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Description:
x
Customer No.:
Prepared By
x
x
x
x
x
Item No.:
x
Owner No.:
x
x
Dwg. No.:
A
Welding elbow or pipe bend
[ Notes (2), (4) - (7) ]
r2
Date
Rev.
2/16/2008
x
x
x
x
0
1
2
3
4
R1
(R1/r2)
T=
h=
c1 =
mm
mm
mm
kPa(g)
kPa
mm
mm
mm
0.081
1.00
20.26
3.99
3.99
ii =
4.79
4.79
kp =
17.62
iop =
3.29
3.29
(R1/r2) ]
iip =
3.94
3.94
1/3
711.2
9.525
0.1250
1.5
100.0
2.7.E+07
0
1066.8
350.900
9.400
2/3
5/2
5/2
c=
x=
P=
E=
flgs =
R1 =
r2 =
k=
io =
2/3
7/3
Do =
Tn =
(R1/r2) ]
2/3
ASME B31.3
APPENDIX D
TABLE D300
FLEXIBILITY FACTOR, k AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTOR, i
NOTES:
(1) Stress intensification and flexibility factor data in Table D300 are for use in the absence of more directly
applicable data (see para. 319.3.6). Their validity has been demonstrated for D/ T <= 100.
(2) The flexibility factor k in the Table applies to bending in any plane. The flexibility factors k and stress
intensification factors i shall not be less than unity; factors for torsion equal unity. Both factors apply over
the effective arc length (shown by heavy center lines in the sketches) for curved and miter bends, and to the
intersection point for tees.
(3) A single intensification factor equal to 0.9/ h2/3 may be used for both ii and io if desired.
(4) The values of k and i can be read directly from Chart A by entering with the characteristic h computed
from the formulas given above. Nomenclature is as follows:
Db = outside diameter of branch
R1 = bend radius of welding elbow or pipe bend
rx = see definition in para. 304.3.4(c)
r2 = mean radius of matching pipe
s = miter spacing at center line
T = for elbows and miter bends, the nominal wall thickness of the fitting
= for tees, the nominal wall thickness of the matching pipe
Tc = the crotch thickness of branch connections measured at the center of the crotch where shown in the
sketches
Tr = pad or saddle thickness
= one-half angle between adjacent miter axes
(5) Where flanges are attached to one or both ends, the values of k and i in the Table shall be corrected by the
factors C1, which can be read directly from Chart B, entering with the computed h.
(6) The designer is cautioned that cast buttwelded fittings may have considerably heavier walls than that of
the pipe with which they are used. Large errors may be introduced unless the effect of these greater
thicknesses is considered.
(7) In large diameter thin-wall elbows and bends, pressure can significantly affect the magnitudes of k and i.
To correct values from the Table, divide k by
[ 1 + 6 (P / E) (r2 / T)7/3 (R1 / r2)1/3 ]
divide i by
[ 1 + 3.25 (P / E) (r2 / T)^ 5/2 (R1 / r2)^ 2/3 ]
For consistency, use kPa and mm for SI metric, and psi and in. for US customary notation.
(8) When Tr is > 1 1/2 T, use h = 4 T/ r2.
(9) The designer must be satisfied that this fabrication has a pressure rating equivalent to straight pipe.
(10) Factors shown apply to bending. Flexibility factor for torsion equals 0.9.
(11) If rx >= 1/8 Db and Tc >= 1.5T, a flexibility characteristic of 4.4 T/r2 may be used.
(12) The out-of-plane stress intensification factor (SIF) for a reducing branch connection with branch-to-run
diameter ratio of 0.5 < d /D < 1.0 may be nonconservative. A smooth concave weld contour has been shown
to reduce the SIF. Selection of the appropriate SIF is the designer's responsibility.
(13) Stress intensification factors for branch connections are based on tests with at least two diameters of
straight run pipe on each side of the branch center line. More closely loaded branches may require special
consideration.
(14) 2.1 max. or 2.1 T/Cx, but not less than 1.3. Cx is the fillet weld leg length (see Fig. 328.5.2C). For
unequal leg lengths, use the smaller leg for Cx.
NOTES:
(1) The following nomenclature applies to Table D-l:
B = length of miter segment at crotch, in. (mm)
Do = outside diameter, in.
Dob = outside diameter of branch, in. (mm)
R = bend radius of elbow or pipe bend, in. (mm)
r = mean radius of pipe, in. (mm) (matching pipe for tees)
rx = external crotch radius of welded-in contour inserts and welding tees, in (mm)
s = miter spacing at center line, in. (mm)
Tc = crotch thickness of welded-in contour inserts and welding tees, in. (mm)
tn = nominal wall thickness of pipe, in. (mm) (matching pipe
for tees)
tr = reinforcement pad or saddle thickness, in. (mm)
(10) The equation applies only if the following conditions are met:
(a) The reinforcement area requirements of para. 104.3 are met.
