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INTRODUCTION
FLEXURAL
RIGIDITY, El,
El 2
RIGID
FOUNDATION ~>
za.
77Tsrrumsrrr
MH
G , - SHEAR
P = MASS
MODULUS
DENSITY
V = POISSON'S
OF SOIL
RATIO
El = FLEXURAL
RIGIDITY
m p = MASS
OF PILE
OF SOIL LAYER
OF UNIT
L = LENGTH
BELOW
PILE
LENGTH
OF PILE
it - THICKNESS
OF SOIL
OF PILE
H = THICKNESS
7/A\WMM\v)Av//
RATIO
P = DAMPING
f 0 = RADIUS
t,i *
OF SOIL
OF SOIL
OF SOIL
LAYER
PILE TIP
RIGID BASE
1268
a minor effect on the pile response and can be neglected; (3) horizontal
soil motion generated by the vertical vibration of a pile can be neglected;
(4) piles are perfectly bonded to soil; and (5) vertical shear forces at the
soil-pile interface do not influence the lateral vibration of the pile. These
assumptions are good for studying the response characteristics of single
piles (8), and are believed to be good also for evaluating dynamic pilegroup effects.
Dynamic responses of the piles and the soil layer were described separately in terms of unknown stresses between the soil layer and the piles.
The soil-pile stress distribution pattern over the width of a pile was assumed, but its magnitude and variation with depth were unknown parameters. For the lateral pile vibration, both a uniform and Boussinesq
type soil-pile stress patterns, as shown in Fig. 2, were studied. For vertical vibration, two identical uniform soil-pile stress patterns were placed
crosswise.
Solutions to the soil layer were obtained from its equations of motion
by expanding the soil displacement into its orthogonal modal coordinates and with assumed soil-pile stresses as a source term. Thus, the
problem was reduced for each mode to the pile-soil-pile interaction under plane-strain conditions. The dynamic response of piles for each mode
was obtained with the assumed soil-pile stresses as an external force.
Compatability conditions between the piles and the soil layer were satisfied in an approximate manner by considering average deformation of
the soil masses excited by the assumed soil stresses. Introduction of the
compatibility condition eliminated the unknown magnitudes of soil-pile
i-lh PILE
i-th PILE
*. X
*(_>
1)1=11)=)))
nisD/siii
))A\Y/A\Y))
M\V)AV/)
stresses from equations describing responses of piles. The remaining unknown integration constants were determined from boundary conditions imposed on the piles.
System Parameters.Factors affecting the pile-group response in the
present analytic model include: (1) Spacing ratio, s/2r0; (2) dimensionless frequency, a0 = <ar0/Vs; (3) directional angle between two piles, 6;
(4) embedment ratio, L/H; (5) pile slenderness ratio, L/2r0; (6) local pile
flexibility factor, KR = EI/Esr40; (7) local pile compressibility factor, Kc =
EA/Ejl; (8) Poisson's ratio of soil, v; (9) material damping of soil, (3;
and (10) pile-head fixity condition, and loading condition. (Most of the
notation is described in Fig. 1.) 0 is defined in Fig. 3; Es = the Young's
modulus of soil, and Vs = the shear wave velocity of soil. Table 1 summarizes the ranges of dimensionless parameters used in this study. These
ranges should cover the variations of soil-pile parameters in most practical problems.
Soil-Pile Stress Patterns.In the present method, the soil-pile stress
distribution pattern over the width of a pile has to be assumed, although
its variation with depth is determined from the dynamic equilibrium of
a soil-pile system.
Soil stress distribution patterns around piles depend largely on exciting frequency and pile spacing ratios, among other factors. Effects of
variations of soil-pile stress patterns on pile response were evaluated for
the lateral vibration mode to select a simple but reasonably accurate soilpile stress pattern. The vertical vibration mode was secondary to the
objective of the present study. Therefore, the validity of using the two
identical uniform distribution patterns was confirmed by comparing the
single pile responses obtained from this distribution and the theoretical
solution previously derived by the writer.
