The political doctrine of anacyclosis (or anakyklosis from Greek: ) is a cyclical

theory of political evolution. The theory of anacyclosis is based upon the Greek typology of
constitutional forms of rule by the one, the few, and the many. Anacyclosis states that three basic
forms of "benign" government (monarchy, aristocracy, anddemocracy) are inherently weak and
unstable, tending to degenerate rapidly into the three basic forms of "malignant" government
(tyranny, oligarchy, and ochlocracy). Note that "ochlocracy" refers to mob rule, not the concept of
democracy created in the late 18th century.
According to the doctrine, "benign" governments have the interests of all at heart, whereas
"malignant" governments have the interests of a select few at heart. However, all six are
considered unworkable because the first three rapidly transform into the latter three due to
political corruption.
Contents
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1Polybius' sequence
2Origin
3Historical references
4Modern analysis
5See also
6References
7External links

Polybius' sequence[edit]
Polybius' sequence of anacyclosis proceeds in the following order: 1. Monarchy, 2. Kingship, 3.
Tyranny, 4. Aristocracy, 5. Oligarchy, 6. Democracy, and 7. Ochlocracy.
According to Polybius' elaboration of the theory, the state begins in a form of primitive monarchy.
The state will emerge from monarchy under the leadership of an influential and wise king; this
represents the emergence of "kingship". Political power will pass by hereditary succession to the
children of the king, who will abuse their authority for their own gain; this represents the
degeneration of kingship into "tyranny".
Some of the more influential and powerful men of the state will grow weary of the abuses of
tyrants, and will overthrow them; this represents the ascendancy of "aristocracy" (as well as the
end of the "rule by the one" and the beginning of the "rule by the few").
Just as the descendants of kings, however, political influence will pass to the descendants of the
aristocrats, and these descendants will begin to abuse their power and influence, as the tyrants
before them; this represents the decline of aristocracy and the beginning of "oligarchy". As
Polybius explains, the people will by this stage in the political evolution of the state decide to take
political matters into their own hands.
This point of the cycle sees the emergence of "democracy", as well as the beginning of "rule by
the many". In the same way that the descendants of kings and aristocrats abused their political

status, so too will the descendants of democrats. Accordingly, democracy degenerates into
"ochlocracy", literally, "mob-rule". During ochlocracy, according to Polybius, the people of the
state will become corrupted, and will develop a sense of entitlement and will be conditioned to
accept the pandering of demagogues.
Eventually, the state will be engulfed in chaos, and the competing claims of demagogues will
culminate in a single (sometimes virtuous) demagogue claiming absolute power, bringing the
state full-circle back to monarchy.

Origin[edit]
This theory was developed in stages by the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, but is
mainly attributable to the ancient Greek historian Polybius. Polybius' explanation of anacyclosis
is found in Book VI of The Histories.

Historical references[edit]
Cicero describes anacyclosis in his philosophical work De re publica.
Machiavelli references anacyclosis in Book I, Chapter II in his Discourses on Livy.
Francesco Sansovino described anacyclosis his 1583 work Propositioni, Overo Considerationi in
Materia di Cose di Stato Sotto Titolo di Avvertimenti, Avvedimenti Civili & Concetti Politici.
John Adams described anacyclosis in Letter XXXI (Ancient Republics, and Opinions of
Philosophers) of his 1787 work Defense of the Constitutions of the United States.

Modern analysis[edit]
Anacyclosis was evaluated in detail by F. W. Walbank in his A Historical Commentary on
Polybius (Oxford, 1957) (see Volume I, Book VI).
Anacyclosis was also analyzed at length by G. W. Trompf in The Idea of Historical Recurrence in
Western Thought (University of California, 1979) (see Chapter 1: The Polybian Anacyclosis or
Cycle of Governments).
In 2013, The Institute for Anacyclosis, a nonpartisan, nonprofit corporation, was incorporated to
research anacyclosis and related ideas. The Institute for Anacyclosis has developed an updated
model of anacyclosis based on the classical Polybian version.

See also[edit]

Kyklos

Mixed government

References[edit]

On the Desiderability of Neo-Republican Liberty

Book VI of the Histories

Discourses on Livy