.
together (tone
placet)
muto (3~ 4)
gravy~
soup
195
UNIT 20
Ahl
"
nyama (9)
F
to take (from)
-tara
Supplementary vocabulary.
kUbvura
kugocha
Cooking processes.
to broil
to boil
kuvidza/kuvirisa
to fry
to heat, burn
kupisa
to roast
1.
. chakadlnl?
196
UNIT 20
The tones of these forms alternate between high and low, beginning in the relative with low, and with high in (third
person) indicative.
(2) The English translations of this verb vary
widely according to context. [See the examples in Group 4.]
With the concord of Class 8 (zvakadini), this
verb may be used without an antecedent, being comparable in
this respect to /zvakanaka/, /zvizhinji/, etc.
(3)
2.
In the sentence:
Muto wedovi kunakal
Group 2.
,
mupunga~
, v
'
kubika
Tinoblka mupunga.
kuvidza
Hatividzi mupungao
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UNIT 20
kugocha
, , ,
kusasika
Hatlgochl mupunga.
" , , ,
,
Hatisasiki mupunga.
Tinokanga mahobo.
kugocha
Hatigochi mahobo.
kuvidza
Hatividzi mahobo.
,
Hatisasiki mahobo.
kusasika
,
,
"
Tine dlki.
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UNIT 20
,
,
,
,
Mune imba yakadini?
,
"
,
Tine huru kwazvo.
,
,
Mipanda yakadini?
, v
v
'
Mikuru
kwazvo.
Itts good.
Vanoita basanyi?
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UNIT 20
Vanotemenyi?
"
Ndakasvika pane musi weChina.
kWin~edzi
here?
"
Mapopo
matanhatu anoita marinyi?
200
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UNIT 20
Practice conversations.
You s.ee a person
with a load of
groundnuts and
ask where he
does his selling.
Munotengesepi?
MwaMutare hamutengesi
here?
Muno havanyanyi
kutengesa.
pasaki?
Dziri kuita pondo
ina.
kutenga
Havana kutenga.
makabichi
Vatenga makabichi.
ner;yi
201
UNIT 20
tsunga
Tinodya netsunga.
ndaldq.
Chipirl
Tichatenga paChipiri.
I'
vanang,u
Mungadenyizve vanangu?
michero
Tingada nemichero.
musika
Ndichandotenga kumusika.
mitauro~yi?
v~se
Varimisi
vanotenga mumisika.
v~se
Free conversation.
Ask questions like Munok~nga nzungu here? in order
to increase your knowledge of the method of preparing
/nzungu/, /tsunga/, /tse~ga/, /chingwa/, etc.
202
UNIT 21
UNIT 21
BASIC DIALOGUE
A
,
,
Mangwanani murimisiJ
Mangwananl baba.
-batslra
A
v""
Ndingamubatsir~ n~e~yi?
sugar
shuka (9)
B
--ko
,
A
Munoda
A
':(
hVk?
yemarl~Yl o.
Zvakanaka zvazvo.
Fine.
Ndingamugadzirir~ zvangu.
Supplementary vocabulary.
Four verbs that are commonly followed by infinitives.
to cease
-regera
Stop eating.
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UNIT 21
Ndamboregera basa.
-fanira
to be proper,
suitable (in
/-ka-/ tense:
'must I )
Ndakafanlra kuenda.
r must go.
-natsa
to do well
-ramba
(with infinitive)
to refuse
Supplementary vocabulary.
associated with them.
Tinoblka n(~)emugOti.
axe
We cut trees with an axe.
to sweep
We sweep with a broom.
-sona
to sew
tsono (9,10)
needle
Tinosona n(g)etsono.
Tinogeza n(g)esipo.
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UNIT 21
to fetch/draw water
Tinochera ngechlrongo.
!a
-cheka
1.
Ndakugadzirira shuka.
Tinoda hunl.
We need firewood.
Achavadza hunl.
Achatlvadz1ra hun1.
AChaunza hun1.
Achatlunzlra hunl.
UNIT 21
chiShona
to learn Shona
kUdzldza
and
/
kufundira
/
chiShona
to study Shona
kudzidzira
Unit 11 provides an example of a still different use of the
applicative extension, with no object of any kind:
/'
,
,
Hapana inogurira here?
/
The simple verb stem is I-gural, for which Hannan gives the
meanings Ito cut off or across (e.g. path, country, path of
sun).t
Some verbs contain a syllable that looks like the
applicative extension, and which was probably just that at
an earlier stage in the history of Shona. Such a verb is
/-fanira/. It is difficult however to relate the meanings of
this verb to the present-day meanings of the verb /-fana/.
[For practice with verbs that contain the applicative extension, see Group 1 of the materials for systematic practice.]
206
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2.
The prefix
UNIT 21
Inge-I
Inde-I,
Ina-I
Ina-I.
1.
Anoda nyama.
He wants meat.
Ndichag~cha nyama.
1 1 11 roast meat.
Ndichamug~chera nyama.
Anoda dovl.
Ndichagadzira dovl.
Ndichamugadzirira dovl.
Vanoda paraflni.
Tichatenga paraflni.
"
Tichavatengera parafini.
207
UNIT 21
,
,
"
Havagoni kusanda.
Tichavasandlra.
,
,
Haugoni kuenda kuguta.
,
Achaenda kuguta.
,
,,
Achakuendera kuguta.
Helll go to town.
Helll go to town for you.
'
Munoda imba.
"
Vachavaka imba.
,
"('
,
Vachamuvaklra imba.
2.
Object prefixes.
usually taken.
, (
hun 1
murlvo
,
magwere
,
mbatya
sadza
, , ,
Ndadzitora mugomo.
, "
,
Ndautora kugadheni.
, , ,
Ndaatora kUmunda.
, ,
,
Ndabva nadzo kuchitoro.
, "
, (
Ndaritora muharl.
,
,
chigero, zingwa, popo, ufu, mushonga, etc.
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UNIT 21
3.
nyama
, ,
murivo
popo
,
musha
,
mazwi
, ,
mvura
sadza
,
tsime
lWefre
, ,
Tafara
, ,
Tafara
, ,
Tafara
, ,
Tafara
, ,
Tafara
, ,
Tafara
, ,
Tafara
, ,
Tafara
Agreement of
, ,
ngeiyi mvura.
r.
,
ngeiri sadza.
,
,
ngeiri tsime.
!
4.
/-~-/.
, ",
,
Munotema nge~yi miti?
!
"
Tinotema ngedemo.
!
"
"
Ndinoda
demo
"
r~kutema
,
miti.
",
"
,
Tinoda matemo ~kutema miti.
'",
?()O
UNIT 21
" ,
kutsvaira
,
""
Munotsvaira
nge~yi
,
pasi?
!o
,
",
'f
Tinotsvaira ngemutsvalro.
!o
I
" A
'('
" A
",
Tinosona ngetsono.
!o
,
'
'
kugeza
, ,
kucheka
Practice conversations.
You ask someone
whether among
his people they
combine peanut
butter with
gravy.
Hatinyanyi kudaro.
You ask what
kind of gravy
they like best.
Munodisa muto
,
wakadini?
Tinonyanya kudya
muto wenyama
ne(we) masimo.
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UNIT 21
Anouya rini?
Manheru.
You ask a person
whether he knows
how to drive~
Unoziva kuchaira
here?
Handinatsi
kuziva(ba).
and whether he
has ever taken
driving lessons.
Wakambodzidzira here
kuchaira?
Ndakambodzidzira
zvangu zvishoma.
Ndakafanira kuenda
mugomo.
Kundoitenyi?
I
Kundotema huni.
Huni dzatiperera.
Ndingandokubatsiraiwo.
211
SHONA BASIC
UNIT 21
COURS~
~aenda.
VanQ ruvoko.
212
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UNIT 21
,
"
Uchaenda ngepi kwaMutare?
,
NgekuPeniranga.
, "
,
Hamuzivi here mugwagwa mutsva?
, , ,
,
Mutsva mupfupi kupinda wekare.
Ahl
Free conversation.
1.
213
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UNIT 22
UNIT 22
BASIC DIALOGUE
A
B
A
"
, ,
Munodyawo sadza redu
,
here?
, , ,
-siyana
-bvira
,
, ,
, , ,
Kwete zvakabvira kusiyana.
,
,
'v'
"
Ndiani
unomubatsira
bas a
, ,
renyu?
AhJ
alone
Tinozvlbatlra tQga.
ko
[an interrogative
word]
,
sesu
A
[ ?]
-~ga (~ega)
B
district
like us
214
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UNIT 22
machine
mucheni (3,4)
B
"
"
,
Zvakatisiyane,
tinonyanya
, ,
micheni.
,
.... tema
,
Kun~ v~nhu
"
vatemawo
here?
It l s a little different,
we we [use] more machines.
black
Are there also black
people?
[an intensifier]
chaizvo
B
"
"
,
Vari
kuno
chaizvo.
Supplementary vocabulary.
People:
(1,6)
muNdau (1,2)
muBocha (1,2)
muGarwe (1,2)
mURozvl (1,2)
mUChangana
(1,6)
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UNIT 22
murungu (1,2)
,
(5,6)
bhunu
(5,6)
bwacha
#v
.....
Boer
Indian
chena
white
tema'
black
'
(11)
tribe
(10)
pl. ndudzi
(3,4)
muitiro
custom
Two verbs:
to leave one another, to differ
kusiyana
, , ,
kufanana
1.
'
Tinozv~batira
basa.
216
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UNIT 22
with the object concord for Class 8. (In some dialects J the
reflexive is /-dzi-/ J identical in its spelling with the
object prefix for Class IQ.) The only difference between
a verb form with a Class 8 (or 10) object prefix and one
with a reflexive prefix is in the tonal pattern. There is
a large amount of dialect variation in this respect J so that
the student should make his own observations on this point.
As he does so, he should be careful to get at least one
example of a reflexive form for each cell in the following
table:
High verbs
Low verbs
Monosyllabic
(e. g. -da)
Disyllabic
~
~)
(e.g. -ana
Trisyllabic
,
)
(e.g. -batsira
,,~
Quadrisyllabic
(e.g. -gadzirira)
UNIT 22
2.
, ,
Anofunga somwana.
Anofunga saMcii.
1.
,
mwana
,
mukuru
,
baba
,,
mai
,
mutenda
murungu
,
mutema
munhu
, ,
'"
'"
Anofunga
sQmWana.
')(
'"
'
Anofunga sQmukuru.
, ,
,
Anofunga sababa.
Anofunga samal.
,
,
'" v
'
Anofunga
sQmutenda.
, ,
,
Anofunga sQmurungu.
, ,
"
Anofunga sCj>mutema.
Anofunga sQmUnhu.
(ttalk senseI)
218
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2.
miitiro
"
"
"
" " " here"ney~vaManyika?
"
"
"
Miitiro yavaZezuru
yakasiyana
Yakada kUfanana.
sadza
Harina kUfanana.
"
""
"
Rakasiyana
kwazvo.
mutauro
Wakafanana zvlshoma.
chirungu
guta
mat~nh~
[The students should ask and answer questions of these kinds, using the words
{ zvikoro,
"
" mbatya,
" etc. ]
rna k omo, mlt(l, n dWlZl,
dzimba,
UNIT 22
3.
inl
,
iye
isu
,
ivo
,
Ndabika sadza rangu.
Vazvitengera SlpO.
,
,
,
Wazvitengera sipo here?
,
,
,
,
M';Jazvitengera sipo here?
,
,
Ndazvibikira sadza.
,
im';Ji
,
ini
"
"
abika sadza rake.
, ,
,
\iazvibikira sadza.
Tazvltengera slpo.
~,
~iSU,
iye
""
,
Ndazvitengera
sipo.
, ...,,,
(
\iazvitengera SlpO.
iwe
4.
Reflexive verb forms vs. verb forms with other object prefixes.
'There is no-one who can cook for me.
, ,
Hapana angandlblkir~ sadza.
Ndakafanlra kuzvlbiklra.
, ,
kutema
, ,
Hapana angandltemer~ hunl.
Ndakafanlra kuzvltemera.
kurima
, ,
Hapana angaqdltemer~ hunl.
Ndakafanlra kuzvlrimlra.
kugeza
, ,
Hapana
'
angakugezer~
ndiro.
Wakafanlra kuzvlgezera.
220
, v' ,
,
angakuoner~
kuona
Hapana
kutaura
Wakafanlra kuzvlonera.
,,,
,
,,
Hapana angakutaurir~.
UNIT 22
basa.
Wakafanlra kuzvlta~rlra.
, ,
""
,
Vanoenda v~ga here?
,
,,,
,
Unoenda w~ga here?
, ,
, ,
Anoenda ~ga.
Mungandidzidzis~wo
here chiZezuru?
Handinatsi kuchiziva.
, ,
Ndiri muNdau.
AhJ
Ndafara kuz1va
UNIT 22
uri rUdzi~yi?
Ndiri muManyika.
You ask whether
he comes from
Umtali,
here?
Kwete(ba), ndinobva
Nyanga.
Ndayan~
~
~,
makore ndaya
muno.
You ask whether
the Zezuru
language is
similar to
Manyika.
Mutauro wechlZezuru
wakafanana here
n~mutauro
wechi-
{ 1
Manyika?
chete
~
Wakafanana, asi
mazwi mashoma
akasiyana.
M~akatora
nguva yakadini
kudzidza chirungu?
Zvakatora nguva huru.
222
UNIT 22
Munotaura chirungu
here pabasa?
Tinotaura zvedu
zvishoma.
mun~
'"
ndudzi dzakasiyana.
Mun~
havatauri chiShona.
Vanotaura chiNdevere.
VaNdevere
VaManyika vanobva
vaZezuru
'"
kwaMutambara.
'"
MuHarare mune
ndudzi~yi?
,
,
Ndivanaani vanobva kwaSeka?
,
vanobva kwaMutare here?
/
VaManyika
v~se
Free conversation.
Compare the eating habits of Africans and Europeans.
Compare the eating habits of Britain and the United
States, or of any other pair of countries.
223
UNIT 23
UNIT 23
BASIC DIALOGUE
We all enjoyed the peanut
butter that grandmother
cooked.
""
,
-sevenza
to work
"" ,
-sevenzesa
to use (icause to
work t )
to be used (icaused
to work')
-sevenzeswa
,
,,,,,
,
Rinosevenzeswa sevyi?
""
Kuti uchida,
""
ungais~
pachingwa, dzimwe
How is it used?
If you like, you can put
it on bread, sometimes in
murivo.
" ,
, ,
nguva mumurivo.
A
" "
rinonaka.
vhlki
(5,6)
week
-gashira
to recieve
tsamba (9,10)
letter
224
UNIT 23
sibling of opposite
sex
"
"
masoko (6)
news
,,
Yaitaura
"
"
"
Iyo yakati
iri
kuuya
masoko~yi?
,
"
,
,
vhiki rinouya, musi
,
,
weMugobera.
chitlma (7,8)
is he
train
Nechltlma.
By train.
"
,
'v x
Hanzvadzi
yangu
yauyd.
Ohl
mweni (1,2)
stranger, guest,
foreigner
--su
[enclitic, an
exclamation of
surprise]
Oh, you have a guest then!
Mune mwenisuJ
journey
rwendo (11,10)
D
mangani?
225
UNIT 23
kure.
Supplementary vocabulary.
zlta
(S,6) name
(1,2)
(z{ta rQ)mliningtina
(1,2)
(la)
grandfather
(or: munungtlina)
('
,
xZlta
ra') sekuru
(madzisekuru)
(z{ta ra)tete
(madzitete)
(
., ,
v'
,
zita
r<t"') mukadzi
(6)
(la)
father's sister
(6)
(1,2)
woman, wife
(1,2)
parent
(9,10)
car
(S,6)
bus
(S,6)
bicycle
Modes of transportation.
~
motoka
,
bhazi
226
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(3,4)
mudhudhudhu
1.
chik~chikari
(7,8)
,
ngoro
(9,10)
UNIT 23
motorcycle
oxcart
Passive verbs.
"
)
.. ndiBaba.
-es[causative]
-w-
-a
[passive]
[final vowel]
UNIT 23
2.
,
" ..
Kuti uchida
If you wish .
This form of the verb /-d~/ ito want, love, like' contains,
in addition to the subject prefix /u-I, the non-initial prefix
/-chl-/. A form of this kind, here called the tchi- participial',
never serves as the main verb in a sentence. It does however
have a number of other important uses, one of which is illustrated above. The construction which consists of the word /kuti/
(or /kana/) plus this form is usually translated into English
with an if-clause. Other uses of the chi-participial will be
met in later units.
---In chi-participial forms, the sUbject prefix is
always low in tone, whether for first, second, or third person,
and the Class 1 prefix is /a-/ even in those dialects for which
the Class I subject prefix in indicative forms is lu-/:
}
ihe wants'
but:
kuti achld~ (all of the above dialects)
lif he
likes'
228
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UNIT 23
Low verbs.
kuti uchiti
, ,
kuti uchisona
('
kuti uchlsanda
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
kuti uchisevenza
kuti uchitaura
, ,
kuti uchisevenzesa
kuti uchigadzirira
kuti uchirlda
kuti uchlrltenga
kuti uchlrlsona
kuti uchlrltengesa
kuti uchlrlgadzira
kuti uchlrlsevenzesa
kuti uchlrlgadzirira
kuti uchidaro
Additional examples:
1 1 m going to go cut firewood.
"",
,
""
ndichandokubatsira.
,,
,
Ndichaenda kuHarare.
UNIT 23
"
"
"
,
Kuti uchisona
unosevenzesa
tsono.
If you go to Salisbury,
Illl go with you/
take you along.
When/if you sew, you
use a needle.
5,6.]
,
ini
",
"
Muriwo
wakachekwa
( ( or: .. ndim~i
, ') .
nem~l.
mUkunda
" ,
"AV'
,
"
"
Mhandara yakacheka
muriwo.
",
"
,
Muriwo wakachekwa nemhandara.
,
,
muningtina
,
,
,
"
"
Muninglina wakacheka muriwo.
,
,
vasikana
,
" vakacheka
"
"
Vasikana
muriwo.
Class la nouns:
,,
mai
",
"
t"
230
,
mbuya
UNIT 23
,
,
"
",
Mbuya vakacheka muriwo.
",
"
,
Muriwo wakachekwa nambuya.
,
mukoma
,
,
"
"
Mukoma
vakacheka
murlwo.
",
"
,
Muriwo
wakachekwa
namukoma.
, ,
vakuru
, ~,
"
"
Vakuru vakacheka muriwo.
",
"A'"
Muriwo
wakachekwa
n~vakuru.
,
kusona mbatya
,
mukoma
"
" ( or: ndimal)
, '(
Mbatya, dzakasonwa
namai.
" , mvura
"
kuchera
,
,
muning1ina
, ,
kugeza ndiro
,
,
hanzvadzi
",
"
,
Mvura
yakacherwa
namukoma.
",
"
,
Mvura yakacherwa n9muningtina.
,
Ndiro dzakagezwa nQmuning'ina.
kwenda kurwizl
mweni
kuverenga tsamba
,
"
,
Mbatya dzakasonwa namukoma.
mudzidzlSi
kutaura masoko
,
baba
,,,
kukanga magwere
, ,
mukadzi
UNIT 23
,
kudya nyama
, ,
murume
, ,
kumwa kofi
,
sekuru
3.
older brother.
'" '"
,
,
Ndapiwa mari namukoma.
(Ndapuwa .. )
,
,
Mukoma anoda vaningtina.
....
Vaningtina
vanodiwa
,
namukoma.
dhibhi
jangano
rwendo
232
,
imba
,
danga
5.
UNIT 23
, ,
,
Mumba mwapindwa
nababa.
I
,
,
,
Padanga paendwa nababa.
,
"
,
Baba vapinda mumba.
, ,,
,
Baba vaenda padanga.
kusona
, ,
kutema
, ,
kucheka
, "
""
"
Kuti uchitema
miti, unosevenzesa
demo.
kubika
6.
, "
""
"
Kuti uchicheka
unosevenzesa
banga.
,
" ,
, ,
kudzidza
, ,
kuchera
kurima
, ,
kutema
, "
kutengesa
,
kuda
, "
{
,
Kuti tichitema mitl tinoenda mugomo.
{'
"
'y
Kuti tichltengesa
tinoenda
kumusika.
233
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UNIT 23
Practice conversations.
You ask how much
the trip to
Bulawayo costs.
A
V
'
Rwendo rweBhuruwayo
, ,
,
runoita mariQ-yi?
Unaenda sellyi?
,
"'" nguva
""
Rinotora
yakadinl kusvika?
Harltari nguva
~
yakanyanya.
You say that your
(sibling of the
opposite sex)
has written you,
making it sound
as though this
had happened before today,
tsamba.
, ,
Yakataura masoko
mazhlnjl.
234
UNIT 23
and where he
lives,
Unogarepl?
Murl vanganl
,
, ,
mumba ml'enyu?
Tiri vashanu.
and who is the
eldest.
"
"
Ndiani
muk:uru?
"
,
Hanzvadzi
yangu
,
"
ndiyo
huru.
You ask how
many boys.
"
" vangani?
,
Vakomana
,
,
,
,
Vakomana tiri vairi.
Free conversation.
Ask and answer questions about who has done or usually
does certain actions. Use passive indicative verbs: IBy
whom was the letter written?! etc.
1.
235
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UNIT 24
UNIT 24
BASIC DIALOGUE
,
~
to grow (intransitive)
-kura
~
yo'
Oh!
-sandisa
to cause to work,
to use
mupombl (3,4)
pipe
Ndiri kusandisa
~
mupombi.
