STAT 211-200

EXAM 2 FORM A

SUMMER03

An electronic product contains 40 integrate circuits. The probability that any integrated circuit is defective
is 0.01. The integrated circuits are independent. Notice that X: number of defective integrated circuits, is
Binomial distributed. Answer the following 2 questions using this information.
1.

What is the expected number of defective integrated circuits?

(a) 0.04
(b) 0.4
(c) 4
(d) 40
(e) 400

2.

The product operates only if there are no defective integrated circuits. What is the probability that the
product operates?
(a) 1x10-8
(b) 0.2703
(c) 0.3310
(d) 0.6690
(e) 1

The number of telephone calls that arrive at a phone exchange is often modeled as a Poisson random
variable. Assume that on the average there are 10 calls per hour. Notice that X: number of telephone calls,
is Poisson distributed. Answer the following 3 questions using this information.
3.

What is the probability that there are exactly 10 calls in 2 hours?

(a) 0.0058
(b) 0.1251
(c) 0.5000
(d) 0.8749
(e) 0.9942

4.

What is the probability that there are exactly 2 calls in 30 minutes?

(a) 0.0023
(b) 0.0842
(c) 0.5000
(d) 0.9158
(e) 0.9977

5.

What is the variance in the number of telephone calls that arrive at a phone exchange per hour?
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 15
(d) 20
(e) 25

The time between calls to plumbing supply business is exponentially distributed with a mean time between
calls of 15 minutes. Notice that X: the time between calls, is exponentially distributed. Answer the
following 2 questions using this information.
6.

What is the expected time until the next call?

(a) 1/15
(b) 1/5
(c) 5
(d) 10
(e) 15

STAT 211-200
7.

EXAM 2 FORM A

SUMMER03

What is the probability that the time until the next call is between 20 and 30 minutes?
(a) 0
(b) 0.1283
(c) 0.1353
(d) 0.2636
(e) 0.3744

The reaction time of a driver to visual stimulus is normally distributed with a mean of 0.4 second and a
standard deviation of 0.05 second. Answer the following 3 questions using this information.
8.

What is the probability that a reaction time requires more than 0.5 second?
(a) 0.0228
(b) 0.4772
(c) 0.5228
(d) 0.9772

9.

What is the reaction time that is exceeded 90% of the time?

(a) 0.318
(b) 0.336
(c) 0.464
(d) 0.482

10. What standard deviation of reaction time is needed so that the probability of reaction time requires
more than 0.5 second is 0.01?
(a) 0.0429
(b) 0.05
(c) 0.4
(d) 23.3
(e) 125
Let X be the next value produced by a random number generator. It is modeled by the following
probability density function (pdf),

k (5 x), 0 x 1
f(x)=

otherwise
0,

Answer the following 3 questions using this information.

11. Which of the following is the best answer of k for this pdf to be a legitimate?
(a) 1/9
(b) 2/9
(c) 2/8
(d) 8/2
(e) 9/2
12. Which of the following is P(X>2)?
(a) 0
(b) 0.4
(c) 0.6
(d) 1
13. Which of the following is the E(X)?
(a) 13k/6
(b) 5k/2

STAT 211-200

EXAM 2 FORM A

SUMMER03

(c) k/3
(d) 2k/5
(e) 6k/13
14. Let Z be a standard normal random variable. Which of the following z* satisfies P( Z > z*) = 0.2?
(a) 0.84
(b) 0.58
(c) 0.58
(d) 0.84
Quality audit records are kept on numbers of major and minor failures of circuit packs during-in of large
electronic switching devices. They indicate that for a device of this type, the random variables X (the
number of major failures) and Y (the number of minor failures) can be described at least approximately by
the accompanying joint distribution.
x
0
1
Total
y
0
0.25
0.10
0.35
1
0.15
0.20
0.35
2
0.10
0.20
0.30
Total
0.50
0.50
1
E(Y)=0.95
E(Y2)=1.55
Var(Y)=0.6475. Answer the following 9 questions using all these
information.
15. Which of the following is the probability of observing exactly one minor failure?
(a) 0.20
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.30
(d) 0.35
(e) 0.50
16. Which of the following is the joint probability of observing no major failures and 2 minor failures?
(Hint: P( X=0 , Y=2 ) )
(a) 0.05
(b) 0.10
(c) 0.15
(d) 0.20
(e) 0.25
17. Given that there are 2 minor failures observed, what is the probability of observing no major failures?
(Hint: P( X=0 | Y=2 ))
(a) 0.10
(b) 0.30
(c) 0.33
(d) 0.50
(e) 0.67
18. Which of the following is the expected number of major failures?
(a) 0
(b) 0.5
(c) 1
(d) 1.5
(e) 2
19. Which of the following is the standard deviation in the major failures?
(a) 0.016
(b) 0.125
(c) 0.250

STAT 211-200

EXAM 2 FORM A

SUMMER03

(d) 0.500
(e) 0.595
20. Which of the following is the covariance between the major failures and the minor failures. (Hint:
Cov(X,Y))
(a) 0
(b) 0.125
(c) 0.250
(d) 0.500
(e) 0.600
21. Would you call the major failures (X) and the minor failures (Y) as unrelated?
(a) Yes
(b) No
The variable U=Y-X is potential interest.
information.