(b) The axis of the branch pipe is normal to the surface of run pipe wall.
(c) For branch connections in a pipe, the arc distance measured between the centers of adjacent
branches along the surface of the run pipe is not less than three times the sum of their inside radii in the
longitudinal direction or is not less than two times the sum of their radii along the circumference of the
run pipe.
(d) The inside corner radius r1 (see Fig. D-l) is between 10% and 50% of tnh .
(e) The outer radius r2 (see Fig. D-l) is not less than the larger of Tb/2, ( Tb + y)/2 [shown in Fig. D-1
sketch (c)], or tnh/2.
(f) The outer radius r3 (see Fig. D-l) is not less than the larger of:
(1) 0.002do ;
(2) 2(sin )3 times the offset for the configurations shown in Fig. D-1 sketches (a) and (b).
(g) Rm/tnh 50 and r'm * tm/Rm 0.5.
(11) The stress intensification factors apply to girth butt welds between two items for which the wall thicknesses
are between 0.875t and 1.10t for an axial distance of (Dot)0.5. Do and t are nominal outside diameter and nominal
wall thickness, respectively. avg is the average mismatch or offset.
(12) For welds to socket welded fittings, the stress intensification factor is based on the assumption that the pipe
and fitting are matched in accordance with ASME B16.11 and a full weld is made between the pipe and fitting as
shown in Fig. 127.4.4(C). For welds to socket welding flanges, the stress intensificatin factor is based on the weld
geometry shown in Fig. 127.4.4(B) and has been shown to envelop the results of the pipe to socket welded fitting
tests. Blending the toe of the fillet weld, with no undercut, smoothly into the pipe wall, as shown in the concave
fillet welds in Fig. 127.4.4(A) sketches (b) and (d), has been shown to improve the fatigue performance of the
weld.
(13) The equation applies only if the following conditions are met:
(a) Cone angle does not exceed 60 deg., and the reducer is concentric.
(b) The larger of D1/ t1 and D2/ t2 does not exceed 100.
(c) The wall thickness is not less than t1 throughout the body of the reducer, except in and immediately
adjacent to the cylindrical portion on the small end, where the thickness shall not be less than t2.
(14) Factors shown apply to bending; flexibility factor for torsion equals 0.9.
For consistency, use kPa and mm for SI metric, and psi and in. for US customary notation.
r2
r2
R1
s
R1 = s cot / 2
r2
r2
R1 = r2 ( 1 + cot )/ 2
r2
Tc
rx
r2
Tr
Saddle
Tr
Pad
r2
r2
rx
Tc
rx
Tc
r2
The sketches below are shown in ASME B31.1, Table D-1. They can be applied with B31.3.
Tb
Tb
Db
tnb
Branch pipe
tnb
r3
Db
n<= 45 deg.
r'm
r'm
Offset
L1
Branch pipe
r3
n = 90 deg.
Offset
L1
ri
ri
rp
r2
rp
r1
r2
r1
tnh
Rm
Rm
Do
(a)
(b)
Tb = tnb + 0.667 y
tnb
tnb = Tb
Branch pipe
r3
Db
r'm
Db
r'm
L1
ri
ri
r2
rp
r1
Branch
rp
n <= 45 deg.
r2
r1
tnh
y
Rm
Rm
Do
(c)
(d)
t1
D1
tnh
t2
D2
ed with B31.3.
Branch pipe
L1
L1
tnh
Do
Branch
tnh
Do
Unit
PSIG
KSI
Value
1
0.001
Value
14.223343
0.014223343
kg(force)/cm2
Pa
kPa
MPa
atm
bar-G
0.070306959
6894.757
6.894757
0.006894757
0.068046
0.0689476
1
98066.493
98.066493
0.098066493
0.967841
0.980665
mm of Hg (oC)
51.7149
735.559
To user: Get your free copy of the Convert.exe program from http://www.joshmadison.com/software/ .
Convert.exe is not delivered with this template.
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Tables are used by drop-down selection boxes and are referred by lookup formulas.
Be careful when making changes.