~
to be wanted
-dikana
A
A
~,
",
~",
,
"
,
Vanodisa kuisa mudzimba.
, ,
-kudza
to cause to grow
nhanga (9,10)
yard
,
"
,
Vamwe vanokudza munhanga.
, "
-nangisika
,
,
, "
Nhanga dzinonangisika
, ,
zvakanaka.
236
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UNIT 24
Supplementary vocabulary.
Small, useful, non-edible plants.
, , ,
(
Tinotora tsanga kurwizl.
",
Masengere anooneka
tsanga (9,10)
sengere
(5,6)
reed
bamboo
"
,
kumatunhu
eNyanga.
~uswa (14)
grass
ban!(S)
open level
land
mapan! (6)
1.
N~elfyi
'(y.'
vachlada?
[nQelfyi??]
After the word /n~el(yi/ Iwhyl the chi-participial form, and
not the indicative, is used.
Note however that when /n~elfyi/ follows a verb, it
has no effect on the form of the verb, and is itself usually
translated as Jwith/by what?l, rather than as 'why?':
What do we cut
murivo with?
[For practice with this use of the chi-participial form,
see Groups 4,5.]
237
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UNIT 24
2.
I-ik-I.
" "
zvakanaka.
I-dlkanal
I-dal
" , '1
I -oneka
101
lei,
I-ek-I
I-ik-I
Ii,
to be visible
238
UNIT 24
[For practice with the neuter extension, and with the difference between the uses of passive and neuter extensions,
see Groups 1-3.]
1.
, ('
"
,
,
Nanglsa mbatya yake itsva.
,
"
'_f
Inonangisika zvakadinl?
kuvadza
,
, "
,
Dzinovadzika here?
, ,
kusima
Is it suitable for
splitting?
"
Muri, kusima
maruva.
"
",
, ,
,
Ari kusimika zvakanaka here?
2.
<
"
239
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UNIT 24
kUdya
kurima
kutema
kuvadza
Halvadzlkl nokuti
yakanyanya kuoma.
3.
kutema' hunl
Hunl dzlngatemek~.
kufamba
rwendo
Rwendo
"("
rungafamblk~.
240
UNIT 24
kuverenga
,
bhuku
, ,
kunyora
tsamba
Bhuku ringaverengeka.
Tsamba
inganyorek~.
kusvika
muguta
Muguta
mungasvikik~.
kudzidzira
chiShona
ChiShona
kudya , aya
,
masimo
Aya masimo
4.
ChiShona chakadzidzirwa
naBaba.
chingadzidzirik~.
anodyik~.
, .., ,
,
vanhu vachivaka dzimba?
N~e~yi
kunyora mabhuku
,
Vanhu vanonyora mabhuku.
;'"
;'
;'
;'
;',
;'
N~e~yi
kuita basa
,
Vanhu vanoita basa.
kUkudza maruva
,
,
Ngenyi
vanhu vachiita basa?
!t
I
,
.,
Vanhu vanokudza maruva.
;'
;'
;'
241
UNIT 24
kugeza mavoko
,
, , ""
Ngenyi vanhu vachidzidzira mitauro?
!o
5.
,
""
Ngenyi uchidaro?
!o
Like what?
KUdlni?
" ,
mubasa ravo.
N~e~yi vanhu vachlenda kutslme?
242
"
"
vanhu vachidya
sadza
rezviyo?
N~e~yi
,
,
",
Nokuti rinovanakira.
6.
UNIT 24
Random substitutions.
,, ,
"
Vadzimai vanodisa maruva.
"
,
"
,
,
Vadzimai vanodisa mbatya itsva.
, ,
"
,
,
Vana vakapiwa mbatya itsva.
",
Takafanlra kUkudza'mbesa.
Takafanlra kutenderuka.
Hatlna kutenderuka.
",
,
"
Unzai huswa
huzhinjio
,
"
Hatina kupisa
,~
~uswa
"
huzhinji.
243
UNIT 24
",
",
Practice conversations.
You ask someone
what he is
looking for.
Uri kutsvakevyi?
Saki rakadini?
RQkuisa magwere.
You ask where
it (the maize)
is supposed to
go.
Kumusika wQkuHarare.
You ask how it
(the sack) will
go.
Rinoenda seyi?
, ,
Nemotokari yedu.
You say you are
going to the
store, and ask
someone whether
he can take you.
kuenda neni
here?
Handigoni kuenda newe
nokuti ndine basa
zhinji.
244
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Ungazoit~
UNIT 24
basa rako
mangwana.
Kwete.
Ndakafanira
kupedza nl;1asi.
Kuti uchida
You offer to
help him, if
he likes.
ndingakubatsir~wo.
Ndingafar~
basa~yi?
Uri kuita
kwazvo.
cher~wo
Ndingamvura.
"" ,
Baba, muri kudikanwa.
mukuru.
Anode~yi?
Kupi?
Kuchikoro.
Naani? NQmudzidzisi
].
Zvakanaka.
Ndichambopedza kudya.
Free conversation.
Ask and answer why-questions. The student should use this
occasion to get some useful new vocabulary items from the tutor.
245
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UNIT 25
UNIT 25
BASIC DIALOGUE
, ,
, ,
, ,
Ndauya kundoona maruva ako.
A
, ,
-buda
Aya
Ahl
,
Kwazvo.
to come/go out
from
Ah! Theytre coming out
now.
kUbuda.
Yes, indeed!
[here, used as an
auxiliary verb to
intensify meaning
of the verb whose
infinitive follows
it]
-bvira
, ,
, ,
Wakabvira kuita zvakanaka.
mbeu (9,10)
,
,
Enda kwaFarmers Corp.
-ramba
to continue [with
chi-participial]
kusvikira
246
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UNIT 25
Ndinofunga kudaro.
I think so.
Supplementary vocabulary.
Things that
or go to see.
, ,
Takaenda kundoona mombe.
(9,10)
,,
,
Takaenda kundoona ngtombe. (9,10)
,,
, ,
Takaenda kundoona huku.
(9,10)
,,
, ,
,
Takaenda kundoona mbudzi.
(9,,10)
,
Takaenda kundoona hwai.
(9,10)
,,
,
Takaenda kundoona nguruve. (9,10)
~
L.
,
Takaenda
,
Takaenda
,,
Takaenda
,
Takaenda
,
Takaenda
~
, ,
kundoona
,
kundoona
, ,
kundoona
, ,
kundoona
, ,
kundoona
~
,
mupfudze. (3)
,
tsapi.
(9,10)
f
mugodhl.
(3,4)
chimbudz:L.(7,8)
~
denga.
(5,6)
cattle
chicken
goat
sheep
pig
manure, fertilizer
barn, storehouse
pit" well, mine
latrine
roof, sky
Dzzyci't9otClockt.
247
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UNIT 25
1.
I-val.
The sentences:
Your flowers are
coming out now.
,,,
,,,
,,,
Mvura yaya kupisa.
I-aya/.
I-val
Idzayal
The forms of I-val which appear in the above examples are in the indicative.
Participial and relative forms
also are found, with tonal patterns as for the corresponding
forms of any other monosyllabic high verb:
Ndlanl ~aya kusvika?
I-val
Ndayan~
"
""
mazuva
matatu"
ndaya
pano.
248
Vayan~
"
makore mashanu.
UNIT 25
Theytre five
years old.
2.
The verb /-ramba/, when it is followed by the chiparticipial form of a verb, is commonly translated with
English 'continue' or 'go on'.
The same verb /-ramba/ followed by an infinitive
is translated 'refuse':
, ,
, ,
Anoramba kukura.
They refuse to grow.
[For practice with these two uses of /-ramba/, see Group 2.]
1.
kunaka
, ,
kuoma
, ,
kupiswa
, ,
kukura
, ,
kupera
,
, "
,
Mbatya dzakaoma here?
,
"
,
Nyama yakapiswa here?
,
')(
249
UNIT 25
2.
, ""
kudzidzira
studying. I
tIlll continue studying until evening.
'I didnlt refuse to study. i
i ill
"(
Ndiri kudzidzlra.
Ndicharamba ndichidzidzira kusvikira manheru.
, ,
,,~
Ari kusona.
Acharamba aChis6na kusvikira manheru.
Haana kuramba kusona.
kuita basa
kurima
Ari kurima.
Acharamba achirim~ kusvikira manheru.
Haana kuramba kurima.
, '" , ,
kuvadza huni
""
'" huni kusvikira manheru.
Vacharamba vachivadza
Havana kuramba kuvadza huni.
,
""
kutengesa
Vari kutengesa.
""
" " kusvikira manheru.
Vacharamba vachitengesa
Havana kuramba kutengesa.
kudirira
Ari kudirira.
Ari kuramba achldirlra kusvikira manheru.
Haana kuramba kudirira.
250
3.
/-aya/
, ,
(
Mwana
~agara
UNIT 25
tense.
The child is sitting down
now.
,
pasi.
,
,
Mukomana
""
~aya
kuenda kujana.
U~fu
" , kupera.
""
hwaya
Upfu
hwapera.
I
Vpfu hwakapera"
",
",
,,,
251
UNIT 25
,.,.
,.,.
Munda waya kupera kurimwa.
Munda wapera kurimwa.
,. ,.,.
,.,.
Mwana ~aya kurara.
Mwana warara.
,. ,.
,.,.
Mwana l'akarara.
,. ,.
Rwendo rwasvika.
4.
252
UNIT 25
5.
Random substitutions.
The seeds really came
out!
The seeds went on growing.
The groundnuts went on
growing.
mario
Vana vadlki havana kuplwa mario
6.
Miscellaneous sentences.
chakanaka.
We will build them a
nice house.
We will build them a
new house.
~
Vamwe vaya
zvino.
253
UNIT 25
Practice conversations.
Do you live
at Marandellas?
,
Munogara kuMarondera here?
Hongu.
Yes, I do.
What are you
doing there?
1 1m studying
Shona.
Are you able to
speak now?
chiShona.
M~aya
kugona kutaura
here?
Ndaya kutaura
1 1 m getting so
I can speak
a little.
zvishoma.
Baba Smith vaya kugona
here?
Hunde, vaya
kutaura.
Munopedza rini?
Handizivi
I don1t know
for sure.
zvakanaka.
254
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UNIT 25
Yabva kutsime.
Ndinofunga yaya kupera.
Ndinofunga kudaro.
Zvino todini?
Totochera kurwizi.
Pane zvirongo here?
Pane chimwe.
Tichatondotenga zvimwe kuchitoro.
Zvingatinakir~.
Free conversation.
UNrr 26
UNIT 26
BASIC DIALOGUE
Are these children yours?
lA
2B
Hongu nQevang~.
3A
4B
nha~ (9.,10)
SA
topic., news
Mwakanzwawo
nha~
I
I
dz~(ne)z~ro here?
to lack
-shaya
pepanha~
(5,6)
newspaper
6B
ruzororo (11)
7A
Bc
9D
Hongu tinacho.
10C
AV"'"
Zv~kufambisa
zviri nyore
here?
,
nyore
lID
an easy thing
Very easy.
256
UNIT 26
Supplementary vocabulary.
stories.
1.
fundo
(9,10)
education
musangano
(3,4)
meeting
Mune chikoro
AXA
ch~vdna
here?
Hongu" tinacho.
Where ordinary verbs use concordial prefixes before the verb stem
to represent the class of an object, /-na-/ is followed by concord plus /~o/.
[For practice with these forms" see Groups 1
and 2. ]
2.
Ehunde,
""~,
vayam~o v~se.
257
UNIT 26
Compare also:
, ,
NdichaendayoJ
mangwana.
Iill go there tomorrow.
Ndichaendako
"" kusandapo.
~""
Ari
3.
1.
chikoro
mudhudhudhu
iYes, we have. f
Hongu, tinacho.
Hongu, ndinaro.
,
MWi9 mudhudhudhu here?
Hongu, ndinawo.
258
UNIT 26
,
motoka
,
masimbe
,,
mutsvairo
,
choto
,
mugoti
, ,
hari (sg. )
,
chirongo
zV~kudya
2.
,
Mune motoka here?
,
Mun~ masimbe here?
Mun~
Hongu, ndinayo.
Hongu, ndinawo.
Hongu, ndinawo.
ffill.tsvairo here?
Hongu, ndinacho.
Hongu, ndinawo"
mugoti here?
Hongu, ndinayo.
Hongu, ndinacho.
Hongu, ndinazvo.
Hatlchldl.
Hatirldl.
(zviron g 6)
Hatinazvo.
Hatizvidi.
(ivo)
Havanazvo.
Havazvldl.
(marl)
Havanayo.
Havaidi.
(lye)
Haanayo.
Haaidi.
(mudhudhudhu)
Haanawo.
Haaudi~
(ini)
Handinawo.
Handiudi.
(mi g6ti)
Handinayo.
Handiidi.
(isu)
Hatinayo.
Hatiidi.
(mandlmu)
Hatinawo.
Hatiadi.
259
UNIT 26
3.
, "
kufambisa
Takashaya zVQkUfambisa.
,
kudya
, ,
Takashaya
kuita
,,
, ,
Takashaya zV<tkuita.
kubika
, ,
, "
Takashaya zVQkubika.
,
kurnwa
, "
Takashaya
zvqkumwa.
, , ,
kutengesa
, ,
v'
""
Takashaya zVQkutengesa.
, ,
, ,
Takashaya zv<tkutaura.
kutaura
4.
"
AV'"
zv9kudy~.
We lacked transport.
(t the wherewithal to
cause [us] to travel t )
We lacked food. (i . the
[things] for eating. f)
We didn't have anything
to do.
We didntt have anything
to cook.
We didn't have anything
to drink.
We had nothing to sell.
We had nothing to say.
iTheytre mine. f
,
,
,
"
Idzo nzungu nQedzake here?
NrJedzake.
lllombe
, ,
dzavo
Ngedzake.
mugodhl
, ,
ako
NrJ<t wavo .
NrJQwangu.
tsanga
NrJedzangu.
NrJedzenyu.
NrJCienyu.
,
nzungu
, ,
dzake
masengere
Ngedzavo.
260
UNIT 26
angu
Ndaenyu.
bas~koro
, ,
enyu
Nderenyu.
Nderangu.
hUku
Ndeyangu.
, ,
avo
Ndeyavo.
motoka (pl.)
Ndedzavo
ake
Ndedzake.
Ndeyake.
angu
Ndeyenyu.
mudhudhudhu
Ndowenyu.
(sg.)
, ,
5.
ofisi
Ari kusandam~o.
Ari kusandako.
chitoro
Ari kusandamwo.
I
dhlbhi
Ari kusandako.
jangano
Ari kusandapo.
6.
Watsomba
Ndinogara paWatsomba.
M~akagarapo
, ,
nguva
yakadini?
261
UNIT 26
I'
I'
guta
Ndakagara muguta.
musangano
Ndakaenda kumusangano.
I'
Harare
I'
tsime
mugwagwa
I'
Rusapi
7.
I'
I'
I'
I'
I'
"
Ndakagara muHarare.
,
Ndakagara patsime.
Ndakagara pamugwagwa.
,
"
"
Ndakagara
kwaRusapi.
I'
I'
I' I'
kumunda
Vaenda kumunda.
mugomo
Vaenda mugomo.
M~akagaram~o
nguva yakadini?
M~akagarapo
nguva yakadini?
Vaendako.
Vaendam~o.
Vabva mugomo.
kumunda
Vabva kumunda.
kusvika
Vasvika kumunda.
,
"
Vasvikako.
pajangano
, ,
kusanda
Vasvika pajangano.
Vasvikapo.
I'
I'
Vasanda muofisi.
kupinda
,
mumba
Vapinda muofisi.
"
I'
I'
I'
Vasanda pajangano.
muofisi
kubuda
nguva yakadini?
M~akagarapo
kubva
I'
I'
I' ,
1'1'
"
I'
,
,
nguva yakadini?
I'
M"o/akagaram~o
I'
I'
.. I'
I'
I'
"
I'
Vapindam,,;,o.
Vapinda mumba.
Vapindamwo.
I
Vabuda mumba.
Vabudam~o.
262
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UNIT 26
kUite~yiyo?
y~murimisi.
M~akaona
ne~yi?
Vanogara kupi?
KuHighfields.
Kwete hatina kuvaona.
Mufambiri wezvikoro vasvika.
Wauya rini pano?
263
UNIT 26
Mangwanani ano.
Wauya ne\lyi?
Wauya nemudhudhudhu.
Achagara pano
zvakadini?
Handizivi.
Zvimwe
kwezuva rQse.
Ndiri kuda kuenda Nyanga
paChipiri.
Munoenda ne\lyi?
Ndinokwira bhazi paWatsomba.
Kune mhaka dze\lyi?
Ndinoda kundoona madzisekuru
angu.
Vanogara
n~~papi
kuNyanga?
Vanogara
p~tyo
netlhibi.
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UNIT 27
UNIT 27
BASIC DIALOGUE
lA
2B
.,
-nonga
to pick up
3A
, ,
", , ,
Ndichaedza kunonga qse.
4A
5B
, ,
,
Zvinoita here?
6A
It really does.
7B
,
"
" ,
Ndichazouya
kundoaona.
Supplementary vocabulary.
preparation of sadza.
Kuti ndichlda kubika sadza,
-pfutsa
to light
fire
'v
'
f
'
Ndinolsa
harl
pachoto.
Ndinosevha u%>fu.
, ,
,
Kuti hari yavira,
-sevha
to sift
-vira
to boil (intransitive)
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UNIT 27
, "
,
ndinokurungira.
"
,
-kurungira
, ,
-kwata
Sadza rlnokwata.
to smoothe
to bubble
"
Mapundu anopera.
lump
Ndinokwldlblra.
, , ,
-kwidibira
,
"
"
Sadza rinoibva
zvakanaka.
-lbva
become ripe,
done
-bura
to dish out
[from]
'
Tinobura muhari.
,
to cover
Tinodya sadza.
, ,
-guta
'"
'
,
v
'
,
Taguta
tinobvlsa
ndiro.
Supplementary vocabulary.
to have enough
food or drinks
Ndinopfutsa mwoto.
I
Ndinoisa hari yemuriwo pachoto.
Ndinochekacheka muriwo.
Ndinougeza.
When the pot has boiled, I
put the muriwo into the pot.
Anopisa.
266
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UNIT 27
Ndoramba ndichipindura.
to turn over,
to answer
1.
The symbol /"'/ above a vowel letter stands for one or more tonal
patterns, according to dialect. Its simplest representation is
found in some varieties of Manyika. In these dialects, the first
syllable of each of these words has high tone regardless of person; the next has low, the next high, and so on, with alternant
high and low syllables.
A more widespread system has high tone on the first syllable,
as in the above. The second syllable has basic tone on the first
syllable of the root: low for low verbs, high for high verbs.
These two systems are compared below, along with the corresponding
indicative forms:
267
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UNIT 27
Indicative
Some Manyika
More widespread
, ,
,
ndapedza
, , ,
taguta
"
,
ndapedza
, , ,
ndapedza
, , ,
taguta
High verbs:
"
, ,
'v
v
valbva
vaibva
, , ,
yavira
yavira
valbva
Low verbs:
, , ,
yavira
1.
'v
)('
Ndamuona'aripo.
Ndavaona'varl pamusha.
Ndavaona'aripo.
Ndavaona'vari mumba.
Ndavaona'varimwo.
I
268
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,
Ndakuona\lyl mUri mumba.
imwi
"v
/ mUri kudhibhi.
NdakuonaJ;lyi
kudhibhi
UNIT 27
iwe
Ndakuona'Uriyo.
pamunda
Ndakuona'uripo.
iye
Ndamuona'ari pamunda.
Ndamuona'aripo.
2.
Ndakuonanyl muriyo .
Low verb.
'Did you receive the letter?' tWhat will you do when you
receive the letter?1
kugashira
M~agashlra
'
tsamba here?
tsamba?
tsamba?
Tagashira tsamba here?
"v
'
Munolte~yi
kana tagashira
tsamba?
b.
High verb.
'Have you sold the groundnuts?'
.....",
kana watengesa
nzungu.?
Anolteny i kana atengesa
,
nzungu?
269
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UNIT 27
nzungu.?
c.
Low verb.
'Have they arrived?'
kusvika
,
,
Vasvika here?
,
,
\Vasvika here?
,.,..
Tasvika here?
M~asvlka here?
d.
m~asvika?
High verb.
IHave they finished?1
Wapedza here?
, ,
Mwapedza
here?
I
3.
'v'
",
TinolteJtyi
kana varibika?
sadza
,
magwere
,,
,,,
Mai vabika magwere here?
270
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UNIT 27
nyimo
" "
" " vabika
nyimo here?
Mai
madima
"
madima here?
Mai vabika
Tinoitenyi
kana vaabika?
I
mupunga"
"
mupunga here?
Mai vabika
Tinoitenyi
kana vaubika?
I
zingwa
"
zingwa here?
Mai vabika
ching-wa
"
chingwa here?
Mai vabika
Tinoitenyi
kana vachibika?
I
zVQkudya
, ,
murivo
"
Mai vabika
zvc;>kudya here?
"
murivo here?
Mai vabika
Ti.noi tenyi
kana vaubika?
I
nyama
"
nyama here?
Mai vabika
4.
,
kuverenga bhuku
""
" "
wakabatsira
vapwere?
"
N~e\1.yi
""
wakavabatsira?
"
N~e\1.yi
N~e\1.yi wakarlverenga?