Single Pile Response.Fig. 4 shows the lateral pile-head spring coefficients of a pile for both uniform and Boussinesq type soil-pile stress
patterns. Also shown in Fig. 4 are the mathematical solutions for a pile
with a circular cross section (8). For the uniform and Boussinesq type
stress patterns, the soil displacements at the center of a loaded area were
1270
Parameters
(1)
Spacing ratio (s/2r)
Dimensionless frequency ( = u>r0/Vs)
Directional angle (6)
Embedment ratio (L/H)
Pile slenderness ratio (L/2r)
Local pile flexibility factor (KR = EI/E,rt)
Local pile compressibility factor (K^ = EA/Esrf)
Poisson's ratio of soil (v)
Damping ratio of soil (p)
Range of values
(2)
2-100
0-0.7
0-90
0.5-1.0
33-133
370-370,000
84-2,000
0.30-0.45
0.05
KAGAWA AND
KRAFT (1981)
{CIRCULAR PILE)
FIXED-HEAD
UNIFORM
PATTERN
W / FACTOR = 0.85
PILE
KR = 366
H / 2 r 0 = 67
*- = 0 45
0 = 0 05
H/L = 1 0
_L
0.5
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
FIG.
1.5
1.5
2 PILES ( 6 = 0 )
=fc=^r8i)
1.0
m
,(_ # - - m
S/2r0
= 16
--
EL
1 0-5
V)
UNIFORM PATTERN
BOUSSINESQ PATTERN
SIMULATING EXACT SOLUTION
'
'
'
0.5
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY. a
FIG. 5.2-Pile Interaction for Different Soil-Pile Stress Patterns
3.0
IFREE HEADI
PRESENT
STUDV
2.0 POULOS
(1979)
22
1.0
GROUP
S/2r0= 2
H / Z r = 67
a =0
o
IX
10-7
10 3
10-5
io-i
o
D
1
H
0
0.10
0.25
0.50
e - o
2 PILES
Rc = 243
H/L = 1
, H/L = i
yO"
I I i i 11!
5
10
0
0.10
0.25
0.50
|LATERAL|
"
| I II I
1 1 | 1 1 1 l|
1
1 1 | 1i 1
2 PltES
FIXED HEAD. 8, = 365
i I ii
_J
I I I I II I
5
10
SPACING RATIO. S/2r0
1111
| 1 lll|
1 1 | 1 1
|LATERAL|
ps^^ryp-
-vf
0 o 0.25
0.10 o 0.50
1
1 1 1 1 11 1
A
a
0
o
| VERTICAL |
I
10
i I
5
Mill
10
=0
*0
0.10
0.25
0.50
1 1 1 1 11
second pile generated by the first pile may not be in phase with the
motion of the second pile. Thus, effective stiffness and damping of the
second pile can be either larger or smaller than those of a single pile
due to the vibration of the first pile. The spacing ratio and the excitation
frequency, therefore, have a large impact on pile-group responses.
Spacing Ratio (s/2r) and Frequency (a0).The effects of spacing ratio
and frequency on 2-pile interaction are shown in Figs. 7-8. Since the soil
motion generated by a pile becomes negligible at a large distance from
1273
the pile, both spring and damping coefficients of a pile in a group approach those of an isolated pile for large pile spacing. Under the static
condition, this distance is about 30 pile diam for the lateral mode, and
about 20 pile diam for the vertical mode. As the frequency increases,
the ratios of dynamic to static spring and damping coefficients exhibit
wavy variations with the spacing ratio. These ratios, however, are nearly
unity at spacing ratios of about 50.
Pile Slenderness Ratio (L/2r0).The pile length, L, was kept sufficiently long so that it had a negligible influence on the pile-group response for the soil-pile parameters in Table 1. The influence of the pile
radius on the pile-group effects was found to be small when the frequency scale was represented by the dimensionless frequency, aa = <s>r0/
Vs, as shown in Fig. 9 for the lateral 2-pile interaction. Similar results
were obtained for the vertical case.
Soil-Pile Stiffness (KR or Kc).The effects of the local pile flexibility
factor, KR, on the lateral 2-pile interaction were studied (Fig. 10). Stiff
piles involve more interaction than flexible piles near the static condi1.5
"i
i
1
1
r
2 PILES ( 0 = 0 )
r
/ s/2i
5/Zl0 =
= Ie
.-o--
1.0
Br'
x>.
i ca- -a. _ .g
s/2r =
l2
ts 0.S
H/2t
K = 366
O
LATERAL
33
67
133
I
1.0
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
,&"
i
X
1
1
1
2 PILES 1 9 = 0 )
"
"^x , ^ - 8 / 2 ^ = 8
1.0
1 (\
S 0.5
t
Iu
n
H/2i
O
K = 366 |
LATERAL
i
33
# 6 7
133
1
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a0
1.0
0.5
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
1.5
1
1
2 PILES
9 = 0'
, - S/2[ 0 = B
H/L = 1.0
fr
1.0
< / ^
S/2r 0
0.5
*n
a a 3.7 * t o 2
LATERAL
O O 3.7 * 10 5
__!__
1.0
0.5
. DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a
ILES
'
2 PILES
H/L = 1.0
a.