Answer the following 2 questions using this additional

22. Which of the following is the probability of U=1?

(a) 0.05
(b) 0.15
(c) 0.25
(d) 0.35
(e) 0.45
23. Which of the following is the expected value of U.
(a) 0.05
(b) 0.45
(c) 0.50
(d) 0.55
(e) 0.95
24. Let Z be a standard normal random variable. Which of the following is the P( |Z| > 0.3)?
(a) 0.1179
(b) 0.2358
(c) 0.3821
(d) 0.6179
(e) 0.7642
25. Let Z be a standard normal random variable. Which of the following is the P(0 Z < 0.3)?
(a) 0.1179
(b) 0.2358
(c) 0.3821
(d) 0.6179
(e) 0.7642

Formulas
Discrete probability distribution, p(x) is legitimate if
0 p(x)=P(X=x) 1 for all x where X is a discrete random variable (r.v).

p ( x) 1

all x

STAT 211-200

EXAM 2 FORM A

SUMMER03

Cumulative Distribution Function, (CDF) for discrete X: F ( x ) P ( X x )

P( X

y)

for all y

P(a X b) F (b) F (a 1) and P( X a) F (a) F (a 1) where a and b are

The expected value of a discrete variable, X : E ( X )

x p( x)

for all x

The expected value of a function of discrete variables, h(x) : E ( h( x ))

h( x ) p ( x )

for all x
2

The variance of a discrete variable, X: 2 = Var(X) = E[( X ) ] E ( X 2 ) 2

E( X )
2

where

p( x)

for all x

The standard deviation of numerical variable, X: = 2

Bernoulli Distribution: It is based on Bernoulli trial (an experiment with two, and only two, possible
outcomes). A r.v. X has a Bernoulli(p) distribution if
P(X=x)= p x (1 p )1 x ,
x 0,1 and 0p1. where E(X) = p and Var(X) = p(1-p)
Binomial Distribution: Approximate probability model for sampling without replacement from a finite
dichotomous population. X~Binomial(n,p).
n fixed trials
each trial is identical and results in success or failure
independent trials
the probability of success (p) is constant from trial to trial
X is the number of successes among n trials

n x n x
P(X x) p (1 p ,) x0,12,. ,n
x

E(X) = np

and

Var(X) = np(1-p)

Poisson Distribution: The probability of an arrival is proportional to the length of waiting time.

P ( X x)

e x
, x 0,1,2,3,...........,
x!

: intensity parameter (mean rate, expected number of occurrences).

X : number of occurrences per given period
E(X)=Var(X)=.
Continuous probability distribution, p(x) is legitimate
(i)
f(x) 0, for all x

(ii)

f ( x ) dx 1 = area under the entire graph of f(x).

STAT 211-200

EXAM 2 FORM A

SUMMER03

Cumulative Distribution Function for continuous X (cdf) : F(x)= P ( X x )

f ( y)dy.

F(-)=0, F()=1, P (a X b) P ( a X b) F (b) F (a ) , P(X>a)=P(Xa)=1-F(a)

Obtaining f(x) from F(x) : If X is a continuous r.v. with pdf f(x) and cdf F(x), then at every x at which the
derivative exists, F`(x)=f(x).
Percentile of a continuous distribution: Let p be a number between 0 and 1. the (100p)th percentile of
the
distribution
of
a
continuous
r.v.
X,
denoted
by
r(p),
is
defined
by
r ( p)

p F (r ( p )) P ( X r ( p ))

f ( y )dy.

where P(Xmedian)=P(X>median)=0.50

Expected value for the continuous random variable, X: E ( X )

f ( x )dx.

Expected

value

E ( h( x ))

for

the

function

of

continuous

random

variables,

h(x):

h( x )

f ( x ) dx.

Variance for the continuous random variable, X:

2 Var ( X ) E ( X 2 ) 2

where

E( X 2 )

f ( x ) dx.

1
,
axb
ba
X
Normal Distribution: X ~ N ( , 2 ) and z
~ N (0 , 1) where z is the standard normal variable

Uniform Distribution: X ~U[a,b] then f ( x )

which is used to look at the table.

Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution:

Let X be a binomial r.v. based on n trials with success probability p. Then if the binomial probability
histogram is not too skewed, X has approximately a normal distribution with = np and
x 0.5 np
(check if np10 and n(1-p)10 to use the
np (1 p ) then P ( X x )
np (1 p )

formula).
The Gamma Distribution:X~ Gamma ( , ) then (1 / 2) , E ( X ) , Var ( X ) 2

( ) x 1 e x dx,

( 1) ( 1),
1
( 1)!,
is any positive integer
If =1 then it is called standard gamma distribution.
When the random variable is a standard gamma r.v. then the cdf is called the incomplete gamma
function (Appendix Table A.4). F(x;,)=F(x/;)
x*
If = 1 then it is Exponential(=1/). f ( x) e x , x>0 and

P( X x*) 1 e

where E(X)=1/ and Var(X)=1/ .

Discrete Data: If p(x,y) is the joint pmf for x and y, the marginal pmf for x can be computed as

p ( x, y )
y

E(X)=

x p( x, y ) x p( x) and E ( X
x

p ( x, y ) .
) x p ( x, y ) x

and the marginal pmf for y can be computed as

x

p( x)

STAT 211-200

E(XY)=

x y p ( x, y )
x

EXAM 2 FORM A

and

Cov(X,Y)=E(XY)-E(X)E(Y)

p(x | y)=p(x,y) / p(y) where p(y)>0 and E(X|Y)=

x p( x | y )
x

General rules on the expected value and the variance:

For constants a, b, and c and the random variables X and Y,
E(aX bY c) = aE(X) bE(Y) c
Var(a X b Y c) = a2Var(X)+ b2Var(Y) 2 abCov(X, Y)

SUMMER03