,
, '"
,
,
kusandisa banga
N~e\1.yi
wakasandisa banga?
kugadzira kofi
N~e~yi
wakagadzira kofi?
"
kumwa mvura
~7]
UNIT 27
, ",
,
kutengesa zviyo
N~e~yi
""" ,
wakasevenzesa
sipo?
N~e~yi wakalsevenzesa?
5.
",,,
,
Ndinononga matombo mumunda.
,
" "
munda.
,
, ,,'\
,,
Ndarima munda ndinodyara mbeu.
6.
,
zvino
;
,
hongu
Ndadyara maruva.
,
,,,
Ndiri kudyara maruva.
He is planting flowers.
He planted flowers
[today] .
272
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nezuro
27
~akadyara
nd:Lanl
Ndiani
,
",
,
Ndivanaani vakadyara maruva?
ivo
maruva?
rini
7.
UNIT
ndiani
Ndasevha u~fu.
nezuro
,
mangwana
,
rini
kwete
Haasevhi u~fu.
,
nezuro
hongu
Vakasevha u~fu.
kuda
kuramba
kuregera
273
UNIT 27
ln~otO.
Munouda weljyi?
What do you
"\AI an t i t for?
Ndinoda kubika sadza.
Tinoriguta here?
Will we get
enough to
eat?
Ndinofunga kudaro.
Pfutsa
m~oto
Sarah.
Munoda wellyi?
u~fu
mwanangu.
274
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UNIT 27
Zvakanaka mai.
Unza
u~fu.
pam~oto.
Raya kukwata.
275
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UNIT
28
UNIT
28
BASIC DIALOGUE
lA
2B
3A
1 1m going to Muradzikwa.
~B
", ,
-pfuura
5A
to pass
to stand, stop
-mira
6B
7A
Rongu.
Yes.
BB
9B
!>
Supplementary vocabulary.
maize.
chibarwe
(7)
maize
, ,
-putsa
Ndoputsa mavhlng~a.
vhlng~a
to break
(5, 6)
clod
276
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, ,
, , ,
Ndogadzira midarara.
Ndochera makomba.
UNIT 28
, , ,
mudarara
(3,4)
mutsara
(3,4)
-chera
to dig
(5,6)
gomba
line
hole
-donhesa
to drop
-fusira
, ,
-hara
to cover
-enzanisa
to make
even
,
ivu
, , ,
-mirira
to harrow
(5,6)
soil
to wait
for
kunaya.
-naya
to rain
1.
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UNIT 28
2.
/chai.... o/.
As in the phrase:
pachikoro chalpo
3.
the word /uslQgamlrl/ is the negative counterpart 01' the affirmative chi-participial /uchlmlra/ (or of the tonal participial
/Unomira7). Its formation is somewhat different however, in
two prinicipal ways:
(1) Like the negative indicative /halimlri/,
the negative participial ends with the vowel I-if.
(2) The negative participial is like the
affirmative tonal participials in that it begins with
a high tone reagardless of the person of the subject;
but the tonal pattern of the remaining syllables is
not that of the affirmative tonal participials.
The element /-singa-/ is pronounced /-sika-/ in some dialects.
The first tone of this may be hibh or low, also according to
dialect.
278
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UNIT
28
either:
High verb
,""
uSl:t;tgafusiri
uSl:t;tgasevenzi
y
!>
,
"""
!o
,'"
"'!
or:
uSl:t;tgafusiri
uSl:t;tgasevenzl
written in
this book:
y
us l:t;tgafusir..L
uSl:t;tgasev~nzi
!o
!o
'"
"~"
!o
!o
4.
I didntt go.
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UNIT 28
5.
N~e:t;lyi
'
uSll;}.gaendi?
,
Ndiwe usil;}.~aendi.
,
N~el(yi
!>
, v
' e
'
uSll;}.gasev
nzi?
!I
Ndiwe usiQgasevenzi.
!I
1.
""
Ndiri, kuenda pachikoro
chaipo.
280
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kumunda
patslme
mugomo
2.
UNIT 28
, ,
He is my true kinsman.
hama
shamwari
mUkoma
nzira
basa
mutauro
111.hando
3.
today.
kuita basa
!>
kubika sadza
u~fu
kupfutsa m~otc)
kugadzira tli
kusevha
281
UNIT 28
4.
"
"
kusanda
,
"
v
Havasandl.
N~e~yi vasingatsvalrl
mumba?
""
"
kusevenza
" ""
,
Havasevenzi.
N~e~yi vasingasevenzl?
,
""
kutengesa
""
""
Havatengesi.
N~e~yi vasingatengesl?
,,"
""
Havatenderuki.
N~e~yi vasingatenderukl?
kutenderuka
/
"
Cl
5.
kuenda
Ndlwe usi~~aendi.
"
iva
"
'"
,
Ndivo
vasingaendi.
kuziva
Ndivo
"
iye
Ndiye asingazlvl.
N~e~yi asingaz1vl?
kutaura
,
'v
' v
Ndiye
vaslngataurl.
N~e~yi vasingataurl?
"
'':1(
vas~ngazivl.
N~e~yi vasingazivl?
Ndlwe usingataurl.
""
"
kusevenza
Ndiwe usingasevenzi.
"
Ndim~i
kuchaira
'"
"v"
musingasevenzi.
N~e~yi usingasevenzl?
N~e~yi musingasevenzl?
Ndlm~i musingachalrl.
282
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UNIT 28
,.
"
N~e~yi asingachalrl?
"
N~e~yi asingafuslrl?
iye
Ndiye asingachairl.
kufusira
,
kudaro
Ndiye asingafusirl.
N~e~yi asingadaro?
6.
'
Hatirldi.
,
'
Hatizvldyi.
N~e~yi musingazvldyl?
'v
A
'
Hatiucheki.
,
N~e~yi
'"
'
A
V
musingaadyarl?
: Vt
AV.oHa t lmu
svalrl.
N~e~yi musingamutsvalr!?
t v At v .0Ha t lvaba
Slrl.
N~e~yi musingavabatslr!?
t
v A
'
v.oHatldzlsevenzesl.
N~e~yi
Hatlhusevhl.
,
,
,
Hatidzigezi.
N~e~yi
/\'
'.0-
musingadzisevenzesi?
"
musingahusevhi?
N~epyi musingadzlgezl?
,,
,
Hatiigadziri.
N~e~yi
"
,
Hatidzidonhesi.
N~evyi musingadzldonhesi?
, ,
"
Hatizvienzanisi.
N~evyi
"
musingaigadziri?
,
"
musingadzienzanisi?
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UNIT 28
7.
II
,
ini
,
isu
/,
""
Tine, mari"yako.
iye
,
ivo
"" ,
N~e~yi a}nayo?
""
N~e~yi vainayo?
,. ,
mafuta
N~e~yi muinawo?
N~e~yi muinahwo?
, ,
hari
, ", , ,
Ndine hari yenyu.
N~e~yi mUinayo?
tsamba
,
basykoro
N~e~Yi mUinayo?
N~e~yi muinaro?
9.
, ,
Hapana
,
mumba
u~fu
, ,
pano.
284
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UNIT 28
mabhuku
kuchikoro
,
kuchikoro?
, ,
vapwere
"" ,
kUsina vapwere
N~enyi
kuchikoro?
"
,
pas ina vapwere
N~e~yi
patslP1e
patsime?
, ,
mV,ura
10.
"'"
Hakuna
,,,
,
mvura kutsime.
I-na/.
nzira
mugwagwa
se~yi
chibarwe?
Ndinotanga ndarima
munda wangu.
Ndoputsa mavingwa.
285
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UNIT 28
se~yi?
Ko munodyara
Ndinogadzira midarara
kutanga.
Kwaya kuzoita
se~yi?
Ndinozohara kuenzanisa
ivu.
Dzinozobuda
se~yi?
,
')(
Dzinoita
ma~ondo
mangani
dziri muvu?
Ndinofunga
~ondo
rimwe
dzlri muvu.
286
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UNIT
28
Hari
287
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UNIT 29
UNIT 29
BASIC DIALOGUE
rwendo (11,10)
journey
Tell me about your trip home.
lA
,
"
rwenyu rWQkumusha.
2A
'v'
, ~
Munolta
se~yi kuti muchida
,
kuenda Amerika?
3B
4B
ngarava (9,10)
,
,
Ungandoend~zve kana
,
n~engarava.
, , ,
-kasika
to hurry, go fast
5B
,
kwazvo.
6A
7B
"
,,,
,
Iguta guruguru.
-reba
8A
, ,
",
senyi?
I
, ,
-turikidzana
;
kunga
288
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UNIT 29
9B
",
Zvakaturikidzana kunga
makomo.
Supplementary vocabulary.
"
"
,
Ichi chivako
chakareba
kwazvo.
-reba
to become tall
, ,
-shata
to become bad
-wanda
1.
se~yi?
289
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UNIT 29
2.
road
mugwagwa
It is a road.
It is a long road.
290
UNIT 29
Independent form
hUku
chicken
lhuku
it is a chicken
shuka
sugar
lshuka
it is sugar
mUkomana
boy
mUkomana
it is a boy
chivako
building
chlvako
it is a building
tree
3.
2,3.]
,
,, ,
Vanovaona.
Vanozvlona.
,
, , ,
Vanoonana.
UNIT 29
1.
a.
4.]
zVizhlnjl.
dzimba
zhinji.
zvitoro
zvizhinji.
migwagwa
mizhinji.
ofisi
zhinji.
mabasykoro
mazhinji.
motokari
zhinji.
zhlnjl.
292
mipanda
UNIT29
mizhlnjl.
vadzi.dza
,
mabhuku
mazhinji.
marl
zhinji.
[Tones of rekwedu??]
mhuka
mitl
Mhuka dzemwo
dzakawanda.
I
Miti
yem~o
yakawanda.
mizhinji.
matombo
, ,
Mugomo rekwedu mune matombo
Matombo
akawanda.
em~o
mazhinji.
michero
.I
Michero yemwo
yakawanda.
I
mizhinji.
[After the three sections of this exercise have been mastered
separately, the tutor should select sentences at random from
Column 2 in any of the three sections, and the student should
reply with the appropriate sentence from Column 3.]
293
UNIT
2.
29
kunaka
nzira
kureba
mugwagwa
Mugwagwa wakashata
vana
Vana vakashata
kUkura
masimo
vana
Vana vakafanana
michero
kuwanda
I'
I'
3.
a.
kwazvo.
kwazvo.
kwazvo.
guta
gadheni
huku
~oillbe
basa
I'
I'
I'
I'
I'
294
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
danga
Titaurire~yi
imba
Titaurire~yi n~eimba
tsapl
Titaurirevyi
b.
n~edanga
renyu.
yenyu.
n~etsapi
yenyu.
UNIT
29
"
chikoro
Titaurirevyi
n~echikoro
musika
Titaurirevyi
n~emusika
munda
Titaurirevyi
n~emunda
miti"
Titaurirevyi
n~emiti
"
zvinanazi
Titaurire~yi
chenyu.
wenyu.
wenyu.
yenyu.
n~ezvinanazi
zvenyu.
chirongo" Titaurirevyi
n~echirongo
rwizi"
n~erwizi
Titaurirevyi
chenyu.
rwenyu.
4.
I-an-I.
They helped one another
yesterday.
kUbatslra
" "
mangwana
Vachabatsirana mangwana.
kuona
Vanoonana mazuva ~se.
295
UNIT
29
kutaurira
, ,
, ,
Vanotaurirana mazuva
,
nezuro
Vakataurirana nezuro.
kubikira
, ,
,
Vakabikirana nezuro.
, ,
mangwana
,
,
,
Vachabikirana mangwana.
~se.
, , ,
Torayi iyi nzira.
, ,
, ,
Inosvika paWatsomba.
Ndazaendepl ndasvlka
apo?
, , ,
,
,
Unotora nzira iri kurudyi.
, , , ,
",
Hapana inotsauka
,
here?
UNIT
29
apo?
Unoramba undorl kurudyl.
,
"
"
Mfazvilta~Tozoonanazve.
"
M~azvi}ta.
297
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UNIT 30
UNIT 30
BASIC DIALOGUE
to throwaway, to
lose
-rasa
lA
2B
R:Lniko?
When?
3A
"
"
Musi~ w<j)Mugobera.
On Saturday.
4B
"
"
~
Wakambotsvaka
here?
5A
6B
So what happened?
7A
~
"
Ndakabvira
kushaya.
8B
Tingamboedz~zve
9B
"
""
,,,
I failed completely.
~
here?
tavamba.
~
-va
to become, be
pfungwa (9,10)
thought
That would be a good idea.
Supplementary vocabulary.
,
"v
'
Kuti tichida
kuvamba chikoro
n~vabereki.
UNIT 30
-pangana
to decide
mafamblre (6)
ways of running
, ,
to speak
-reva
,,,
"
Sometimes, it requires a
building for study.
, ""
-unganidza
'V
V
'
Vabereki vounganldza
mario
')t
-kanya
to mold
-kanyisa
to cause to mold
chidhlna
(7,8)
muvakl (1,2)
Vokanyisa zvidhlna nQkutsvaka
muvakl.
brick
builder
Then they have the bricks
made, and look for a
builder.
,,
,
-daidza
to call, invite
siplkita
school inspector
siplkita.
Siplkita nqmufamblrl W@chlkoro
votaura.
to collect
UNIT 30
to cause to write,
to enroll
Then the children are
enrolled, and books
are bought.
"
mabhuku.
to send (a person)
-tuma
Vafundls1/Vadzldzlsl
vototUmlrwa.
"
,,,
Chikoro chovambwa.
1.
300
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UNIT 30
Low:
" "" ,
titaure
High:
2.
Ngatldye.
301
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UNIT 30
" ,
Nzira ) inosvlka ..
,
(Munhu) anoziva
~02
UNIT 30
apo tavamba
p~tavamba
izvo ndinogona
zv~ndrnogona
where we began
such as I am able
1.
, , ,
ILet I S hurry. r
,
, , ,
kukasika
Hatiri kukasika.
Ngatikasike.
(iye)
Haari kukas{ka.
"
" ,
Ngaakasike.
kusanda
Haari kusanda.
(isu)
Hatiri kusanda.
"
"
,
Ngaasande.
, , "
"
Ngatisande.
",
,,
Ngatidyare mbeu.
,"
(iye)
,,
Ngaadyare mbeu.
,., ,
kusevenza
Haari kusevenza.
Ngaasevenze.
(isu)
Hat{ri kusevenza.
Ngatisevenze.
2.
, , , ,
kuita basa
Ngat{ite basa.
({vo)
Ngavalte basa.
UNIT 30
kupfutsa m~oto
(isu)
Ngatipfutse
kufusira mbeu
Ngatlfusire mbeu.
(ivo)
, , ,
, ,
Ngatividze mvura.
, ,
kuvidza mvura
(isu)
,,,,,
m~oto.
kuisa
kupfutsa
, ,
kucheka
kutenga
kugadzira
kubura
, ,,,
""
,
Ngatiise hari pachoto.
""
Ngatipfutse
m~oto.
, ,
Ngaticheke murivo.
~"
""
" " munyu.
,
Ngatindotenge
, , ,
,
Ngatigadzire dovi.
, , ,
, ,
Ngatibure sadza muhari.
kuverenga
kutaura
kUdaro
kuedza
"v
,,,
,
v
Ndatopfutsa
'
m~oto.
,
"
"
Ndatocheka
murivo.
",,,
,
Ndatotenga munyu.
Ndatogadzira dovl.
,
'
, , ,
,
Ngatitaure naye.
, ,
Ngatidye.
Ngatldaro. Letts do
like that/Letts go.
, ",
,
Ngatiedzezve.
Ndatotaura naye.
Ndatodya.
,
,
Ndatodaro.
Ndatoedzazve.
UNIT 30
4.
"" ,
Ivu ngarienzaniswe.
" ,,
Chirongo" ngachiunzwe.
"" "
Nyama ngaigochwe.
5.
~
""
,
" ,
Ngatipindewo
mumba" tibike.
305
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UNIT 30
6.
a.
Low verbs.
Vakarima munda.
,
Vakabika sadza.
,
,,
Vakadonhesa mbeu.
Vakaenzanisa ivu.
Vakapfutsa m~oto.
,
,
Vakagadzira choto.
,
,
Vakachera makomba.
b.
Takaona sadza
r~vakabika.
High verbs.
,
"
,
Vakadyara chibarwe.
,
,
Vakavaka imba.
,
Takaona chibarwe ch~vakadyara.
,
Takaona imba yg.vakavaka.
Vakatenga nguruve.
Vakavaka tsapi.
Vakatengesa Illombe.
Takaona Illombe
dz~vakatengesa.
Vakamaira vanhu.
Takaona vanhu
v~vakamaira.
,
, ,
Vakasevenzesa matemo.
"
Takaona matemo
""
~vakasevenzesa.
306
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UNIT
7.
a.
Low verbs.
II received a letter. t
30
received. t
NJagashira tsamba.
Ndasevha u~fu.
Ndarasa
Ndaverenga bhuku.
Ndarasa'bhuku r~ndaverenga.
u~fu hw~ndasevha.
b.
High verbs.
Ndarasa mari y~ndakapiwa.
Ndapiwa marie
Ndarasa chigero
Ndanyora tsamba.
Ndarasa tsamba
Ndaunza'banga.
"
"
Ndarasa , banga
ch~ndakatenga.
y~ndakanyora.
r~ndakaunza.
8.
a.
Low verbs.
"v
"
Unolta
basa:t;lyi?
" v
'
Unotaura
mutaur0:t;lyi?
" v
Unogadzire:t;lyi
"A
zV~kumwa?
Anoda kugadzira
w~unotaura.
zV~kumwa zv~unogadzira.
307
UNIT 30
High verbs.
b.
, ""
Unopiwa
,
,
""
,
Anoda kupiwa mari
mari~yi?
""
,
Unotenga
zVinhu~yi?
",
""
"v
Unofundira
kUpl?
9.
y~Unopiwa.
"
,
,
ndivanaani
mari yakaraswa.
,
papl
kwete
yakaraswa?
,
Havari kutsvaka
nezuro
mari yakaraSv.la.
, ,
Havana kutsvaka mari
ndivanaani
yakaraswa.
,
, , , , ,
Ndivanaani vasina kutsvaka
mangwana
mari yakaraswa?
,
, , , ,
Ndivanaani vanozotsvaka
, ,
mari yakaraswa mangwana?
308
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UNIT30
Wakambobva Bhuruwayo
here?
Yes, I often
go there.
Hunde, ndinonyanya
kuendako.
Unoenda
se~yi?
Sometimes by
bus and sometimes by train.
Which do you
prefer?
Chi~yi ch~ungadisa?
,
Bhazi, nokuti rino-
kasika.
Uri kutsvakenyi?
I
Ndiri kutsvaka bhuku.
,
,
Bhuku:t;lyi?
Bhuku rawakandipa
nezuro.
Wariverenga here?
Ndakarivamba nezuro
,
manheru.
Unorida here?
309
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UNIT 30
Ndinoridisa' kwazvo.
Sara aripiko?
Ndamuona ari kubatsira'
mai.
Vari kuiteIjyi?
Vari mumba kubika
sadza.
Vanopedza rini?
Ndinofunga garegare.
M~amboona
Baba
Mbutsa here?
Ndinofunga vari
kurima. Ndavaona'
vari kuenda kumunda.
Handinatsi kuziva munda
wavo.
Uripi?
Ngatiendayo
t~se.
310
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UNIT 30
"
Unoenda naani?
Handin~
naye.
munhu
w~kuenda
Ndinoenda
Uchida
(rAt what hour
(what time)
can we go? 1 )
tingaend~
t9se.
Tingaend~ nguva~yi?
(f[At] whatever
[time] you say. I)
311
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UNIT 31
In previous units,
312
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UNIT 31
UNIT 31
BASIC DIALOGUE
Where did you last see (rleave r )
lA
"
nltasi
?
dare(S) matare(6)
council, court
sabhuku
headman
"
2B
Father today?
Xl<
Vaenda kudare
kwasabhuku.
3A
to return
-dzoka
4B
SA
6c
Maslkatl shewe.
,
",,,,,
Masikati akanaka.
Good day.
to judge, decide a legal
case
-tonga
7A
Kwaitongwe~yl kudare?
8e
cheqlombe.
313
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UNIT
31
Supplementary vocabulary.
headman's court.
Topics that
m~ght
be discussed at a
,
nyaya
nhau
kumangara
1.
1.
"" ,
Ndinoona chinhu.
Ch{nhu~y{ ch~unoona?
,
,
Ndatenga chinhu.
, ,
Ndichagadzira chinhu.
,
Ndadonhesa chinhu.
Chinhu~yi
Ndarasa chinhu.
,
Ndinoda chinhu.
Chinhu~yi
ch~warasa?
Chinhu~yi
ch~unoda?
Ndatengesa chinhu.
Chinhu~yi
ch~watengesa?
ch~watenga?
Ch{nhu~y{ ch~uchagadzira?
Ch{nhu~y{ ch~wadonhesa?
314
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UNIT 31
2.
,
Vana vari kuitenyi?
I
"
,
M~asiya vana vari
kuiteJ;lyi?
"
"
"
Vana, vari
kutamba
zvavo.
zvavo.
,
"
,,;'\
"
Vana vari kufundira zv.avo.
~
""'J.
,
"
Vana vari kupangana
,
"
"
kundotamba
zvavo.
,...
"-#
"
kundotamba zvavo.
, ,
"
Vana vakarara.
Taslya vana vakarara.
3.
"
Haana marl.
He has no money_
'v"
"
Takamusiya
asina, marl.