Urn
1.5
o
S/2r
= 8
2.0
2 PILES
H/L = 1,0
. S/2r 0 = 8
1.5 -A
VERTICAL
<?
*
=i 1.0
2L.
S/2i = 2 '
CJI
SINGLE
2
1.01t
o.
e
243
1012
1.0
to 0.5
K
O
"a
S/2r 0 = 2
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
VERTICAL
, 1
243
o
a
1012
2024
0.S
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
10
1.5
I LATERAL I
S/2r 0 = 8
1.0
= 2
u 0.5
2 PILES
FIXED HEAD
T< = 366
POISSON'S
BATIO
D
O
D
O
0.40
0.30
B =0, H/L =1
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
1.0
ILATERALl
1.0
POISSON'S
RATIO
0.5
0.40
0.30
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS
0:45
1.0
FREQUENCY, a 0
I.5r
llATEHAll
1.0
2 PILES
% = 366
FBEE HEAD
0 , H/L = 1
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
1.0
LATERAL I
1.0
0.5
FREE HEAD
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
1.0
x2 + (20 = (Q-
(1)
This observation is nearly exact under static loading conditions and it
seems reasonable at small dimensionless frequencies. Fig. 14 shows the
2-pile interaction for the cases with the constant Ce in Eq. 1 equal to 4
1277
2.0
1 ' 1o
5s 1-0,l ^ j
/ \
LATERAL
H / L = 1.0
POSITION OF
2nd PILE
ii
o e
--o
IE
1 1
2 PILES
-u~^"
i 0.5i
WZto*"
"
_
1 . 5~
-
X__
1 1
0.5
__Y
_
"
_
1.5
1.0
2.0
1 1
2 PILES
LATERAL
H / L = 1.0
1.5
0.5
Hx
\7
POSITION OF
2nd PILE
-- 8
0
0
i
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS
1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
(jP
X_
16
1.0
FREQUENCY,
16
1 1 1 1 1 11
DIMENSIOPJLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
1.5
a0
and 16-pile diam. Results are shown for two piles with directional angles
of 0 and 90 degrees. Two-pile interaction tends to deviate more when
the spacing between the two piles becomes larger.
Loading Condition.Effective stiffness of a pile is different theoretically when the pile is loaded either at the pile head or seismically through
free-field soils. Under the seismic loading conditions, piles deform due
both to the free-field soil deformation and the inertial load from a superstructure. Pile responses caused by these two sources can involve different pile-group interaction effects. The effect of difference in loading
condition on the pile-group response was studied by computing the effective stiffnesses of pile groups excited seismically at the rigid base. The
study indicated that the pile-group effects are essentially independent
of loading conditions for the soil-pile systems in Table 1. Thus, the effective stiffness and damping of a pile group for a seismic response analysis can be evaluated from single-pile stiffness and damping for the seismic loading condition that is modified for the pile-group effects obtained
from the pile-head loading condition.
Spring and Damping Coefficients of Pile Group,Dynamic spring
and damping coefficients of pile groups were computed for several arrangements of piles. Fig. 15 shows the results for 3 x 3 groups. The
1278
dynamic spring coefficient of a pile group is strongly frequency dependent. This coefficient first decreases as the frequency increases from the
static condition. The decrease is due to the increased inertial effects of
the soil mass that moves in phase with piles. Similar phenomena have
been observed in the dynamic response of footings. For clustered pile
groups (e.g., s/2r0 case), the dynamic spring coefficients can become
negative. The dynamic spring coefficients of pile groups then increase
with an increase in frequency and exhibit peaks. These peaks are generated as a result of dynamic pile-soil-pile interaction effects in which
the soil motion generated by vibration of the pile group imposes constraints onto the pile movement for a certain combination of pile spacing
and frequency. For example, this is demonstrated at a dimensionless
frequency of about 0.2 for the group with the spacing ratio of 4.0. The
damping coefficients of a pile group also are influenced strongly by the
dynamic pile-soil-pile interaction. The frequency at which the interaction
effects start to become prominent depends on the pile spacing ratio.
The major difference between the damping characteristics of a surface
footing and a pile group was studied. Fig. 16 compares the damping of
pile groups with that of surface footings; this damping is essentially due
DIMENSIONLESS
3.0
2.0 - ,
1.0
-i
FREQUENCY, a 0
3x3 GROUP
LATERAL
FIXED HEAD
H/L = 1.0
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
T i i i i i i i I i i r
CASE 1
{SURFACE
FOOTING)
CASE 2
{ 2 x 2 GROUP)
TT
CASE 3
{ 3 x 3 GROUP)
1.5
0.5
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
10.0
CASE 1
{SURFACE
FOOTING)
CASE 2
( 2 x 2 GROUP)
CASE 3
(3 x 3 GROUP)
a
71*
hri
i_
0.5
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a
1.5
1.5 " 1
j -
.