315
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UNIT
31
"
" " here?
"
Anoziva
Does he know?
He doesnft know.
AI"
"
Takamusiya tisingadi.
"
"
"
"
M't;Jakataura
here?
We didn1t speak.
Takamusiya,,~
tisina
"
"
"
kutaura.
" "" " here?l'1
M't;Jakamuona
Hatina kumuona.
"
"
",."
"
Takamusiya tisina
"" "
kumuona.
"
""
M~akamubatsira
'
"
here?
"" kumubatsira.
""""
Hatina
"v""
Takamusiya
tisina
'V
"
""
""
kumubatsira.
I saw someone.
'Y
Handimuziv.L.
"
"
wand'Isingazivi.
316
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
,
"
Ndatambira tsamba.
,
,
Handigoni kuiverenga.
, ,,,
Ndatambira tsamba
I'V
received a letter.
I
yandisingagoni kuverenga.
,
Handia:t;lZW1.
'';(
,
,
Wataura mazwi
,
,..""
, ,
Anoita iro basa.
"
,
Handiriiti.
Anotaura mutauro
, ,
w<tndisingatauri.
, ,
Anoita basa
"',
, ,
r<tndisingaiti.
,
,
\iakadya chinhu.
don l t do it.
He does work that I don't
do.
He ate something.
Hand:Lchldy:L.
,
,
Wakadya
chinhu
I
' /
He speaks a language.
Anotaura mutauro.
,,
,
Handiutauri.
'Y
).
"" ,
,
<tndisinga:t;lzwi .
..,
, ,
,
Wataura mazwi.
UNIT 31
ch<tndlsingadyi.
Anoda bhuku.
,
,
Handinaro.
,
,
,
Anoda bhuku
He wants a book.
I
317
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UNIT 31
,
,
Anoona mhuka.
/
Handldzlonl.
Anoona mhuka
""
"v
dZi-ndisingaonl.
5.
,
aenda kugadheni here?
Did he go to the garden?
,,,
,
Ngaaende kugadheni.
Have him go to the garden.
,
,
,
Wadirira
mbeu here?
Did he water the seeds?
I
"" ,
,,
Ngaadirire mbeu.
Have him water the seeds.
,,,
, ,
Ngaaende kugadheni adirire
Have him go to the garden and'
//
water the seeds.
mbeu.
/
, ,
""
,
Ari kuramba achikurunga here? Is she continuing to stir?
,,/
,
,
Ngaarambe achikurunga.
She should keep stirring.
/
/"
"" ,
"
Ngaarambe
achikurunga
,
""
mapundu apere.
/"
M~atoputsa
""
Putsa~yi
mavhing~a
here?
mavhing~a.
,
,,/
,
,
Ivu riri nyore here?
,
""
,
Ivu ngarive nyore.
318
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UNIT 31
nyama.
, ,
,
Tichakanya zvidhina.
, ,
,
Ngatikanye zvidhina.
Tichaplsa zVidhlna.
, , ,
,
Ngatipise zvidhina.
, , ,
,
Ngatikanye zvidhina
, ,
tiplse.
chitsva here?
Yes, we1ve already sat down and
made plans.
Takatonkanyisa
n~kupisa
zvidhina.
begin~
319
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UNIT
31
"
Mwedzi unouya.
Next month.
Munovakira papi?
~unofunga
kupedza rini?
gore rinouya.
"
)0\
n~echibharo.
Wati kudini?
I
~ati
vanhu
v~se
ngavaunze
I don't know.
rlnouya.
Im';Ji
m~ati
mwaendesa here?
Changu,tichaenda nacho
evening.
manheru ano.
320
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UNIT 32
UNIT 32
BASIC DIALOGUE
hokwa (9,10)
invitation
(-koka)
muchato
(3,4)
wedding
to marry
(-chata)
lA
2A
-sanganisa
3B
"
",
Ndiani anozovasanganisa?
musandlri (1,2)
4A
reception
rugashiro (11)
5B
'"
v'
Rugashiro rWQkutanga
ruri papi?
singer
mulmbl (1,2)
6A
paMundenda.
At Mundenda.
Valmbl
vanozobva kwaMutambara.
7A
Vanozodaldza'shamwarl
zhlnJl.
gift
chipo (7,8)
(cf. -pa tto give t
8B
9A
-nonoka
lOB
Usanonoka/Usanonoke.
Don't delay'
321
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UNIT 32
Supplementary vocabulary.
Housekeeping chores.
Ndinotsvaira mumba.
-pukuta
chigaro (7,8)
It~
dust'
'chair'
mushonga.
Ndinopukuta zvigaro netafura
nemlbhedha.
tafura (5,6)
'table'
,
mubhedha (3,4)
~dinogeza mafafitera.
, "
""",
-misa
'bed'
munzvimbo dzayo.
Ndinogadzira imba YQmweni
midziyo (4)
'furniture, utensils'
YQkurara.
A
"
"
nzvimbo (9,10)
Ndinoisa zVQkugezesa
" ,
Ndinozadza mwenje
mwenje (3,4)
" ,
-zara
tplace l
'lamp, candle'
n4Separafini.
"
, ,
Ndinowaridza machira
nemltsamlro zvakachena.
-waridza
1.
Icloth,sheet l
'pillow'
Ndlvanaanl vanorima?
Varlmi.
Ndivanaanl vanorimisa?
Varlmisi.
Ndivanaanl vanofundlsa?
,
"
, "
,
Ndivanaani vanoimba?
Vafundisi.
Ndivanaanf vanobika?
Vablki.
,
"
""
",
Ndivanaani
vanotengesa?
vatengesi.
Ndlvanaanl vanochaira?
Vachairi.
Ndlvanaani vanovadza?
vavadzi.
Ndivanaanl vanoveza?
,
"
,
Ndlvanaani vanorana?
Vav8zi.
2.
Varapl.
"",
Muimbi
,
anoite~Yl?
'
Mufambisl wechlkoro
"
UNIT 32
!He writes. r
Anonyora.
" "
"
Anolmba.
Anofambisa chik6ro.
./
anoite~yJ.?
""
/
Mubiki anoite~Yl?
,,,
Anobika.
Murezi anoitenyl?
Anoreza vana.
"
/
Mupetesi anoite~Yl?
Anopetesa chibharo.
Mugezi anoite~yi?
Anogeza mbatya.
The student should examine for himself the pairs of sentences in 1 and 2, and make a statement which summarizes the
relationship between a verb stem and the noun which stands for
the person who performs the action for which the verb stands.
Enter the summary statement here:
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UNIT 32
3.
The
/-0-/
usapInd~ mumba.
",
,
4.
The
/-0-/
Usaputs~
mavhingwa.
Usagadzir~ midarara.
,
,
,
makomba.
",
Usadonhes~ mbeu.
Usacher~
, ,
Usafusir~ mbeu.
usahar4 (ba) .
Topfutsa mwoto
here?
I
,,
"
",
hari pachoto.
Musals~
Musasevh~ upfu.
" "
,
Musakurunglr~ sadza.
MusakwIdfbldz~ harf.
Musabv:f.s~ ndlro.
, ,
, ,
Musatsvair~
MusagezCi ndiro.
"
",
"
mumba.
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UNIT 32
5.
,;
,;
,;
,;
tisadzldirir~.
ndlro.
Vatltaurira kuti
,;
,;
tisadzibvis~.
,;
, ; , ;
zvidhina.
,;
,;
,;
Vatitaurira kuti
,;
,;
tisazvlkany~.
Vatltaurira kuti
,;
,;
,,;
tisaunganidz~
,;
mario
Vatitaurira kuti
tisarUngan{dz~.
The student should enter here a summary statement concerning the tones of negative subjunctive verbs with and without
object prefixes. The statement should of course be based on
his own tutorIs pronunciation of the verbs in Exercise 5~ and
not on the tone markings that appear in this book.
325
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UNIT 32
6.
Simple verb stems vs. the same stems with the causative
extension.
'The sugar is all gone, r
Shuka yapera.
Mwana wakarara .
Ndiani waipedza? .
Ndiani wamuradzika?
,
Mvura yavira.
Ndiani waivirisa/waividza?
Ndiani ~amugadzika?
Ndafara!
"
"
Wafadzwa
Tinokudza chibarwe.
" v
'X
""
ChakUra
zvakadini?
Ndlanl wachldonhesa?
"
",,,
"""
Ndiani
ari kuchifambisa?
Wombe dzamwa.
1'''
Ndiani wadzimwisa?
7.
"
n~e)lyi?
"
I'
"
I' ,
I'
I'
I'
I'
I' I'
"
I'
I'V
I'
I'
I'
"I'
I'
I'
I'
dzenyu here?
I'
I'
Handisati ndadaidza.
I' I'
I'
I'
/
)
Handisati ndarima(ba .
M~agezawo
I'
Mwadaidzawo
yenyu here?
t
Mwarimawo
wenyu here?
t
I'
I'
I'
I'
1"
I'
/
1'(
)
Handisati ndatsvaira\ba
Handlsatl ndadzlgeza.
"
326
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Tadya
,,-
IV"
, ,
redu.
""
Handlsatl ndadya(ba).
,
"" ,
Tamwa tii yedu.
,
,
,
""
,
Mwapedzisawo
renyu here?
I
,
sadz~
UNIT 32
n/
Hatisati tapedzisa.
Handisati ndamwa.
"" ,
,
Vaeni vedu
vasvika.
, , , ,
,
,
Venyu vasvikawo here?
,
,,
/"
Tafusira mbeu dzedu.
"AJ
,
""
"
Mwafusirawo
dzenyu
here?
I
,
,
,..,
,
Handisati ndafusira.
Havasati vasvika.
, , ,
,
,
Venyu vadzokawo here?
,
",.,
Havasati
vadzoka" (
ba) .
,
"I'V'
Haasati aguta.
327
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UNIT 32
musi
wemugobera.
, ,
Ndinoda kukoka vanhu
vazhinji.
Vanababa navana mai vrmuguta
munokokwa.
Panozova
nezv~kudya
zuizhinji.
Ndinokokazve vanakomana
n~vasikana.
masikati.
Tinozovamba nemitambo
Y<r vana .
Kuti yapera tomwa
zV~kUmwa.
vanhu.
Mweni ari kuuya; todiniko?
Unogeza mumba nemafafitera.
y~se
munzvimbo dzayo.
mUd~ki.
328
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UNIT 32
329
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UNIT 33
UNIT
33
BASIC DIALOGUE
IA
Ndinogeza
se~yi
mwana
mal?
basin
2B
-pfiga
to close
mus~wol (3,4)
doorway
m\l'2>l~O
3B
4B
//
/~
Unganidza zV9se
tV
zv~unoda.
/,
SA
6B
-dai
,
Zvakadai n~e~yi?
\
..
(demonstrative pro-verb)
Zvakadai
~/
n~esipo,
Like what?
/~
mafuta
nembatya.
-pukuta
jlra
(S)
cloth
machlra (6)
7B
Unamupukuta
/.v
n~eJlra
rakachena.
Supplementary vocabulary.
A bus trip.
Ndinosvika mwaMutare.
Ndinotora bhazi rechlpirl rlnoenda kwaMutambara.
Zvimwe rinotora nhambwe shanu.
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UNIT 33
to stay behind
-kwira
to climb, go up
, ,
nhambwe
,
,
ffiutengo
(9,10)
hour
(3,4)
price
-dzika
to descend
1.
/dal/.
tAt the market there are many vegetables.
ILike what?f
'Like cabbages and beans.'
,
, ,
""
Kumusika kun~ masimo mazhinji.
" , ,
,
Akadai n~eJ:tyi?
..
'
"
Yakadai
n~eJ:tyi?
..
""
4'
'
v v
Yakadai
ngezvlgaro
neharl.
I
331
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UNIT 33
"
,
, ,
Kwedu kune michero mizhinji.
...
, ,
,
Yakadai n~e~yi?
,
AV'
2.
"
n~mahobo.
~se.
~se.
~se.
~se.
~se.
~se.
n~asi.
Mubiki anatenga
Haatengi
u~fu
~se.
u~fu n~asi.
mazuva
Haahutengi mazuva
~se.
~se.
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UNIT 33
Active vs.
333
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UNIT 33
,
Mafafitera akafanira kugezwa.
Haasati agezwa.
Unaageza.
,
Midziyo yose yakafanira kumiswa munzvimbo dzayo.
Haisati yamiswa
Unaimisa
Mwenje yose yakafanira kuzadzwa.
Haisati yazadzwa.
Unaizadza.
,
"
, ,
Mibhedha yakafanira kuwaridzwa.
Haisati yawaridzwa.
Unaiwaridza.
Enter below a statement summarlzlng the tones of verbs that
contain /-na-/ plus an object prefix:
334
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Practice conversations.
on a bus.
UNIT 33
muri kudzikirepiwo?
Ndiri kudzikira Bhuruwayo.
AhJ
Imwi
mwakwirirepi
bhazi?
I
I
Ndakwirira zvangu paRusape.
Kwakanaka here uko muri kuenda?
Aiwa,ndiri kundoona zvangu vapwere.
Ndiko munogara su?
Kwete J kune mukorore wangu ari kusewenza.
Zvino munouya rini?
Ndinofunga kupera
kw~mwedzi.
sara~yi
zvenyu.
kune~yi?
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UNIT 33
Ndin~
Munotengesa papi?
Ndinotengesa zvangu pamusika.
Panouya vanhu vazhinji here?
Vanouya kwazvoj ndiwo musika mukuru wffiuPeniranga.
Munodzoka rini?
Ndichadzoka manheru ano.
Ndaya kudzika pano.
Reading practice.
Tichaonanazve pakudzoka.
Muri kusvikepi?
Ndiri kusvika Gweru.
Im~i
muri kusvikepiwo?
,
Ndiri kusvika zvangu muHarare.
Ndiani uyo muri kufambira?
Ndiri kundoona mwana wangu.
Ko imwi
muri kundoonaani?
I
Ndiri kuenda zvangu kuhanzvadzi yangu.
Mwana wenyu waane
nguva yakadini ariyo?
t
Waita makore mairi ariyo .
Zvino
m~akwirira
papi bhazi?
Ndakwirira kuMacheke.
Ko imwi
mwakwirirepi?
I
Ndakwirira kwaMutare.
Maya kusvikasu
p~munodzikira?
Ngeyyi zve?
Ndaona
m~aya
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UNIT 33
Zvino
m~aya
im~i?
sara~yi
zvakanaka shewe.
Nem~iwo famba~yi
zvakanaka.
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UNIT 34
UNIT 34
(Continuation of Dialogue 33)
8B
-chi-
-zora
-pfekedza
hembe (9,10)
shirt, dress
UChlmuzora mafuta
,
n~kupfekedza
9A
hembe.
do I do when lIve
lOB
Ane nzara.
Hers hungry.
IlB
12A
,
v"
'"
'
Ndinomuradzika
papi?
13B
Muradzike pakaoma.
,''v
to put to bed
shirt, dress
bhurukwa (5,6)
pair of trousers
kabhudhura (12,6)
short trousers
tsapato (9,10)
, ,
ngowani (9,10)
shoe
hat
government
~umlr{ri (lJ2)
representative
sangano (5J6)
meeting
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UNIT 34
1.
Imperative without object prefix vs. imperative with object
prefix.
tGive it to Father. r
Baba vanoda marl iyi.
"
Ape kumurezi.
Ipe kunaBaba.
Varume vanoda marl iyi.
,
, , , , ,
Idya aya masimo akanaka.
u~fu
" ,,,
""
Adye.
Iri sadza rakanaka.
uhu.
Hupe kumubiki.
Iyi tli lrl kuplsa.
I 'iri
" kupisa.
""
Imwa, iyi tli
fmwe.
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UNIT 34
2.
"v""
pamubhedha.
Usarlis~
Usalis~
,
pachikuva.
rIse patafura.
Rlise patafura.
Ndolsa banga pachigaro here?
, v"
Usarlis~
pachigaro.
Rlise patafura.
Usauis~
muhari.
,,,
,
LJise patafura.
pasi.
Usauis~
""
,
Uise
patafura.
340
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Usauisa muhari.
Ugeze kutanga.
,,
y"
Usadzlisa muhari.
,
,
""
Dzigeze kutanga.
",
UNIT 34
"""
y"
Usarlisa muhari.
Rlgeze kutanga.
3.
He has to go to school.
He wants his book.
kuchik~ro.
We need axes.
Vanoda zVirong~.
,
""
Vape
zvirongo"
vandochere
, ,
mvura.
He must sleep.
He needs to eat.
Anoda kUdya.
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UNIT 34
I need a shirt.
Give me a shirt so that I can
dress the child.
"
mwana.
Tinoda paraflni.
Tlpe paraflni"tlzadze
mwenje.
"v v
Muradzlke pakaoma.
'"
'
Radzlka vana.
Is it clean here?
'
"
"
342
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UNIT 34
5.
II need a shirt. t
Ndinoda bhurukwa.
Ndinoda hembe.
Achasona bhurukwa.
Achasona hembe.
/
Achandlsonera bhurukwa.
Achandisonera hembe.
/"
Achatenga tsapato.
Achatenga ngowanl.1
/
Ndinoda tsapato.
Ndinoda ngowanl.
/
Achanditengera ngowani.
Achandltengera tsapato.
Achatitengera tsapato
//
t~se.
Reading practice.
Muri kuona mhando here ngesadza?
Kwete handinyanyi kuona mhando.
Kune zvishoma kwazvo izvo tlsingaoni.
Ini ndinoda kwazvo sadza asi handizivi kubika kwacho.
Mungad~
UNIT
34
Ndlngamukok~
mungauy~ tingamudzidzis~
im~i
muchiti-
M~akabva
Takabva kuAmerika.
Zvino
munoite~yi
muno?
,
Murume wangu wakaunzwa ngeHurumende kuva mumlrlri weAmerika.
~
Imwi
munoitenyi
muno?
I
I
Murume wangu anochaira mabhazi anoenda kwaMtoko.
Ane nguva yakadini achichaira?
OhJ agara kwazvo.
Munogara ngekupi?
Isu tinogara kuHighfields.
Tafara kuonana
Iva~yi
n~kuzivana.
nqkugara kwakanaka.
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UNIT
UNIT 35
35
BASIC DIALOGUE
to run
IB
"
,
Unaona vana
vasatizetize.
2A
Ndinovalta se~yi?
What (thow
them?
3B
zvakanaka.
chiro (7,8)
4B
shall I do [with]
thing (~/chinhu/)
-chengeta
-chengetesa
kanwa (5,6)
, , ,
,,
Chengetesa kuti vasaise
zviro mukanwa.
5B
l )
mouth
Be very careful that they don't
put things in their mouths.
Take the children out of the mud.
to get dirty
6B
Mbatya dzinosvipa.
7B
8A
9B
Vanoplswa\n~ezuva.
lOB
llA
Kandorara zVishomashoma.
12A
, ,
,
Asi kaneta kwazvo.
UNIT 35
Supplementary vocabulary.
not do.
"
Mwana waita
senyi
zve?
,
I
Wapiswa
nezuva ari kutamba kunze.
c
AhJ Ndakakuudzira kuti usarege achitamba kune zuva.
Anoramba achitiza kubuda kunze.
Zvinonetsa kumuchengeta mumba.
-udzira
to tell
kunze"
outside
to cry
chiremba
(1)
doctor
vanachiremba (2)
mhino
(9,10)
nose
UNIT35
dtk~.
Takatenga imba
" v
"""
Takatenga
demo
diki.
M~akatenga katemo(kademo)kad{ktsu?l
/
M~akatenga
~
"(
"")
tumatemo
tutemo
tungani?l
UNIT
35
,.
Mwakatenga kak~k~ (kahuku) kadikisu? I
Mwakatenga
tUh~ku (tuk~k~) tungani?
I
The enclitic /--su/ expresses mild surprise, and sometimes also dissatisfaction. What are its tonal characteristics?
348
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UNIT 35
Ch1muzora mafuta.
Ndapedza kubika sadza.
Chlbura tldye.
""
"
""
Ndipewozve
bhuku
rako.
Chlmbomlra ndlmbopedza.
(ndimboti ndapedza).
Ndltemerewo mugoti.
Chlmbomlra ndltore demo
"
rangu.
3.
~ombe.
Ngaanatse kuchengetesaJ
,
, "
, ,
Vasikana vari kudirira muriwo.
, , ,
Ngavanatse kudiririsaJ
(NgavanatsodiririsaJ)
(NgaanatsochengetesaJ)
Mal varl kugadzira mumba.
,
, "
Vakomana vari
,,,,
kufundira~
Ngavanatse kufundlrlsaJ
Ngavanatse kugadzirisaJ
349
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UNIT 35
Ngavanatse kulmbaJ
Ngavanatse kufusirisal
350
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4.
UNIT
35
Review of concords .
,
I'
I'
"
rangu dema rirf' kupi?
Bhurukwa
'"
I'
"
Bhurukwa
rangu itsva riri kupi?
"
rangu bamhi riri'" kupi?
Bhurukwa
I'
I'
"
rangu dete" riri kupi?
Bhurukwa
1',
I'
I'
I'
I'
I'
"
rangu pfupi riri kupi?
Bhurukwa
I'
1',
1',
/'
I'
I'
"
zvina zvirl kupi?
Zvigaro zvedu
I'
1',
I'
('
I'
--------------- ??
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
---------------
--------------- ??
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
----------------------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
--------------- ?
351
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UNIT 35
"
Makabichi
edu makuru ari kuti?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
mid}k~
iri kuti?
.)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
---------------?
---------------?
, - - - - - - - - - - -?
,t)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -?
Practice conversations.
Anexty{ mukanwa?
Handizivi.
Ndichaona.
Anq. katombo.
Dontt let him do it again1
Usar~ge ach{ltazv~(ba).
Dzasvlpa kwazvo.
352
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Mwana ari
UNIT 35
kuchemere~yi~
Ayane nzara.
Hauna kumupa kUdya here?
Ndamupa kUdya asi haana kumbodya
~
nechinhu.
353
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UNIT 36
UNIT 36
BASIC DIALOGUE
-ch1sa
IA
to iron (clothing)
Ndinoda musikana
'"
>0(
'"
v'
'"
angandlbatsir~
kubika
and iron.
v
'"
'"
nekuchisa.
A
'"
2B
Pan~
tV
'"
uyo ndakaona
kuchitoro nezuro.
store yesterday.
3B
basa.
4A
5B
Kwete.
No.
Hand1na kutaura
'"
naye.
6B
kuti
7A
'" *
m~aida
'"
'"
musikana.
wanted a girl.
ano?
'" v"''''
8B
Ndingamudaidz~
'"
kuti
,
v
""
'"
muchida
kumuona.
see her.
"'''
354
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UNIT 36
"A
V"
'"''
.... ,
""
'
n~eizvi
,
zvipo.
Ndinodalra kUdaro.
Pan~ vanhu vakawanda kwazvo.
to pass by
"
chinhambwe chapfuura
a while ago
chip~
gift
(7,8)
bhikiri (5,6)
cup
to answer, to believe
'"
>()(
-uya na,
>0<
'
vachlri ku-
ing
UNIT 36
basa.
cf.
and:
akatsvaka basa.
Ndakang~ ndlsati
ndazi va ....
cf.
and:
Ndakaziva ...
I knew ...
Ndanga ndichifunga
I thought so (tOday).
kUdaro.
cf.
Ndinofunga kUdaro.
I think so.
The special stem /-nga/ (or /-nge/) takes any of the prefixes that are found with ordinary verb stems, except for object
prefixes.
The tense of the /-nga/ form fixes the general time
of the whole verb phrase. The verb that follows /-nga/ is
always in one of the participial forms, either the type that
is characterized by /-chi-/ (as in the last of the above examples) or the type that is characterized by a special tonal
pattern (as in the other examples given at the beginning of
this note).
The tense of the verb that follows /-nga/ sets the
action of the verb with relation to the general time that was
established by the tense of the /-nga/ form.
Thus, if on
Tuesday we said;
They have arrived.
Vasvika.
356
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UNIT36
1.
kuvamba kUdya
"
Vavamba
kudya" here?
Izvo tasvika,
vang~
vatovamba kudya.
kuenda kumuchato
kuwaridza mibhedha
v
Izvo tasvika, vang~
vatoenda kumuchato.
,
,
,
"
Vawaridza
mibhedha here?
kubura sadza
kugara pasi
"
'
kUbuda mumba
, ,
kutengesa huku
v
v, "
,
Vatengesa
huku here?
"'"
"v
357
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UNIT
36
2. Verb phrases with /-ng~/, with the /-ng~/ form in the relative mood.
'Who had been ploughing?1
been ploughing.
""
""
kutibatsira?
Verb phrases in which the /-ng~/ form has the prefix /-no-/
[or, depending on dialect, /-ne-/].
3.
dzasvipa.
""
,
Handisati
ndaneta.
4.
358
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UNIT 36
kufunda.
Muchato wati wavamba here?
Kwete. Vachiri kumlrlra
musandlri.
Maneta ~apedzlsa basa rake
here?
/
'"
>0<
/'"
5.
"
akang y
,..,
kutlbatslra.
/
/,
Ndiani
/,
,
asingagoni
/ '
~akang~
/ '
kutibatsira?
N~evyi akang~ aslngagoni
"
"
kutibatsira?
/,
/' /
/
~ang~ asingadi
Ndiani
kuenda?
359
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UNIT
36
6.
[The student should examine the following sentences carefully, describe the grammatical points which they illustrate,
and practice the sentences, using cue words or phrases in
English or in Shona.]
Arl kutsvaka basa here?
" " kutsvaka basa.
Haari
akang~ ari kutsvaka basa syando yakapera.
here kubika?
360
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Ungauy~
UNIT 36
Ndinozong~
ndichikupa
Hongu
mungamboon~
zvenyu.
361
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UNIT
37
UNIT 37
BASIC DIALOGUE.
[The student should develop the following raw
materials into a form which he can learn as the basic dialogue
for this unit. The conversatlon is between a foreigner and the
father of a bright boy who is just finishing secondary school.]
Ndimwi
Baba vaJohn here?
I
Munofunge~yi
n~~mwana
wenyu?
M~akamboedza
Mungad~
Dai zvichibvira
ndaingazvid~
kunyanya.
basa~yi?
-netseka
(cf. -netsa
to worry,b~ther,tire)
(cf. -neta
to become tired)
chokwadl (7)
truth
-pamhldza
to continue, repeat
mw-oyo
(3,4)
heart
-tsvaga
(=/-tsvaka/)
mhlrl (9)
362
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UNIT 37
gungwa (5~6)
sea
huroya (14)
-bvira
to be possible
rnhiri kwegungwa
overseas
compare also:
Dai uchIda kufunda walfund{ra
mabhuku.
~
If you want/wanted to
study, you 1 d study books.
'"
'"
kufunda
walngafundir~ mabhuku.
'"
Dai
" '"
'"
waingad~
Mumba iyo.
Wakafanlra kupeta chibharo.
Chibharo chipi?
Chibharo che~ombe.
Basa
"'''
r~kunyora.
363
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UNIT 37
2.
The conditional construction with Idal/. [As in Exercise 1,
above, the student should practice these sets of sentences,
using cues of his own devising.]
Nditsvakirewo basa.
Handirioniba.
Dai uchiriona
ndaizofar~.
Titengeserewo nyama
n~asi.
ichim~o
ndaifara kumutengesera.
Ndipewo mario
" " mario
,
Handina
,
""
, v
'
Dai
ndiinayo
ndaikupa.
364
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3.
UNIT
Vanofunda uchairisu?J
,
Vakomana vanofunda kuweza.
/
Vanofunda uwezis~fl'
,
Varimi vanofunda kurima.
/
Vanofunda urimisu?J
,
,
Vasikana vanofunda kurera vana.
/
Vanofunda ureri
kw~vanasu?!
Bhuku n~eraanl?
Huku
Ng~r~valmbl.
n~edzaani?
/'
NQedzehanzvadzi yangu.
Demo nQeraanl?
,
Ngerababa.
/
365
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37
UNIT 37
5.
Ndoyora nge"nyi?
Ndolteltyl?
Ndashaya chQkuita.
I'
I'
Ndogeza n~el(yi?
(ndlcho) .
1',
I'
I'
I'
I'
I'
Ndiani achandlbatsira?
I'
,I'
I'
I'
I'
Ndashaya anondlbatsira.
(ndlcho) .
Ndoenda n(a)anl?
Ndashaya wQkuenda naye.
6.
I'
I'
I'
I'
366
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UNIT 37
, " "
Ndinofunga uchava n~kufunda kwakanakaf,.
Munosona kangani pasyondo?
"
Tinosona kayirl, pasyondo:
,,~
Musumbunuko neChlshanu.
....
.."
Asi" dzimwe nguva
ndinofunga
vabereki
"
vangu.
367
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38
UNIT
UNIT 38
DIALOGUE MATERIAL. [The student should use his own initiative
in deciding how to study the short dialogues given below. The
goal is to incorporate into his own repertoire the words and the
grammatical constructions which they contain.]
, ,
""
Ndanyora
tsamba dzqkumusha.
chitambi
,
Zvitambi
(7,8)
,
v"
stamp
'"
ndingazvlon~
"v
papl?
kUdhorobha.
rutlvl (11,6)
side
m1;JeMain Street.
, '"
,
Ndiani ari kuenda kuRailway
Station?
Tom ~akamboti manheru ndiri
kuenda.
to ask
-bvunza
mUdzlyo
(3,4)
furniture, household
goods, utensils
Angandibvunzir~wo here
midziyo yangu?
""
zviy~
",
by the way
zviy~
368
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, ,
"
, ,
Iri panhasi pamuDzviti.
(16)
panhas{
UNIT 38
below
Munazobvunza
mukang~
mwasvika.
here?
-ch1mbldza
Hangu.
to hurry
Chlmbldzal, vaya
Yes.
kupflga.
-terera
street?
AhJ
Mv,Jataura.
RightJ
haingafambl.
Kune~yiko
n~asi?
Hangul
Ndanga ndakanganwa.
369
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UNIT 38
, ,
"
Unoitirwepi zviya?
, , ,
Unozong~
uri paChristian
Centre.
Kubva tozo~zwa m~auya.
,
'
Asi handipazivl.
Ndichaenda peniranga.
Kunenylko
zVlya?
I
'A'
,
"
"
Ndinoda
kumbondotengesa.
v'
Ndakadzlchera nezuro.
wakanaka.
ZVlya vanotenga here
muzvitoro?
Zvishoma, aSl pamusika.
Ipi yacho?
which one?
zvakanaka.
Call the repairman.
Daldzal mugadzirisi.
370
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UNIT 38
gogo go
, ,
Pindai zvenyu.
, '"
(a greeting)
Kwcilwcilzve sheweJ
Hello!
Ndauwe'
(Courteou3
women)
shUmba (9~lO)
bush pig
(Same~
, ,
-rwara
to be ill
Muchldinl kurwara?
used by
humba (9~lO)
se~yi
e~pression
lion
Mrs. Jongwe?
Come inl
kwaiwai/kwaziwai
Varara
in~
,,
,
MaiMuti?
Oh~
,
rarertyi.
,
to become strong
-simba
ASl havasatl vasimba.
Ndichauya kuzovaona.
371
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UNIT
38
below
panhas{ zvishoma
a little below
(b)
"
" zvakanaka
kusanda
to work well
(c)
" "
zviya
(a)
......
" ,
~iya
" ,
"
cf. zvitambi
zviya
"
chitambi
chlya
/
(d)
by the way
those stamps [that we both know
about]
that stamp
Come In.
"
I
mbatata
dZlya
nhema {ya
372
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UNIT 38
Chitambi chiya
ch~nezuro
v/
ndakachlona.
kurara
rare
kuchlslsa
chls1se
kuswera
swere
pUkute
In Unit 24, the tense with the non-initial prefix /-chi-/
was introduced. This tense is said to be Idependent f because
a verb in this tense cannot be the only verb in a sentence.
It was called tparticipial l because in many of its uses it is
comparable to the tonally-derived participial forms.
373
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UNIT
38
If I donrt go
(1)
but:
(2)
ndikaenda
if I go
ndakaenda
mukomana
valmbl
mushonga
mitl
jlra
374
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UNIT 38
ma~aka
chitambi
,
zvipo
, ,
hembe
tsapato
rwizi
kabhudhura
tUk~k~
,
uswa
chiremba
2.
Vamboti rarenyi.
I
Vamboti swerenyi
zvavo.
I
,
Ndamboti
gare~yiwo.
nezuro.
,
"
, ,
, ,
Musikana haana kuchisa zvakanaka.
,,
,,,
375
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UNIT
38
3.
,
,
,
Akasaenda handingaendiwo.
Zvimwe achafara.
Akafara ndingafar~wo.
Akasafara handingafariwo.
,
,,
,
Zvimwe achadaidzwa.
Akada{dzwa ndingadaidzw~wO.
Akasadaldzwa handlngadaidzwlwo.
Zvimwe achadaro.
""
Akadaro ndingadarowo.
/
,
"""
Akasadaro
handingadarowo.
4.
"""
"" ,
,
Ukamuona
unamudaidza.
376
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UNIT 38
When school is
out~
I will come .
ndichauya.
MUkam~taurira ano~zwa.
'
Akabvuma ndinomutuma.
5.
Achapukuta ndlro.
Akapedza achatamba.
,
,
"
Achaunganidza Tombe.
,
,
,"
,
Akang~ apedza achadziunza kudanga.
377
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UNIT
6.
38
,
"
Chikoro
hachisati
chapera.
Chikang~ chapera ndichauya.
, ,
yazara ndicharega.
.....
'
v
v
yakwana,
tlchapflga.
378
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UNIT
39
UNIT 39
[The basic material for this unit consists of an assortment
of short texts, some in dialogue form, some in the form of monologues, and some in the form of miscellaneous useful sentences.
As in Unit 38, the student should use his own initiative in
deciding how to study them. As always, the goal is to make the
words and the grammatical constructions his own, so that he can
draw on them when he listens to Shona, speaks it, or reads it.]
zienza (21)
maenza (6)
Zienza rinonaya}
, , ,
Maenza anonaya
rainy season
[In] zienza it rains hard.
mvura kwazvo.
,
,
""
,
Ndwizi dzinozara kwazvo.
Makomba anevamba.
Varimi vanodyara'mbesa.
~usvJa hunok-llra.
, "
chipfuyo
-kora
ZVipfuyo zvinokora.
zanhl
(5,6)
leaf
All the trees put out new leaves.
matsva.
ZVikoro zV9se zvlnopflgwa.
chirimo
,
"",
,
Chirimo kunopisa kwazvo.
379
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UNIT 39
-tUmbuka
Uswa hunotumbuka.
hanga (9,10)
guinea fowl
-kanda
to lay eggs
dzlnokanda.
eggs.
marinda (6)
,
""
Ndiyo nguva
Zuva
y~marinda.
, ,
, ,
rinqng~ risi~~achapisi.
hosha (9,10)
disease
rumhungwe (11)
""
"
,
Kunoita
hosha
yqrumhungwe.
Ah'" A
t" ,
ZVlnooma.
Mitlt nQ.uswa
There is malaria.
Trees and grass wither.
to have, or cause to have,
a temperature above normal
-dzlya
."
"''''
\"
vv
Tlnopfeka
zVlnodzlya.
chirimwa
(7,8)
matsutso (6)
chando (7)
-tonhora
to be cold
[The season of] chando is very
cold.
Chando chinotonhora'kwazvo.
380
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UNIT 39
(7,8)
chipuka
shiri (9,10)
, ,
-tama
,
,
Zvipuka nedzimwe shiri
,
",
zvinotama.
, , ,
-pupura
Mbesa dzlnopupurwa.
bird
to change residence
to reap
-tirnba
competition
Chirimo kunopisa'kwazo.
-sambira
Children swim.
Vana vanosambira.
shizha
(5,6)
leaf
zvaoma.
ZVipfuya zVlnashaya kUdya.
""
,,,
AV
'
kudlkanwa?
Kuti uchida kurima, ana kuti
une zV9kusandlsa here.
381
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39
UNIT
Mbeu
.,
..
m~aya
nadzo here?
-tutsira
to add
badza(S) mapadza(6)
Icho ndisina lbadza.
,
J'"
"
mupf~dze.
,
zve
in
Also~
-kwana
,
besides
addition~
to
,
suffice~
be enough
Taverenga zvakakwana.
..,
,
"....
Muri kukasikira mufundisi
(mudz{dzlsi).
Letts read again together.
Ngatlverengezve pamwe.
mubvunzo (3~4)
question
Tazonatsa ku~zwa.
Mangwananl shewe.
Good morning.
Mangwanan{ chirombowe.
Good morning.
hope (9~IO)
..
v '
face;
,
sleep~
dream
Dzehopezve chirombowe?
-pumuza
.. , ,
Alwa~ tapumuza.
..,
Well~
382
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Mwararawo
zvakadinl muviri
I
D~d
UNIT
39
wenyU uya?
" " zvaya
" " kubvira kuva.
,
Aiwa,
night
uSlku (14)
II
Munotamatama here?
Ahl
Hapana zvqkuita.
here kumusha?
Hongu.
Tinodziona kana
'
kunoda marl.
,
Travel is
383
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UNIT 39
here?
Hazvlna kunyatsoenzana(ba).
,
,
Mu I summer J hamunyanyonayi.
"
Hainatsi kudziya.
, ,
,,,
Tenga
, ,
"
dzimwe dzinodziya.
384
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UNIT 39
ngowanl
,
,
, ,
Hainatsi kudziya.
"
""
,
Tenga
imwe in6dziya.
bhurukwa
,
mbatya
"
" ,
,,,
Tenga rimwe rinodziya.
,
,
"
,
Idzo mbatya dzinodziya here?
,
,
,Hadzinatsi kudzlya.
~
(7,8)
something cultivated
cr.
""
"
kurimwa
to be cultivated
and:
chlnorimwa
mUbvunzo
cf.
cr.
cr.
question
to ask
kUbvunza
chirlmo
cr.
(3,4)
(7,8)
" "
kurima
to cultivate, plough
mapitse (6)
competition
kupltsa
to reply, boast of
marinda (6)
kurinda
to guard, protect
39
UNIT
3.
v
Tinodyara magwere nguvaVY1?
"
""
'"
'"
v
'"
'"
ygkudyara.
A
When do we reap?
Tinopupura nguvaVY1?
Muchando ndlyo nguva
v
'"
'"
"
ygkupupura.
A
"A
When do we plough?
Tinorima nguvanyl?
,
I
Mumavambo ezlenza ndlyo
nguva ygkurima.
386
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UNIT 39
v'
nguva YQkutimba.
When do we water?
Tinodirira nguvanYl?
nguva yetlnodirira.
Tinopfeka dzinodzfya
,
nguva:t(yl?
a!
A
4.
mumba
here?
No, itts cool now.(IIn is
cool now. I )
, ,
mvura
zvidhlna
here?
Kwete. Hazvlchf
kuplsa. Zvaya kupora.
Harf yapora here?
Kwete .. Ichl kuplsa.
387
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UNIT 39
ivu
,
"
"
Kwete.
Richi
kupisa.
mapflhwa
bhlkiri
,
pachoto
, ,
Pachi kudziya.
Kofi lChl kUdzlya
here?
Kwete. Yaya kutonhora.
simbi
mbatata
nyama
kunze
388
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UNIT 40
UNIT 40
[Unit 40 consists of two medium-length dialogues, followed
by a large number of two-line conversational fragments. The
former contain new vocabulary, but the latter are intended as
review of vocabulary that has occurred in earlier units. The
student should use the blank right-hand column on each page
for writing in English translations, or cues of other kinds,
so that he may practice producing the Shona sentences.
""
'" hembe
" " itsva.
"
Ndakatenga
",
",
Wakatenga yakaita
"
se~yi?
Ndakatenga'zvangu chena.
Makorokoto wena waane hembe
itsvaJ
Ndine urombo nokuti handlna
"
se~yi?
UNIT
40
urombo (14)
,
wena
, ,
mavara (6 )
, ,
muvara (3,4)
colour
-tsvuku
,
,
-mhanya
pachlpamwe
to run, go fast
TWO-LINE FRAGMENTS
OF CONVERSATIONS
1.
2.
Rega usabate.
1.
M~asvika
2.
rini pano?
kukubvura sadza.
1.
2.
Munoita
mari~yi?
390
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1.
UNIT 40
Ndatenga chitambi
kuchitoro.
2.
ari kuno.
1.
2.
Nguva ygmatsutso
vanoitel(yi?
1.
Mazanhi
~mahobo
aoma
nechando.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Wabvepi nayo?
391
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UNIT
1.
40
Ndisekuru vabatanidza
mbatya.
2.
1.
mwenyu?
2.
1.
2.
Ndakarinongera chinhambo
kubva mumugwagwa.
~akanyarara
1.
Mwana
2.
Ndamuradzika pamubhedha.
1.
Mwakatengepi
chikochikari
I
here?
chenyu?
2.
Ndakachitenga Peniranga.
1.
K~a~iwai
chirombowe.
2.
K~a~iwai
shewe.
392
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1.
UNIT 40
2.
1.
2.
1.
Dunhu
r~kwaMutare
rinopisa kwazvow
2.
Ndinodaira kwaMutambara
kunopisa kupinda.
1.
2.
1.
Mabwacha anobvepi?
2.
Anobva kuIndia.
1.
2.
393
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UNIT
40
1.
Ndichachisa mbatya
2.
1.
n~asi.
kurwizi?
2.
Dzakatorwa naSekuru.
1.
Munoite~yi
2.
Tinorima minda.
1.
Sara
wakaenda
nani
zienza?
kwaNyadire?
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
394
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1.
N~e~yi
UNIT 40
akatiza kubva
musango nezuro?
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
,
Ndoisa mvura yakadini
muhari?
2.
1.
2.
Munochimbidza kuuya
here?
395
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UNIT
1.
40
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Vakamangara rinizve?
1.
2.
Ndiani ~akachivaka?
1.
Mukomana
~akanda
dombo
pamba.
2.
Mafafitera haana
kuputsika here?
1.
2.
396
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1.
UNIT
40
Mfakapupura zvakadini
gore rino?
2.
1.
Masanga mbuya.
2.
Ndauwe.
1.
2.
1.
2.
re~yi?
Vanobatsira zvizhinji
vanonga vaine mhaka
dzavo.
1.
Chiremba unonyanorapa
nguvaJ;lyi?
2.
Unonyanya kuvamba
panguva dzegumi.
397
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UNIT
40
1.
M~asvika
2.
Ndasvika zvangu
rini pano?
chinhambwe chapfuura
ichi.
1.
Vadzidza vQffiutauro
vanobvepi?
2.
1 . . Munda
v~madhumbe
p~tyo
2.
uri
here?
Kwete, hauri
p~tyo;
uri kure.
1.
,
Ndatenga hari isina
chigadzo.
2.