_
(1)
- . <3>
-**
p = e = ^ _ ^
, 0.5
I I I )
'1.0
(1)
3 x3
GROUP
( S / 2 r 0 = 2, FIXED HEAD)
1
1
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS
1.5|
(1)
(2)
/
<t
s
l
[,<. ^ \
1
_
1
1.0
FREQUENCY. a
0.5
3 3
_J
GROUP ( S / 2 r 0 = 8,
I
I
0.5
DIMENSIONLESS
FIXED
I
HEAD)
1.0
FREQUENCY,
a0
with spacing ratios of 2 and 8. Center piles carry the least load under
the static condition, but they tend to carry larger load as the interaction
becomes larger. On the other hand, corner piles become less stiff as the
frequency increases from the static condition. For the case with a spacing
ratio of 2, the effective stiffness of the center pile increased by a factor
of more than 2 as the dimensionless frequency increased from 0 to 0.7.
For pile groups with large spacings, the moment distribution pattern
among piles fluctuates strongly with frequency. Similar phenomena were
observed also for the pile-head shear distribution among piles.
Soil-Pile Springs and Damping.A beam-on-Winkler foundation type
analysis of a pile group requires soil-pile springs that include dynamic
pile-group effects. Equivalent soil-pile springs were evaluated for the
present analytic model following the method represented by Kagawa
and Kraft (6-8). The lateral load-displacement relation, p-y, was defined
V = E*8Hy
(2)
1.5
| LATERAL |
&
-S/2r0
!5
- = 32
1.0
^^-^
X ^ > ^ ^
8
C^
>
--~
'-
^^
4
= 2
a- 0.5
2 PILES
FIXED HEAD
KR = 366, H/L = 1
0 = 0
I
0.5
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a
1.0
0.5
~I
2 PILES
FIXED HEAD
1(B = 366, H/L = 1
0 = 0
-0.5
0.5
1.0
DIMENSIONLESS FREQUENCY, a 0
are complex numbers. The real part of 8 H , 8? is the "true" soil-pile spring
coefficient, and the imaginary part represents the material as well as the
radiation damping associated with the soil-pile interaction.
The axial load-displacement relation, t-z, was defined in a similar manner as
t = E?8"z.
(3)
in which t = axial soil reaction on a unit pile length; 8" = soil-pile spring
coefficient (= 8? + z'Sg); and z = axial pile displacement.
An extensive parametric study was m a d e t o determine the behavior
of the soil-pile spring coefficients, 8 H and 8", as affected by the pilegroup interaction. Results were summarized, e.g., in terms of the ratios
between the soil-pile spring coefficients for two piles and a single pile.
These ratios are similar essentially to the ratios of pile-head spring coefficients, and they depend primarily on the dimensionless frequency, a0,
the spacing ratio, s/2r0, and the directional angle between piles, 6. Fig.
18 shows the real and imaginary parts of the ratio for the lateral mode.
These results were used to develop a numerical method, based on the
beam-on-Winkler foundation approach, for dynamic response analyses
1282
of pile groups. Details of the parametric study and the numerical method
are reported elsewhere (5).
CONCLUSIONS
been used for practical problems in designing pile foundations for machinery.
The present study, however, w a s limited to the linear range. The results cannot be used directly in the time-domain analyses of pile g r o u p s
that involve several forms of nonlinearity including gapping b e t w e e n
piles a n d soil. Extensive studies are needed to develop a procedure to
determine soil-pile springs a n d d a m p i n g for nonlinear beam-on-Winkler
models of pile groups.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
13. Sheta, M., and Novak, M., Vertical Vibration of Pile Groups, Research Report
GEOT-13-80, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, 1980.
14. Wolf, J. P., "Dynamic Stiffness of Group of Battered Piles," Journal of the
Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, "Vol. 106, No. GT12, 1980, pp. 198203.
15. Wolf, J. P., and von Arx, G. A., "Impedence Function of a Group of Vertical
Piles," Proceedings, ASCE, Vol. 2, 1978, pp. 1024-1041.
APPENDIX II.NOTATION
Es
E?
EI,EA
Gs
G*
H
KR
L
V
r0
s
t
vs
y
z
.0
5H
6D
V
9
0)
1285