1.
2.
398
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SHONA BASIC
1.
COURSE
UNIT 40
2.
Haari pano.
Waenda
I
kuhosipitare mambakwedza
ano.
1.
M~akauya ne~yi
kubva
Amerika?
2.
Takauya nendege.
1.
Mabhunu anobvepi?
2.
399
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UNIT 41
UNIT 41
Units 41 - 49
(1)
(2)
texts.
tences organized for systematic practice.
(3)
I-I,
which indicates
Ii,
which
which contains the stems of the words but not the affixes.
400
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UNIT 41
(6)
(7)
Version B
[Do not mark tones in IBt.]
1.
vakapangana kundoba.
vakapangana kundoba.
2.
mbaira dzavaZvanyanya.
3.
dzavaZvanyanya.
wakati ngatiende.
4.
wakati ngatiende.
Vakaenda kumunda
vaZvanyanya wembambaira.
5.
mwacho,
mwacho,
6.
wembambaira.
munozochera ini
ini ndichirinda.
ndichirinda~
401
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UNIT
41
kuchera.
8.
shoma,
9.
rakanaka kakarara.
rakanaka kakarara.
vanhukutaura.
11. Wakasimuka chinyararire
diro aripo.
basa kuchera.
rakada kutiza.
kutiza.
chakanaka.
17.
402
UNIT 41
avo vakaribaya.
vakaribaya.
pemwoyo waro.
pemworo waro.
Version C
Rimwe zuwa Tsuro naDiro . . . .pangana kundoba.
""Iba mbambaira
. . . .ti
ende.
lI... ti
mug
~aZvanyanya.
. . . .rara.
Diro ne
basa kuchera.
. . . .nzwa kudaidza
Raona kuti ha
-. . . .simuka
"mwe . . . .daidzira
~o
lIkalikomba.
~efu.
. . . . . ti
Vakafunga
na lIakanaka.
Varume vese
....kwira mumuti
R~bva ~a
_pamusana
~woyo w~o.
Version D
na
Rimwe zuwa
kundqll m'
ira dza
waka" ngati.....
Vando.
:nyi mu
:nyi zvi
kund~.
Vaka. . . .a
Tsuro, nge
Vaka~
ana
kl
va
hwake,
we
L1.
) kaka
a.
ku...-a.
7 a _ e rakQ.la
__
403
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UNIT
41
kaka_.
chi
Gar
re aka. . . . diro
kuIZ
walllP!
vakari
mu_.
,.
V~
Izvo rakaQ
I.
9; kutaura.
c tsuro aka I
~o. V ~
vaka
vakatna ririkulll . . . .
-a vachi., vaZvanyanya
ku
rak~
ku.....
Va. . . . vaka
Wak~ka
ma
V;
vIII
Raka_a
avo vakarillll.
fit.]_ _
Rakalll rail
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
404
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7.
8.
9.
UNIT 41
14.
405
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UNIT
41
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
406
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UNIT 41
NEW WORDS
-ba
chinyararire
to steal
mbambaira (9,10)
ungwaru (14)
sweet potato
cleverness
-komba
to surround
-rinda
pfumo (9,10)
-bvuma
to agree, consent
-baya
-simuka
silently (cf.
-nyararira, to be,
become silent)
to stab
pamusana
to stand up
musana
spear
on account of
(3,4)
back (anat.)
407
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UNIT 42
Version A
[Mark tones in IA' only.]
1.
ushamwari.
vaine ushamwari.
2.
3.
nyimo nemagwere.
Diro rakati ngatiende kumunda
kumunda kwaZvanyanya.
4.
Wakatungamidzana kuenda
kwaZvanyanya.
Wakatungamidzana kuenda kumunda.
kumunda.
5.
ngatidzoke.
6.
7.
Rakaramba richienda.
Rakaramba richienda.
8.
9.
mubvute.
10.
Vakadaidzira majaha
pajangano.
11.
Vakauya vakaridzinga.
Vakauya vakaridzinga.
12.
408
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UNIT
Version C
Tsuro
~Diro
sekuru _it
da nyimo . .magwere.
Tsuro wakati
....Zvanyanya.
tsuro
3; 'dzoke.
~ti,
, J . enda.
Y J
Diro . . .
J .ramba "dzoka.
svika,
~ramba
...-j angano.
Hlal
ilIIIrIiIIRuya ....ridzinga.
Version D
Tsuro
na~ vaka~
vaine
Diro raka ti
ndinoda .,.2.... ne 21
kwaZvanyanya. Wakat dlIllidzana kuenda ku
....
richi"'a.
Baba Zvanyanya
Vaka_ .-.-.
paj
Diro raka_lIlIIIa ku
wakati, ngati.
ra~
vak~ va~
ml.I_....
Vaka..- vaka
'j
Vaka
,
8.
7 '?
wakati
1.'
11.
(3
r.
' ra ma~
Rik~
lit? ku_ _
a.
Waaku
ra.l. . . .
'J.,
Raka
1 dL
z.
algamu~.
Questions
1.
2.
3.
409
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42
UNIT
42
4.
Wakaenda
Vakaenda
Vakatora
Vakaenda
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
here kumunda?
kumunda vadiro here?
papi nyimo nemagwere?
kumunda waani?
UNIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
42
NEW WORDS
-tundgamidzana
-dzinga
to drive off
Part II
Version B
[Do not mark tones in IBI.]
Version A
[Mark tones in IAI only.]
1.
2.
Wakaenda kundotsvaka
zvekudya.
3.
4.
5.
huni.
kutema huni.
411
UNIT 42
6.
7.
8.
9.
pasi.
11. Mwanetasu vaningina?
Mwanetasu vaningina?
Version C
Tsuro .Magondo
IIIkudya.
gumbo .
kutsamhina.
~i
_nge
tllltema huni.
_shamwari.
Magondo
~omana
~ga
tev~ra.
_enda
tsvaka
ona eri
bematema ~a.
Va
IIInet~
Version D
Tsuro naMe
Va'
kU Ii' .
vaka_ vari
ku~
i.
Waka'
M
g
_ z v e iro
).
_.
kundo '"
Vakam~
Vakamu'
aka .
t~
a.
aka-au._-=Ct
Mw~a_-=)su
m1ti ,
412
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UNIT 42
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
413
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UNIT 42
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NEW WORDS
Magondo
Hyena
-tsamhina
to limp
-guka
to break
-tevera
to follow
414
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UNIT 43
UNIT 43
Version A
[Mark tones in IAI only.]
Version B
[Do not mark tones in IBI.]
1.
2.
Guta.
Vaienda kuchikoro mazuva ose,
3.
Vaifara kuendako
chete Mugobera.
Vaifara kuendako nguvadzose.
nguvadzose.
4.
manyana pamugwagwa.
pamugwagwa.
5.
6.
Vakaramba vachiatevera
kwezuva rose.
7.
Vakagara kuchikoro
rose.
Vakagara kuchikoro ngepamusana
ngepamusana pemanyana.
pemanyana.
8.
9.
kufara.
10. Remangwana vana vakenda
kuchikoro.
11. Mufundisi haana kufara
nezvakaita vana.
415
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UNIT 43
Version C
Chuma
~hibharo
vak~
~iz..
"nyana
kuchikoro
lIIt:>ereki
~nda ~hikoro
llusana _nyana.
.-v o
lIfundisi
1a .fara.
~a
tlfara
V~ara
akaita
~na.
Version D
Chuma na
ma_
~J
eo
va~a mur~
4."ko
a.
_ e Mt.
Vai_a k 1
akqa_~!.
vachia a
ku ngepail1 pete. . . . .
va
d vavo
Mu
ha~ k~.
haana
ku~
Vak~
kwe~
kuti
va~e
Vak.a4a".
Vak::l~." kU fl dz~,
v~ vak~a ku
Re
ne
dzose.
vana.
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
416
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4.
5.
Vakaabata here?
Manyana akatiza here?
Ngenyi manyana akatiza?
Akaita senyi?
6.
7.
8.
9.
UNIT 43
Vakavatenda here?
Ngenyi mufundisi asina kufara?
Ndiani asina kufara?
417
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UNIT 43
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NEW WORDS
- ba ta to ca tch, seize
manyana
Part II
Version A
[Mark tones in tAl only.]
Version B
[Do not mark tones in tBI.]
1.
2.
kwava kuenda.
3.
demo nepfumorake.
4.
5.
rwaMucheke,
418
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UNIT 43
6.
7.
kurwizi.
8.
avo.
9.
napo.
10. Yakatizira mutsanga
zhinji.
11. Umwe wavo akabaya nhoro
ikafa.
12. Vose vakafara kudzoka
kumusha nenyama.
nenyama.
Version C
Kartllare ~we .rume vak~hima. _daidza imbwa "'wo
kwa-.kuenda.
enwe
~we
IInzira . . . .enda.
lti
. . . .mutsa nhoro.
Nhoro - . t i z a Q
. . . .~Liza
avo.
~apfumo
tsanga zhinji.
rwizi
~Mucheke,
Jzika -.rwizi.
Nharo . . . .shaya
"bwa
-..rume
jinda napa .
-,pinda
--~Lizlra
lItse tfPara
419
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UNIT 43
Version D
v~ v a _ vakando.S".
kwalllt k u _ .
mll
vaka
dzaka
a..
zninji.
na~
_0
vavo ~ ne treake.
Vando.
a'
nema
klJ
u.-
~o
QIIIwavo
yaka~
yak;
aka~
dzawo
Vaka7J
i c h i _ a ku
pek1
nhoro i . . . . .
ke,
a . . .a
Vakat
I'
V a _ vaka-.a
Yaka-"ra mu
Vose
vak~a kl~"".
ne
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vakaenda here?
Varume vakagara here?
Vakapindepi?
Ndiani vakapinda munzira?
5.
420
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6.
7.
8.
9.
UNIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
421
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43
UNIT 43
5.
6.
7.
8.
-vhima
to hunt game
darikenyi
-mutsa
-muka
(ideoph. from
/-darika/, to
leap over, cross
with a jump)
to rise, start up
nhoro (9,10)
kudu
to cause to rise
Part III
Version A
[Mark tones in tAl only.]
1.
Version B
[Do not mark tones in tBt.]
2.
pemakomo.
3.
mutupo.
4.
mubvute.
422
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UNIT
5.
~ri
6.
bazuremuti rakadonha
~ri
kundoti pasitende,
parutivi pake.
7.
pake.
Murume vakapatika,
akavamba kutiza.
8.
kundoti pasitende,
kutiza.
rake.
9.
~ndoti
chinhambo endenyi,
mubako.
11. Sezvo akange akanganwa
demo rake,
12. mhembwe yakamuka ikatiza
zvayo.
Version C
tlmw~si ~ume ~famba ~ndo.
. . . .komo.
Zuva
"gara .bvute.
.rut:WApake.
"i
pisa
Murwne
eca tiza
bvunza IItupo.
tu.oti ""itende,
lItume . . . . tsauka
baz~muti
v~patika,_vamba ~iz..
_donha
_bva
423
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43
UNIT 43
Version D
MumwE11. . . mu_ vaka-,a
pemaatl
raka~
aka~ ml~]
paru_pake.
~ri
Murume
a ~ rake.
yaka",a mu
rw~.
zvekl
Waka8 a. . . .3 paaj
a mu_.
Mu
kundoll pas~j"".J
vak~a
' 1'l8 J
muti raka 7
aka
7laa
k~a.
~ndo" chill"" _ n y i J
vaka lI3-a
}t.
Vaka8al
,
ona m
or",
yak~a ika"a . . . .
Questions.
1.
2.
Vakasvika pakati
Vakasvika pakati
Murume vakasvika
Ndiani vakasvika
3.
4.
5.
pemakomo here?
perwizi here?
ne papi?
nepakati pemakomo?
424
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6.
7.
8..
9.
UNIT 43
1.
2.
Mhuka dzinoonekwepi?
3.
4.
425
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UNIT 43
5.
6.
NEW WORDS
pakati(16)
between
-patika
to be startled
mhembwe (9,10)
pasitende (ideoph., of sitting down decorously,
settling down)
duiker
426
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UNIT 44
UNIT 44
Version A
[Mark tones in rAI only.]
Version B
[Do not mark tones in rBt.]
1.
2.
mudende.
ruoko mudende.
3.
4.
5.
6.
nzungu dzakarambira.
7.
kuzoona.
8.
Vakaona tsoko
irikushereketa kwazvo.
9.
lsina nzungu.
10. Zvakatakurana nedendero
mugomo.
11. Murume ngeshungu J
wakairowa netsvimbo.
12. Tsoko yakachema.
Tsoko yakachema.
427
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UNIT 44
13.
gorokoto.
14.
nadzo.
15.
16.
Tsoko yakaruma
chigunwe chake.
17.
18.
Tsoko ichitizawo
kuk~ira
mugomo.
19.
zvasarapo.
20.
asina demo.
Version C
Tsoko . . . .ona dende
dende.
lIIkazadza
asi ruoko
kwazvo.
~ko '-nzungu.
eambira.
Muridzi .dende
1zungu .
uya
kuburitsa nzungu,
_ a n a tsoko "kushereketa
.dendero lIISomo.
rambira.
Murume _shungu,
takurana
rowa IIrtsvimbo.
Tsoko
428
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UNIT 44
. . . .chema.
Dende
~tsemlla
,,".enda ~zo.
. . . .tiza. . kukwira
~uti
Murume
~omo.
QLizalirenda -.mba.
Nzungu IIdende
_0
nzungu,
III
Yaka."
.....
vaka_ ku i
Zvaka 13- ne
g'
zv-~a_.po.
dzek
yaka~
~e,
nadzo.
chi
, wakaillll
uka ika. g
Murume vaka
') chake.
a akai_
vak~
1~"1I
is~nzungu.
MuDill nge
raka
I.
...
Vaka_ . . .
haina ku"kullll
ro mu.....
zve
~7
Tsoko yaka?
Tsoko
kumba.
Yak~ ku
Ml~] we~
Yakada kll
~abva zvasar~.
ne
Yaka~
iri. kwazvo.
ne
Tsoko
Nge. . . .
dzaka a.
Tsoko
. . . .nge asil-a .
Version D
r~mu
da -.nonga
IIIti gorokoto.
neO
asitll
&,
zvak~
~.
Questions.
1.
2.
429
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UNIT
44
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Wakairova here?
Ndiani wakarowa tsoko neshungu?
Ngenyi tsoko yakarohwa?
430
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UNIT44
17.
431
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UNIT
44
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dzinogarepi?
7.
8.
9.
NEW WORDS
Tsoko (9,10)
kind of monkey
(6)
gourd,
to split, crack
gorokoto
muridzi (1,2)
owner
-ruma
to bite
chigunwe
(7,8)
to lift up
to beat
432
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UNIT 45
UNIT 45
Version A
[Mark tones in IAt only.]
1.
Version B
fDo not mark tones in IBt.]
kunaya.
2.
chokwnwa.
3.
chokumwa.
Dzakapangana kuchera tsime.
Dzakapangana kuchera
tsime.
4.
kakasvova.
5.
matatu.
kwemazuva matatu.
6.
7.
8.
Dzakapangana kunyima
tsuro mvura.
9.
rakapera.
nenyota.
Kakange kakwana
433
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UNIT 45
naro patsime.
12. Kakauya neuchi hwako
mudende.
zvinonaka.
15.
Asi zvinodyiwa
nevakasungwa makumbo.
16. Diro ngekupusa kwaro
makumbo.
Diro ngekupusa kwaro rakati
ndisunge.
rakati ndisunge.
17.
kakarisunga.
18.
19.
Rakadaidzira richiti,
tsuro ndisungeJ
20. Tsuro kakamwa mvura.
muviri wako.
22. Mumasure kakachera mvura
kakaenda.
434
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UNIT 45
mhukadzose dzakaona
diro asungwa.
24. Dzakaona mvura
yabvundurwa natsuro.
haana kupin?ura.
kupusa kwediro.
rikatizira mugomo.
mugomo.
Version C
.mwe gore mvura
tJunwa.
.kasvova.
"oi
.~era
ita basa
.diki?
kuti tsime
arrindwa _diro.
~apera.
mhukadzose
~anzwa
sekuru -.me
naka.
k~henl
~ungwa.
funga
kak~sung..
ona diro
ati,
pangana
Tsuro
lImasure
Kamba
cher.?
Diro
r i _ t i , tsuro ndisun.
muviri wall.
~azuva .tatu.
K~ya
~ati
'shaya
sung akumbo.
tambo
~ango
Mhuka
tsime.
Wana tsuro.
kakato~
~aya.
pang_a
_mwe
ndeg~
ramba
mvura
Asi
IIIkaona mvura
tlyiwa
_sun~.
Tsuro
....daid~a
.pedz*
~en~.
Kllaona
Zuva
k~sam1::1l
~kunyura
~vund~. .~
435
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UNIT
45
bvun~
"tsuro.
Mhuka lIose
_gomo.
Version D
Dzaka~. . . .ana
chok~.
kakaT
ml~J""?
su
klJ
tsuro
nge
kuti
rek~
paka
ku
rakallla.
mu_ wa..
dzose
na
dzaka t-'
kaka~
a ne
Kakalllla
hwaIR mu
Nd~ rak~a
Tsuro kaka. . . . . . . . .
Dzaka
Kakalllra
ndill"~:J
dzaka~
su?
hw~
a ku-..
Kakaala ne
wak~,
IWO
Kakalll ka
Kakati
ma. . . . .
d dzaka
kwema_ ma
R hawa
Wana
na. paS
dz
nge
Waka_a waka
Na na
nevaka~. . .wa
a
a
DZ..J..tj_1_ dzaka_
3.
ndini
yaka
R~_
Dzak~
~. Rak~a""~ira
K-~a
R.
kaka. . . .a
raaklJ
mvura ya Na
ha~ kl~J a.
kullla kwe.....
~3
Mhuka
mu_.
Questions.
1.
436
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UNIT
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
45
9.
4:=37
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UNIT
45
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17!
18.
19.
438
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UNIT
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
439
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45
UNIT 45
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NEW WORDS
sango
(5,6)
unyope (14)
-svova
zano
(5,6)
uchi (14)
laziness
-sunga
to sneak off
stratagem, plan
honey
-pusa
-nyima
tambo (9,10)
to deny, withhold, be
stingy with
-nyura
rope, thong
to sink, drown
mbiri (9)
renown, glory,
(rumor? )
-bvundurwa
nyota (9)
thirst
-bvunda
to stir up sediment
440
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UNIT 46
UNIT 46
Version A
[Mark tones in tAt only.]
Version B
[Do not mark tones in tBI.]
1.
Magondo wakasangana
natsuro panzira.
2.
panzira.
shamwari?
3.
Magondo wakati,
kundotsvaka zvekudya.
4.
tese here?
5.
Kutiuchizogona kutiza
ngatiende.
6.
chete, ibasaredu.
7.
Vakabatana vakaenda
ibasaredu.
Vakabatana vakaenda rwendo rwavo.
rwendo rwavo.
8.
varikufamba, vakaona
mhuru dzakarara.
9.
dzakarara.
Magondo wakavamba kuwowa masiriri.
masiriri.
10. Tsuro kakati, shamwari,
imhuru dzevaridzi.
441
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UNIT
46
Magondo
mhurudzevanhu.
vaka~i
ndadini.
mhurudzevanhu.
dzakasvika.
14. Dzakadzingirira tsuro,
panzvimbo yamagondo.
yamagondo.
handiniba ndimagondo.
ndimagondo.
kutaurira magondo?
magondo?
Imbwa hadzina kufunga izvozvo.
chete.
unouraisa vakomana.
vakomana.
akahwanda, achifunga
kutindapona.
21. Varidzi vemhuru vakateera
imbwadzavo.
442
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UNIT 46
22.
23.
nditsuro wanga
Varume vakamugarira
vakamuuraya.
25.
kaa kubatwa.
26.
Kakapindamuguru kakahwanda.
Kakapindamuguru
kakahwanda.
27.
Kakati tichauraiswa
wemwoyo.
magondo wemwoyo.
28.
Tsuro kakati
handichazoteerizve
mapenzi.
mapenzi.
Version C
Magondo
shamwari?
~sang~ ~suro
Magondo _ t i , kn
t~endll tese
here?
~owa
....kufamba,
Kuti
masiriri.
v~ona
Tsuro
Tsuro
,i,
,svaka _kudya.
gona kutiz. n
endell
Tsuro
endtl.
ti,
Tsuro
ti, kutizllchete,lIbasa
~vo.
"nzira.
mhuru
~ti,
rara.
Magondo
vamba
shamwari,lIffihuru lIIWaridzi.
443
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UNIT 46
Magondo vaka ti
~ini.
Kaka ti J _
. . . .kutaudzana imbwa
yamagondo.
,zv~v..
sviktJ
Tsuro kakatiza
lIIPyanga~
.mhuru
mhuru.
chete.
Tsuro
.rume
v~teertl
~unga
Li mutsa
imbwa
Vak~kombaJ ~ i
.kamuga~a
Imbwa hallana
eri .chidzere.
Li J IIndini. . lllmagondo.
~suro
Dza'da nyama
kuti~ona.
wanga
lIIuraisa vakomana.
.gondo
_ona
hu __ iJ
va_uraya.
"tsuro
Tsuro
. . . .~)indallguru . . . .hwanda.
".Li
mapenzi.
Version D
Maatl.~) wak~a_~ana n~a 1
pall".
S .....
"I ?
tinga_
kakallJ ku
here?
7,.
z",
u.chizo~ ku-.ra
IIIte J ill,,~pedu.
ngati~.
Vakalliana vaka
i~
all. . . . yamaat
.......&.
r~I"1I
D ~) waka~."
lf1l na
Tsuro
dzaka
Tsuro
I.
Dzaka
a "'ro J
Imbwa hadz~k'~]. . . .r
kakati m~ uno raa
vaka. . . .~
444
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kaa ku-. .
UNIT 46
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tsuro
Kaida
Tsuro
Kaida
5.
6.
7.
445
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UNIT 46
8.
9.
446
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UNIT 46
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Wakamurega here?
Wakamukomba here?
Ndiani wakakomba magondo?
Ngenyi wakamukomba?
24.
Wakapona here?
Wakabva afa here?
Vakamuurairenyi?
Ndiani vakamuuraya?
25.
447
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UNIT 46
26.
27.
28.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
NEW WORDS
mhuru (9~10) calf~ foal
-wo~a.
chidzere
.)
maSlrlrl
tgoIT~~er at
the
(7,8)
hu (ideoph.)
mwi (ideoph.)
hide~
fool
be hidden
448
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UNIT 47
Version B
[Do not mark tones in IBt.]
Southern Rhodesia ine upfuto
2.
hurimuna iyo.
3.
Wankie.
Ine nzvimbo iyo simbi inogadzirwa
inogadzirwa kudai
ngepa Kwekwe.
4.
masabasita.
5.
yekugadzira mbatya.
mumicheni yekugadzira
mbatya.
6.
7.
bva munzungu.
Southern Rhodesia
irikukura mukugadzira
michina yekusandisa.
sandisa.
449
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UNIT 47
8.
michero ne nzimbe.
michero ne nzimbe.
9.
kukudza zvipfuyo
zvakakwana zvenyama.
zvenyama.
kudai ngeMazoe.
nekugadzira tii.
tii.
yawanemanyuko akasimba
raKariba.
raKariba.
dZlrikuvamba kuvakwa.
irikufanzisa migwagwa
yakanaka nekuita
450
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UNIT 47
15.
zvinobuda nezvinouya.
16.
nezvinouya.
Mumakore mashoma
dzirikufambira mberi.
dzirikufambira mberi.
Version C
Southern Rhodesia Ihe IWfuto IIrimuna iyo. line "godhi
~e
IIIpa Kwekwe.
ir~anza
~o
ruta, sipo
~va
{urimwa .dai _
nzungu,lIchero . . . nzim~e.
-.nzungu.
Ine nzvimbo
kura. . . . mukukudza
Fmanyuko
fodya, magwere,
kwana IIInyama.
IIdai lIIMazoe.
Rhodesia
kura
ne "rimwa "zhinj i
IIIPfuyo
dai
Southern Rhodesia
~adziret
simbi
. . . .gadzira
nzvimbo
~zo
j;adzira tii.
. . . . IIPzvimbo lIImotokari
kuvamba
michero lIIkudzwa
Southern
_dziva l!II(ariba .
lIW~kwa.
Southern Rhodesia
kuti~Jamba
zviro
~hinji
So. Rhodesia
i~a
buda
uya.
nyore.
Ine
UNIT
47
Version D
Rhodesia ine u
ye k u . ndi Wankie.
kU?
pa Kwekwe.
irikulllla ;
mug
Ine
Iii nzvimbo
mu
yeku. . . .
zviQ
zVi~ zvaka
ku" nge
t I, rna......
zvi
ne
mi
Ine
Irik~a_ mukn
k~n
isa.
idzo mi
2a
ino
Ba neku_ira tii.
raKariba.
ne.S. . . . . ape
rna
dzirikl~]. . . .a
..
nek~a
yaka
ano ~1
kull"~l
~ nezvi4j
Rhodesia icha" i _
ye~a
dziriku.S. . . .a . . . .i.
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
UNIT 47
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
453
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UNIT
47
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
UNIT
47
NEW WORDS
upfuto
(14)
maratya (6)
fodya (9)
coal
nzimbe (9)
tobacco
sugar cane
masabasita(6)
magetsi(6)
asbestos
electricty
Southern Rhodesia
yakaganurwa kumusoro
Version B
[Do not mark tones in tBt.]
Southern Rhodesia yakaganurwa
kumusoro norwizi rwaZambezi.
norwizi rwaZambezi.
2.
Kunhasi yakaganurwa
norwizi rwaLimpopo.
3.
Kumabvazuva kunenyika
yeMaputukezi.
4.
Kumanyurazuva kune-
Kumanyurazuva kuneBechuanaland.
Bechuanaland.
5.
6.
Inehuvandu hwavanhu
vanodarika mamirioni
mana.
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UNIT
7.
47
Harare.
8.
Mutare J KwekweJGweruJneBuruwayo.
KwekweJGweruJneBuruwayo.
9.
zhinji dzinofadza.
10. Ine tsvingwe dzaZimbahwe J
dzinofadza.
Ine tsvingwe dzaZimbahwe J chitubu
chitubu chinopisa J
mapopopo aZambezi
neMakomo eNyanga.
neMakomo eNyanga.
11. Ine ndwizi huru dzinonga
nhanhatu chete.
12. So. Rhodesia inemhando
chete.
So. Rhodesia inemhando zhinji
zhinji dzemhuka.
dzemhuka.
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzayo dzinotonhora
dzinotonhora dzimwe
dzimwe dzinopisa.
dzinopisa.
Version C
Southern Rhodesia . . . .ganurwa lImusoro
Ia"lhasi . . . .ganurwa . w i z i _Limpopo.
Maputukezi.
~wizi ~ambezi.
.abvazuva
echuanaland.
lIInanyurazuva
nyika
lIri __ tsetse
lIIhuvandu "'vanhu
Jarika
456
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UNIT 47
~a.
.mirioni
~dai
.zhinji
fadza.
"popopo aZambezi
III:tnha tu chete.
nzvimbo latya
So. Rhodesia
~otonhora
~ando
-.amwe
pisa,
dz~ga
zhinj i "11lliuka.
~we
pisa.
Version D
Southern Rhodesia yakall"~r~'wa kUW~l"" lIIIizi rwa~"".l
.
Ku
yak~a
ma"'pa
rna
rna"
ma_
ak~
ine
Ku a kune".
Kuma~""~zuva kun~e"""naland.
ye
wema
norwizi rwa........,
peEquator.
Inehu
Iri mum. . . . . . .?
hwa
ndi, .tare,
Kw~,Ia;ru ne~ayo.
Ine tsv
vanodjl. . . .
rna'"
So. Rhodesia
dzaZimbahwe,
nil"". eNyanga.
Questions.
1.
2.
457
UNIT 47
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
UNIT 47
12.
13.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
tsvingwe (9.,10)
kumabvazuva
nyika (9)
east
kumanyurazuva
mutsetse
mapopopo (6)
land
west
heavy flow
(3,4)
line (here,
parallel of latitude)
459
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UNIT 48
Version B
[Do not mark tones in IBt.]
Rhodesia yakati
mazuva ano.
Hurumende irikukarirwa
zvose.
3.
vabatsire.
kuti vabatsire.
4.
5.
Nhengo dzeCommonwealth
Nhengo dzeCommonwealth
dziri
hwakanaka muRhodesia.
muRhodesia.
dzakaenzana muutongi
muutongi hwadzo.
hwadzo.
6.
7.
cheiyinyika chemangwana.
chimiro cheiyinyika
chemangwana.
460
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UNIT 48
8.
vose.
9.
ngeiyi nyika.
Tirikunangisira nhengo zhinji
kumlrira nyikayadzo.
zhinJi kumlrira
nyikayadzo.
11. Mapepa nhau edu
anorondedzera
zvirikuitika nhasi.
zvirlkuitika nhasi.
12. Vanhu vazhinJi
vanekutaura kuzhinJi
ngemamiriro ehutongi.
13. Tichafara zvikuru
nokusanduka kurikuita
nyika dzose.
kutihuve maererano
nenyika.
461
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UNIT 48
kuva hutsva.
16. Vanhu vanofunda
pfungwa dzakafanza.
dzakafanza.
Nyika dzose dzinodakuti vanhuvadzo
vanhuvadzo vafunde
mabasa osee
Version C
Rhodesia . . . .ti nyangarora
_
.enzane
m~hu
a:>se.
Nhengo .eCorrunonwealtt.
~uva ~o.
~i
.kar.a
Hurumende
~hinji
karirwa
kuti vabatsir.
patyo
ita _ e izv"
"mangwana.
nhengo~hinji
_tongi.
.nhu
fara
- " , i IIIIziso
~hinji
lIIiyi nyika.
kumiDiia nyikallUzo.
Jkuitikanhasi.
lilt pfungwa
~yinyika
~asi ~e
Nyasaland IIwa
Mapepa nhau
~hinji
Nyika
~sva.
~e
anorond
_kuita nyika
.riasand.a kuva
fanza.
~u
{utaura -.zhinji
~uru .kusancWlll
~ongi
lItikunang. . . .a
Vanhu
miriro
~e.
~ongi
Punda
.zhinji
~epanhau
dzinoda. . . . vanhu. . . . .
vafund.mabasa.e.
462
UNIT 48
Version D
Rhodesia _ t i
i~e
kuti
rrlu zvose.
Nh_ dze. . . . .
Tino~
kuona
pa_p~e
che
s e.
Tiri
dziri ku
va
a kuti vaa e.
a u . . . .i hwaka
dzaka"ana mu'
hwa".
muRhodesia.
y~
z v _ izvi.
Iri ku
ch~j. . . . cheiy~j
nhengo
zviriku~a
ehu. . . . .
nhasi.
Tich~a_. .
yadzo.
Va~ va
m.3.la J ne. . . .
& hwee_ _
l lose huriklAtl Ia kuva h u _ .
. . . . .vadzo v a _ e ma
dzaka._.
a
ngema.
kl~]t a
H'tt iriku a
~gi
Vanhu vano
. . . . . dzose dzinollkuti
osee
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
463
UNIT 48
4.
Nhengo
Nhengo
Ndiani
Ngenyi
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
UNIT 48
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ngani?
465
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UNIT 48
NEW WORDS
nyangarara ideoph., of being
-koya
disorderly
-karira to forbid forcefully(?) chimiro (7) conduct (?), bearing
nhengo
(9,10)
member
-rondedzera
utongi(14) government
Version A
[Mark tones in tAt only.]
Version B
[Do not mark tones in tBt.]
1.
Mapepa nhau
akapandaniswa muzvikwata
muzvikwata zvakasiyana.
zvakasiyana.
2.
3.
narimwe.
Mamwe anonzi 'week end edition.'
4.
nemitengo yezvinhu.
5.
yezvinhu.
Ndimozve vanhu vanotaura nemitambo
yakasiyana.
nemitambo yakasiyana.
6.
pepanhau.
466
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7.
UNIT 48
Mabasa mazhinji
anonzwika kubudikidza
namapepa nhau.
8.
kwogungwa anonzwika
muma pepa nhau.
Version C
Mapepa nhau IItpandaniswa . . . .~jkwata . . . . .siyana.
",dindwa
~uva
rimwe
Fmwe.
.mwe
~zi
tambo
;iYea.
yepa nhau.
Vanhu
IImwe
'week end
~ozve
v~zwa
on. '
vanhu
nyaya
siy.a
muma-
pepa nhau.
Version D
Mapepa nhau akalllliliswa muzv~j""1 zvakall"~la.
ana
a pa_ ri_
Mapepa
ana
vano
k~
nemi
a nemi
Ma
Mamwe ano,,'
lU.
Yi
yaka~na.
namapepa nhau.
nar~.
Nd~ve
Va.- vano
ma
Mamwe m a _
IIffiwe
anon
kw
v~
dzaka
a klJ
a anon
a
a
a muma-
pepa nhau.
467
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UNIT 48
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
468
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
UNIT 48
NEW WORDS
-pandanisa divide, separate
chikwata
-dinda
(7,8)
-~zwika
small group
to be known, understood
to press, print
469
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UNIT 49
Version A
[Mark tones in rAr only.]
1.
Version B
[Do not mark tones in IBI.]
nhengo dzemisono.
zhinji.
3.
Vane dzimudzangara
vanoteerera mumhepo.
4.
Mumisono umu,
vanodzidziswa zvinhu
zvizhinji.
zvizhinji.
5.
Mune vatungamiriri
muchikwata chimwe
chimwe nachimwe.
nachimwe.
6.
ngekukura kweunhengo.
7.
8.
Mumisangano umu
munodzidziswa ngekugeza,
ngekugeza, kuchisa,kuruka,
kuchisa,kuruka,nekusona.
nekusona.
Munodzidziswazve
Munodzidziswazve ngekuchengeta
ngekuchengeta dzimba,
vana, kUbika,nekutamba
mitambo.
mitambo.
470
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9.
UNIT 49
kamwe pagore.
10. Kumusangano uyu kunoenda
umwe
mumisangano
yakasiyanasiyana.
kUbv~
mumisangano
yakasiyanasiyana.
11. Hurumende inobatsirawo
ngekunyqra nekutumira
zvimwe zvidzidzo.
12. Vadzimai vazhinji vari
nhengo dzemisangano.
dzemisangano.
Version C
. . . .ImIllai ~hinji kwazvo lIWa nhengo lIImisono.
nguva zhinji.
a chimwe
"unhengo.
kubika,
lIlwe.
1I"~)angano
kuruka" sona.
tamba
angana
..l3
ttJa
tsar.
kura
Munodzidzis
~ambo.
~ungamiri
Mune ~ungamll"l
.-na,
IIImwe IIIdzidzo.
"misangano.
471
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UNIT
49
Version D
patlll_-
Mumi_
zhinj i.
kw. . . . . .
Vano ll
nach~j. .~
Mumi
umu muno
Muno
Kunollla mu
~
mu
ngeklUlll_~
n g e , ku_a,
zve ngeku
mi. . . .o.
kuno~
Mu" va S
tii
dzi_, va",
mu. . . . kalll pa.....
k u _ mumi
at
Vadzi_ va_ _
".11
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
472
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UNIT 49
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
473
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UNIT 49
1.
Munodzidzirepi kusona?
2.
3.
4.
5.
NEW WORDS
musono
(3,4)
seam; here,
ing circlet (?)
dzimudzangara
radio
-ruka
UNIT
to knit, weave
49, Part II
Version A
[Mark tones in tAt only.]
Version B
[Do not mark tones in tBt.]
1.
kwazo yechikosoro.
yechikosoro.
2.
inobatira.
3.
4.
hosha irapwe.
vave kurapwa.
kurapwa.
~4
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5.
UNIT 49
hosha ngekubaya
ngekubaya majekiseni.
majekiseni.
6.
ngekudzivirira iyi
hosha.
hosha.
7.
ngekudya kwakanaka.
8.
akakura.
mafafitera akakura.
9.
Zvakafanirazve kuti
nekufuka zvinodziya.
Version C
.ne hosha"'i kutambulla kwazvo
hosha "bat8lll.
basa _
Jzivi:r1llt3.
kura~.
hosha
mafafi~a8kura.
__ hosha"i
~uva
Izvi
kosoro.
dya
Hurumende ~i tIIIi- ta
baya llll:iekiseni.
lziv
~anaka.
"0
iyi hosha.
lIII?;ara
mba
~e
".dziya.
475
UNIT
49
Version D
Zvak3.la nJ
iyi
~a
iri
Iyi
a.
ngekt
ide iri k u _
rna
Iyo
dz.i8ll"fafitera ~ura.
nek~a
zvino
kwakOJa_~1
Zvaka Pzzve _
vanhu vaa e
I.
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
476
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UNIT 49
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
Ihoshanyi dzinonyanyobatira?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
477
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UNIT
49
NEW WORDS
hosha (9,10)
-dzivirira to protect
disease
-tambudza to trouble
jekiseni injection
chidzidzo(7~8)
lessons
to hold;
UNIT 49, Part III
Version A
[Mark tones in rA' only.]
Version B
[Do not mark tones in fBI.]
1.
2.
mitupo.
Rudzi rumwe narumwe runopika
nezita remhuka.
remhuka.
3.
4.
muziwane parudzi.
5.
6.
parudzi.
Zvinorewazve kuti rudzi
rusaroorane.
Rudzi rwaroorana rwagura mutemo.
mutemo.
7.
vababa.
UNIT 49
8.
vanotaura mutupo.
Version C
~aShona ~ e
Ndudzi
runo~
.z1 ta
~uka.
-.mwe
.tupo.
v~ika. " h i r i .
"nore~zve
mutu:t:e .baba.
Izvi
kuti .dzi
Vana
Lora
~upo.
Version D
N d _ dzese dze dzine m i _ .
run~ n e _
re4e
IIIrl\.A111'_..
zvino~ ml~] e pa
rusala Il,ne.
R~ r~
Vana vano"a
Questions.
1.
2.
3.
479
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UNIT 49
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
480
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UNIT49
NEW WORDS
mutupo
(3,4)
mutemo (3,4)
totem
-gura
481
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GLOSSARY
[Words are alphabetized by the first letter of the root,
regardless of presence or absence of prefixes.
In order to make
the listing easier to follow, the words have been spaced so that
the first letters of the roots form a straight vertical column
on the page. ]
-A-
aiwa
2BD
mw-ana
(1,2)
child, offspring
4BD, 7BD
39
lBD
my (possessive 1 sg.)
5BD, IOBD
who?
apo
5BD
-avo
IBD
-Bto s"ceal
father, married man (singular
is often used with plural concords as mark of respect)
baba (la)
lBD
pl. vanababa (2)
vadzibaba (2)
482
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badza
(see .padza)
(9,10)
m.bambaira
(5,6) 17BD
bandera
(7,8)
chi-barwe
bas~koro
signboard
14sv,28
(5,6)
basa
sweet potatoes
5SV, 14BD
(5,6)
23sV
maize
work
bicycle
(basikoro)
-bata
to seize, catch; do
19BD
-bcttanidza
(9,10)
m.batata
to join (transitive)
14BD
potato
-batira
to be infections
21BD
-batsira
to help
16sv
m.batya
clothing
-baya
(5,6)
bazu
9SV
-bereka
mu-bereki
(1,2)
m.beri (9)
23SV
parent
17SV
(9,10)
m.besa
m.beu
branch
front, ahead
14sv
crop
chi-bharo
bhazi
seed
(7,8) 31BD
tax
23sV
bus
483
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mu-bhedha (3,4)
bed
32SV
bhikiri (5,6)
cup
36sv
bhuku (5,6)
13D
book
(5,6)
20SV
Boer
Bhunu
bhurukwa (5,6)
Bhuruwayo (9)
-bika
pair of trousers
34sv
Bulawayo
10SV
to cook
9SV, 18 BD
renown, glory
m.biri (9,10)
rou-Bocha (1,2)
a person of Bocha
20SV
25BD
to come or go through
-budikidza
m.budzi (9,10)
goat
25SV
27SV
grandmother
to come or go from
6BD
east
kuma-bvazuva (17)
-bvlra
23BD
484
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-bvlsa
18BD
-bvuma
to consent, agree to
-bvundurwa
to stir up
-bvunza
to ask
38BD
mu-bvunzo (3,4)
-bvura
question
39
to broil
20SV
shade, shadow
mu-Bwacha (1,6)
Indian
20SV
-chaira 5SV
chaizvo
20BD
ma-Cha.ngana
-chata
20SV
to marry
36sv
wedding
chechi (9,10)
church
8sv
-cheka.
21SV
-chema.
35SV
to cry
.... chena
7SV
white
-chena
32SV
to become clean
-chengeta
35D
mu.cheni (3,4)
machine
20BD
-chera 21SV
to draw [water]
-chera 28sv
to dig
mu.chero (3,4)
fruit
16BD
chete l6BD
only
honey
u-chi (14)
-chimbidza
38BD
chinyararire
quietly
chiny~
what?
l5BD
(a place)
Chipinga lOSV
t=; 6)
32SV
.chira ( -',
sg. jira
chiremba
chirombowe
-chisa
physician
35SV.
2BD
to iron (clothing)
36BD
chokwadi
truth
37BD
-D-da
7BD
-daidza
to call
30SV
486
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36sv
-dal.ra
danga
to answer, to believe
(see .tanga)
(3,4)
mu-darara
28sv
line
to cross
16BD
-daro
n.dege
(9,10)
29BD
airplane
(see .tenga)
(5,6)
(5,6)
(7,8)
chi-dhina
mud
9BD
dozen
8sv
dip tank
30SV
brick
to print
-dhinda
dhishi
(5,6)
mu-dhudhudhu
33BD
(3,4)
dhumbe
(5,6)
-dikana
24BD
basin
23SV
14sv
coco yam
to be wanted, loved
14BD
"'d~k~
motorcycle
small
(see .tikiti)
dima
(5,6)
14sv
sweet potato
n.dimu
(5,6)
14sv
lemon
487
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-dl.ni
4BD
to water
-dl.sa
20BD
n.dodzl. (9,10)
dornb6
(see .tornb6)
-donhesa
rna-dota
(6)
dunhu
to drop, lose
28sv
dovl. (5)
ashes
l6sv
peanut butter
20BD
cf . . tunhu
22BD
-dyara
to eat
to sow
27BD
ru-dyl. (11)
rnu-dy6
pea
l4sv
(see -d!k~)
-d6ko
-dya
dish
16sv
n.dl.r6 (9,10)
right[hand]
l7SV
l5BD
= ru-dyl.
fairy
dzangaradzirnu (5,6)
anthill
chi-dzere (7,8)
ru-dzi (11,10 or 6) 22SV
(ndudzi (10)
-dzl.dza
to learn
l3D
rnu-dzidza (1,2)
student
13D
488
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lesson
chi-dzidz6 (7,8)
-dzika
to descend
33SV
-dzinga
to chase away
pool, pond, lake
dzlva (5,6)
-dz,ivirira
to prevent
39
-dziya
mU-d~ly6
(3,4)
-dzoka
3lBD
-edu
-edza
l8BD
mw-edzi (3,4)
"'ega
-enda
7SV
to try, attempt
6sv
moon, month
to go
trip, journey
mw-enje (3,4)
....enyu
32SV
7SV, 9BD
zi-enza (21) 39
also ma-enza (6)
489
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28sv
-enzanisa
ma-ererano (6)
-F-
(5,6) 16BD
fafitera
window
to visit
-fambira 5SV
ma-fambire (6)
ways of running
30SV
26BD
-fambisa
-fanana
22SV
-fanira
21SV
-fanza
18BD
-fara
to rejoice, be happy
f6dya (9)
u-fu
tobacco
(see u-~fu)
-fuka
to cover
mu-fundisi
(1,2)
fund6 (9,10)
-funga
-fusira
6BD
26sv
education
oBD
to think
28sv
fat, oil
490
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-G-
8sv
gadheni (5,6)
-gadzira
19BD
-gadzirira
to prepare
15BD
(7,8)
. chi-gadzo
garden
to prepare (for)
18sv
-gara
5BD
n.garava (9,10)
gare gare
chi-garo
29BD
7SV
(7,8)
32SV
mU-Garwe (1,2)
-gashidza
20SV
16BD
-gashira
23BD
10SV
(7,8) 8sv
ma-getsi (6)
-gocha
(3)
20SV
Gatooma
pair of scissors
electricity
ship
6sv
to work
Saturday
to roast on open fire
mu-godh{ (3,4)
gomba
a mine
25SV
(see .komba)
gomo
(see .komo)
gore
g6r6k6t6 (5,6)
mu-g6ti (3,4)
16sv
n.gowani (9,10)
hat
34sv
-guka
gumi
to break
(see .kumi)
sea
thumb
chi-gunwe (7,8)
-gura
to cut
-gurira IlBD
n.guruve (9,10)
-guta
pig
25SV
27SV
guta (5,6)
5SV, IlBD
8D
time
gwava (5,6)
14sv
guava
gwere (5,6)
14sv
maize
n.guva (9,10)
492
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Gweru
Gwe10
10SV
-H-
hafupeni (5,6)
halfpenny
gsv
hafukoroni (9,6)
gsv
half crown
m.haka (9,10)
26sv
hama (9,10)
15sV
n.hambwe (9,10)
33sV
hour
4sv
girl
m.handara (9,10)
m.hando (9,10)
hanga (9,10)
n.hanga (9,6)
15sV
kind, sort
39
guinea fowl
n.hanga (9,10)
Harare
23BD
Salisbury
10SV
(16)
cooking pot
16sv
below
38BD
south
ku-n.hasi (17 )
n.hau (9,10)
28sv
harf (9,10)
pa-n.'hasf
yard
24BD
hanzvadzi (9,10)
-hara
pumpkin
14sv
topic, news
26BD
hemb~ (9,10)
shirt, dress
34BD
m.hembwe (9,10)
buck
n.hengo (9,10)
member
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31BD
heo
(9,10)
m.hepo
39
wind
1BD
here
ma-he~
there he is
8sv
(6)
sweet beer
or ma-heo
m.hino
(9,10)
35sV
nose
m.hiri
(9,10)
37BD
. hobo
hokwa
hope
9BD
(5,6)
(9,10)
(9,10)
banana
32BD
invitation
39
n.horo
hosha
kudu
(9,10)
hosipitari
39
disease
(9,10) 5sv,
hospital
8sv, 17BD
huku
25sV
(9,10)
fowl
humba
(9,10)
38
bush pig
n.humbl.
(9,10)
16sv
clothing
hu-mwi~
e.hunde
m.hunga
(a cry)
15BD
(9)
yes
19BD
millet
hun 1.
(9,10)
9sV
piece of firewood
m.huri
(9,10)
2BD
family
m.huru
(9,10)
calf
494
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government
hwai (9,10)
sheep
25sV
to hide
-hwanda
-1-
-ibva
27sV
house
mu-imbi (1,2)
imwi
singer
32BD
you (pl. )
8sv
8BD
.... iri
6sv, 7BD
two
-isa
l3BD
to put
isu
8sv
we
-ita
5BD
to do
ini
mu-itiro (3,4)
custom
22SV
iwe
8sv
you (sg.)
ivo
8sv
they (personal)
iye
8sv
river
495
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-J-
mu-jaha
4sv
(1,6)
(5,6)
jana
8sv
(5,6)
jangano
jekiseni
herding cattle
8sv
cooperative labor
(5,6)
n.jera (9.10)
jira
young man
injection
grindable grain
17SV
(see .chira)
-K-
short trousers
kabhudhura (12,6)
34sv
kabichi (5,6)
mu-kadzl (1,2)
cabbage
15BD
woman, wife
23SV
kamba ( 1 a, 2 a )
tortoise
kamba (9,6")
camp
5SV
kana
6BD
-kanda
39
-kanga
20SV
to fry, roast
if, or
38
-kanganwa
kani
-kanya
-kanyisa
to forget
9BD
30SV
to mold
to cause to mold
30SV
to hope
-karira
496
to hurry, go fast
pa-kati
(16)
kobiri
between
(5,6)
chi-kochikari (7,8)
kof i
-koka
(9 )
to invite
older sibling of same sex
23SV
boy
7BD
to surround
.komba (5,6)
sg. gomba
.komo (5,6)
sg. gomo
28sv
hole in ground
8sv
mountain
39
oxcart
coffee
32BD
mu.komana (1,2)
-kora
23SV
l5BD
mu-koma (1,2)
-komba
penny
9SV
year, cloud
8SV,24BD
40
k6roni (9)
mu-k6rore (1,2)
school
(an expression of felicitation
or congratulation)
19SV
wheat
4sv
son
-koya
to hope
kubvani 9BD
then, so
497
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-kubvura
-kudza
to stir, shake
18sv
24BD
.kumbo (5,6)
sg. gumbo
leg, foot
.kumi 6sv
,. ,
sg. gum~
ten
(see -nga)
kunga
-kura
far away
5SV
7BD
-kurung1.ra
kuti
to grow (intransitive)
24BD
kure (17)
-kuru
daughter
4BD
mu-kunda (1 ,2 )
to smoothe
27SV
21BD
chi-kuva
(7,8)
-kwana
16sv
39
to bubble
-kwata 27SV
group
chi-kwata (7,8)
to greet
-kwaz1.sa
kwaziwai 38
(kaziwai, kwaiwai)
kwazvo
IlBD
Kwekwe
lOSV
Queque
kwete
no
13D, 20BD
498
-kwidfbira
-kwira
to cover
27SV
33SV
-M-
8sv
machisi (9,10)
match
Magondo
Hyena
-maira
17BD
-mangara 31SV
mango
(9,10)
mu-Manyika (1,2)
mari (9)
mango
a member of the Manyika tribe
20SV
money
9BD
Marondera
Marandellas
10SV
mu-Maungwe (1,2)
ma-mbakwedza
20SV
dawn
10SV
(7,8)
chi-mbudzf
14sv
latrine
25SV
40
to run
to cause to run, go fast
ru-mhungwe
-mira
39
to be in a standing position;
to stop
28BD
499
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28sv
-mirl.ra
mu-mir!ri
to wait for
(1,2)
34sv
ma-mirir6 (6)
situation
(7)
chi-mira
-misa
situation
to stop (transitive); to set
up, set in order
32SV
mombe (9,10)
!l
(ng' ombe)
m6tokari (9,10)
Mutare
cattle, ox
25SV
23SV
lOSV
car
Umtali
-mutsa
cf. -muka
to awaken
-row a
to drink
15BD
~.
mwazv~:}-ta
9BD
"'mwe
14BD
one
"'mwe
20BD
some, other
-N-
"'na
four
6BD
-naka
chi-nanaz!
(7,8)
-nang!sika
-natsa
-naya
to become good
IlBD
14sv,16BD
pineapple
to appear
24BD
to do something well
21SV
to rain
28sv
500
mu-nda (3,4)
8sv
field
ndauwe 38
-neta
35BD
-netseka
-nga
37BD
to be worried
29BD
.... ngani
7BD
how many?
chi-ngezi (7)
12SV
English (language)
ng'ombe
(see mombe)
~
chi-ngwa (7,8)
bread
20BD
ma.ngwana 7SV,18BD
tomorrow
ma.ngwanani
Good morning!
IBD
cunning
u-ngwaru (14)
chi-nharobo
(7)
chi-nharobwe
short distance
5SV
lOSV
nhanga (5,6)
(-chinhambo)
14sv
nhasi 17BD
also nasi
ma.nheru
today
evening
7SV, 21BD
chi-nhu (7,8)
thing
15BD
person
mu-n~ng'~na(1,2)
23SV
also mu-nung'una
501
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this
.... nomwe
6sv
seven
to pick up
-nonga
-nonoka
to be late
32BD
rna. nowa
fertilizer, manure
mu-nwe (3,4)
finger
nyama (9)
meat
20BD
nyana (5,6)
baby bird
nyangarara
mess
-nyanya
to do exceedingly
9BD
to become or be quiet
nyaya (9,10)
nyemba (10)
history, story
31SV
cow pea
14sv
5BD
also -yi
what?
nylka (9,10)
land
-~yi
-nyima
to be stingy
nyimo (10)
18sv
u-nyope (14)
-ny6ra
5SV
to write
nyore
26BD
easy
-ny6resa
30SV
502
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mu-nyu (3)
8sv
salt
source
ma-nyuko (6)
to set (sun)
-nyura
kuma-nyurazuva
(17)
west
(11)
ru-nzere
outside
17SV
left (hand)
13B
-nzwa
(5,6)
i-ryzwi
13D
word, voice
to be heard
-nzwika
-0-
ofisi
(9,10)
5SV
office
alone
16sv
(3,6)
hand, arm
-oma
23BD
to become dry
-ana
9BD
to see
all
(7,8)
16sv
fireplace
m~.oto
(3,4)
27SV
fire
m~.oyo
(3,4)
37BD
heart
503
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-p-
-pa
to give
l4BD
pachlpamwe
40
padz a (5 , 6 )
sg. badza
hoe
39
chi-paketi (7,8)
19sv
cave
?ako (5,6)
sg. bako
""pamhi
broad
1lSV
-pamhidza
to repeat, continue
37BD
pamusana (16)
on account of
pamwe 20BD
(Cl. 16 prefix with
....mwe)
together
rou-panda (3,4)
room
16BD
to separate
-pandanisa
.panga (5,6)
sg. banga
-pangana
knife
2lSV
to decide together
30SV
.pani (5,6)
"
sg. b anJ.
24sv
le<
"/
pano
papi
6 BD
here
where?
5BD
504
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
(9)
parafini
8sv
kerosene
to become excited, startled
-patika
(16)
patyo
6sv
5SV,
near
-pedza
12BD
""penyu
4BD
alive
. pen z i (5 , 6 )
sg. benzi
pepa
(5,6)
-pera
6BD
-petesa
fool
(news)paper
26BD
5SV
-pfeka
34BD
-pfekedza
to put on (clothing)
34BD
33BD
-pfiga
to close
(5,6)
ma-pfihwa
16sv
hearthstone
mealic meal
u-1?fu 19SV
also ufu
(3)
mu-pfudze
..... pfumbamwe
pfum6
6sv
nine
(5,6)
roa-pfunde (6)
pfungwa
-pfunha
manure, fertilizer
25SV
spear
19sV
(9,10)
sorghum
30BD
thought, idea
39
to shower
505
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
11SV
.... pfupi
short
36sv , 28BD
-pfuura
.pfute
to pass
(see bvute)
(14)
u-pfuto
wealth
27SV
-pfutsa
to light (a fire)
(7,8)
chi-pfuy6
39
livestock
to promise, engage (?)
-pika
13D
-pinda
to enter; to surpass
27SV
-pindura
20SV
-pisa
to burn, be hot
ma-pitse (6)
chi-p6
(7,8)
mu.po~bi
39
competition
32BD, 36sv
(3,4)
gift
22BD
pipe
to escape, recover
-pona
19BD
pando
popo
(5,6)
pound
14sv
papaya
.pOpopo (5,6)
sg. bopopo
waterfall
-psvaka
(see -tsvaka)
chi-puka
(7,8)
59
-pukuta
32SV
to dus t, wipe
-pumuza
39
506
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.pundu (5,6)
sg. bundu
(3)
mu-punga
27SV
lump
17SV
rice
39
-pupura
to reap
to be stupid
-pusa
-putsa
28sv
mu-pwere
(1,2)
to smash, break up
IBD
young child
-Rto put to bed
-ramba
25BD
-rapa
5SV
-rara
IBD
to sleep, go to sleep
raranji
-rasa
(5,6)
14sv
orange
to throwaway, to lose
30BD
ma-ratya (6)
coal
-reba
29BD
~refu
7sV
long
-rega
21SV
-rera
9SV
to rear (child)
-reva
30SV
to speak
-ri
5BD
507
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owner
mu-ridzi (1,2)
-rima 5SV, 17BD
to plough
-rimisa
to do work of agricultural
demonstrator
5SV
39
chi-rimo (7,8)
hot season
-rinda
ma-rinda (6)
38
when?
rini 6BD
mu-riw6 (3,4)
chi-ro (7,8)
l4sv
thing
35BD
u-romb6 (14)
sorrow
40
to stress
-rondedzera
chi-rong6 (7,8)
earthen pot
19SV
"
,
-roora
to marry
, ,
-rova
to beat
hu-r6ya (14)
mu-Rozvi (1,2)
37BD
20SV
to knit
-ruka
,
to bite
-ruma
mu-rume (1,2)
mu-rungu (1,2)
man, husband
23SV
European (person)
20SV
~o8
-'
flower
-rwara
to be ill
38
-rwadza
38
rwavhi(la) 39
pl. vanarwavhi
(2)
-S-
ma-sabasita (6)
asbestos
sabhtlku (la,2)
sadza (5)
l8BD
saki (5,6)
-sambira
-sanda
headman
31BD
19BD
to swim
39
to work
5BD
mu.sandiri (1,2 )
-sandisa
sandu
minister
32BD
24BD
(of changing)
39
-sanduka
,
ma-sanga
to change
39
5BD
-sang ana
32BD
sangano (5,6)
meeting
26sv
veld
sango (5)
-sara
31BD
509
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
-sasika
to dry at fire
20SV
sere 6sv
-sevenzesa
-sevha
bamboo
eight
to use
23BD
to sift
27SV
how?
senyi
lBD
also seyi
mu-sha
grandfather
(3,4)
village, home
8sv
shamwari (9,10)
lSBD
friend
five
-shata
29SV
to become bad
-shaya
26BD
-shereketa
shereni (5,6)
shewe
9SV,13BD
2BD
shiri (9,10)
bird
39
leaf
shizha (5,6)
. . . shoma
few, little
l3BD
mu-shonga (3,4)
shuka (9)
shilling
l6BD
sugar
8SV,2lBD
shumba. 38
cf. shumba (9,10)
510
shungu (9)
anger
(10)
shushururu
mu-si
(3,4)
6BD
pa-si (16)
mu-sika
(1,2)
ma-sikati
3BD
u-siku
(14)
-sirna
9SV
market
girl
7BD
midday
39
night
to transplant
to become strong
38
ma-simbe (6)
18sv
.simbi (9,10)
cf. simbi
sirna
19SV
mu-~ikana
(5,6)
charcoal
8BD
(9,10)
14~D
vegetable
-simuka
sipo
to stand up
(9)
8sv
soap
ma-sirl.rl. (6)
saliva
sisipenzi 9SV
) ~
,.
or susupenzl.
-slya
sixpence
to leave behind
9BD
-siyana
beans
day
13BD
(3,4)
-simba
14sv
20BD
ma-soko
(5,6)
-sona
21SV
23BD
to sew
511
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rou-sona
(3,4)
women's club
mu-s6ro
(3,4)
head, north
U-Sll
(14)
16sv
face
-sunga
to find
rna-sure (6)
13D
sr ondo (5,6)
also sondo
--su
behind
6sv, 7SV
23BD
Mu-sumbunuko
week
(expression of surprised
interrogation)
6sv
Monday
door
-svika
6BD
to arrive
-svipa
35BD
to become dirty
-svova
u-swa
to sneak away
24sv
-swera
grass
3BD
tafura (9,10)
18BD,32
-takura
-tama
-tamba
table
to lift and carry
39
to change residence, to
migrate
9SV
chi-tambi (7,8)
to play
38BD
stamp (postage)
512
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-tambira
14BD
to receive
rope
tambo (9,10)
zvi. tambo
2BD
-tambudza
to trouble, bother
.tanga (5,6)
sg. danga
-tanga
8sv
cattle kraal
to do first
17BD
6sv
.... tanhatu
tare (5,6)
sg. dare
six
council, court
31BD
-tarisira
to expect
.... tatu
three
6BD
-taudzana
to converse
-taura
to speak
10BD
mu-tauro (3,4)
language
12D
-tema
gsv
"'tema
20BD
black
.temo 21SV
sg. demo
axe
mu-temo (3,4)
law
mu-tenda (1,2 )
a patient
17BD
tende
sg. dende
calabash
tende
of sitting
513
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-tenderuka
.tenga (5,6)
sg. denga
-tenga
to turn about
l7SV
roof, sky
25SV
to buy
25BD
to sell
mu-tengo (3,4)
-terera
price
33SV
38
-tete 7SV
narrow, thin
tete (la)
aunt
23sV
-tevera
to follow
-ti
to say
7BD
mu-ti (3,4)
tii (9)
gsv
tea
l5BD
threepence
railroad train
23BD
39
ru-tivi (11,6orlO)
-tiza
pumpkin
l4sv
38BD
to run
35BD
mu-to (3,4)
side
soup
20BD
. tomb6 27BD
sg. dombo
stone
514
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-tonga
to judge, govern
31BD
u-t6ngi (11)
ruling
24sv
-tonhora
to be cold
-tara
20BD
chi.toro (7,8)
store
8SD
kindness
mu-tsa (3)
tsamba (9,10)
letter
23BD
to limp
-tsamhina
mu-tsamiro (3,4)
32SV
pillow
tsanga (9,10)
24sv
reed
tsapato (9,10)
tsapi (9,10)
shoe
34sv
2SSV
to choose
-tsara
mu-tsara (3,4)
-tsauka
line
28sv
l7BD
to split
-tsemuka
an edible root
tsenza l4sv
also tseza
line
mu-tsetse (3,4)
tsime (S,6)
well
8sv
monkey
tsoka (9,10)
tsono (9,10)
needle
21SV
51S
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tsunga (5)
ma-tsutso (6)
39
~O
"'tsvuku
-tsva
l4sv
11SV
-tsvaira
to sweep
21SV
-tsvaka
broom
l6sv
mu-tsvairo (3,4)
lOBD
tsvimbo (9,10)
walking stick
tsvlngwe (9,10)
ruins
fountain, spring
chi-tubu
-tuma
to send (a person)
30SV
-tumbuka
3.9
to lead
-tungam1.ra
mu-tungam1.ri (1,2)
.tunhu (5,6)
sg. dunhu
leader
37
place, district
2lSV
totem
mu-tupo (3,4)
-turik1.dzana
-tutsira
29BD
to add
39
-u-udzira
to tell
35SV
-unganidza
-unza
to collect (transitive)
30SV
to bring
l8BD
-uya
to come
6BD
-V-
-va
to be, become
30BD
-vadza
-vaka
to split
9SV
to build
5SV
mu-vaki (1,2 )
30SV
builder
chi-vako (7,8)
29BD
building
to begin
l6BD
-vamba
u-vandu (11)
(see u-wandu)
ma-vara (D)
mu-vara (3,4)
-verenga
colour
40
to read, count
9SV
mu-vha (3,4)
road
11SV
vhiki (5,6)
week
23BD
to cause to boil
-vidza 20SV
or -virisa
vhingwa (5,6)
-vira
clod
28sv
to boil (intransitive)
27SV
. . . viri.
mu-viri (3,4)
two
body
l6sv
to drool
-vova
517
i-vhu (5,6)
soil
28sv
m.vura l8BD
water, rain
-w-wanda 29SV
to become numerous
u-wandu (14)
amount
-waridza 32SV
to spread out
-weza
to work wood
--wo
5SV
3BD
also
-z-zadza 32SV
to fill
zanhl. (5,6)
leaf
39
zano (5 )
advice, counsel
mU-Zezuru (1,2)
20SV
a Zezuru person
"'zhinzhi 22BD
n.zimbe
many, much
sugar cane
(10)
zingwa (5,6)
n.zira (9,10)
bread
8sv
path
llBD
eye
zita (5,6)
name
-ziva
-zora
23SV
12BD
to know
34BD
peanuts
l4BD
yesterday
ne-zuro 24BD
also zuro
.zuva (5,6)
zvakanaka
sun, dry
6BD
lBD
mu-zvare (1,2)
zve
well (adv.)
girl, daughter of chief
3BD
39
again
--zve
zvekubvunza mutup6
n.zvimbo (,10)
zviya
i-zwi
23BD
by the way
38
zviyo (8)
-zwa
rest, vaca"tion
millet
l8BD
(see -nzwa)
(see i-~zwi)
Typed in final form by: Anne Lush, Lynn Cochran and Evelyn Vass.
519
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