Units Conversion
US & SI
factor
25.4
Link Cell
Elbow Do
22
Elbow Tn
19
link
Pipe schedules:
List
Index
Pipe Dimensions:
List
Sch/Wall
Index
1
5S
17
10S
27
10
10
20
10
30
40S
19
Std Wt
22
40
17
60
22
80S
15
XS
80
12
100
21
120
25
140
17
160
15
XXS
20 1/8" Thk
1/8"
21 3/16" Thk
3/16"
13
22 1/4" Thk
1/4"
23 5/16" Thk
5/16"
24 3/8" Thk
3/8"
25 7/16" Thk
7/16"
26 1/2" Thk
1/2"
27 5/8" Thk
5/8"
28 3/4" Thk
3/4"
29 7/8" Thk
7/8"
30 1" Thk
1"
31 1 1/8" Thk
1 1/8"
32 1 1/4" Thk
1 1/4"
33 1 3/8" Thk
1 3/8"
34 1 1/2" Thk
1 1/2"
35 1 5/8" Thk
1 5/8"
36 1 3/4" Thk
1 3/4"
37 1 7/8" Thk
38 2" Thk
1 7/8"
2"
39 2 1/8" Thk
2 1/8"
40 2 1/4" Thk
2 1/4"
41 2 3/8" Thk
2 3/8"
42 2 1/2" Thk
2 1/2"
atm
kPa
L_c
L_u
mm_Hg_oC
MPa_
Pa
PipeDim
PipeWall
psi
=Units!$D$13
=Units!$D$11
=Tables!$D$6
=Tables!$E$6
=Units!$D$15
=Units!$D$12
=Units!$D$10
=Tables!$J$11:$BC$39
=Tables!$F$11:$H$52
=Units!$D$7
Inch
Do
0.840
1.050
Inch
LR
Inch
SR
Thickness, Inch
5S
10S
N/A
0.065
0.065
0.083
0.083 N/A
N/A
0.109
0.109
1.125 N/A
0.065
0.065
0.083
0.083 N/A
N/A
0.113
0.113
0.133
0.133
N/A
10
20
30
40S
Std Wt
40
60
80S
XS
80
100
120
140
160
0.109 N/A
0.147
0.147
0.147 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.188
0.113 N/A
0.154
0.154
0.154 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.219
0.133 N/A
0.179
0.179
0.179 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.25
1.315
1.5
0.065
0.065
0.109
0.109 N/A
N/A
1.660
1.875
1.25
0.065
0.065
0.109
0.109 N/A
N/A
0.14
0.14
0.14 N/A
0.191
0.191
0.191 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.25
1.900
2.25
1.5
0.065
0.065
0.109
0.109 N/A
N/A
0.145
0.145
0.145 N/A
0.2
0.2
0.2 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.281
2.375
0.065
0.065
0.109
0.109 N/A
N/A
0.154
0.154
0.154 N/A
0.218
0.218
0.218 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.344
2.875
3.75
2.5
0.083
0.083
0.12
0.12 N/A
N/A
0.203
0.203
0.203 N/A
0.276
0.276
0.276 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.375
3.500
4.5
0.083
0.083
0.12
0.12 N/A
N/A
0.216
0.216
0.216 N/A
N/A
4.500
0.083
0.083
0.12
0.12 N/A
N/A
0.237
0.237
0.237
5.563
7.5
0.109
0.109
0.134
0.134 N/A
N/A
0.258
0.258
6.625
0.109
0.109
0.134
0.134 N/A
N/A
0.28
0.28
8.625
12
0.109
0.109
0.148
0.148
0.25
0.277
0.322
0.322
0.322
10.75
15
10
0.134
0.134
0.165
0.165
0.25
0.307
0.365
0.365
12.75
18
12
0.156
0.165
0.18
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.375
0.375
14.00
21
14
0.156 N/A
0.188
0.25
0.312
0.375
0.375
16.00
24
16
0.165 N/A
0.188
0.25
0.312
0.375
0.375
18.00
27
18
0.165 N/A
0.188
0.25
0.312
0.437
20.00
30
20
0.188 N/A
0.218
0.25
0.375
0.5
24.00
36
24
0.218 N/A
0.25
0.375
0.562
26.00
39
26 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.312
0.5 N/A
28.00
42
28 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.312
0.5
30.00
45
30
0.312
32.00
48
32 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.312
34.00
51
34 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.312
36.00
54
36 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.312 N/A
42.00
63
42 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
46.00
69
46 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
48.00
72
48 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.25 N/A
0.25
0.312
0.3
0.3
0.3 N/A
0.337
0.337
0.337 N/A
0.258 N/A
0.375
0.375
0.28 N/A
0.432
0.432
0.406
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.365
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.406
0.562
0.5
0.5
0.375
0.437
0.593
0.5
0.375
0.5
0.656
0.5
0.375
0.375
0.562
0.75
0.375
0.375
0.593
0.812
0.375
0.375
0.687
0.968
0.375
0.375 N/A
N/A
0.625
0.375
0.375 N/A
N/A
0.5
0.625
0.375
0.375 N/A
N/A
0.5
0.625
0.375
0.375
0.688 N/A
0.5
0.625
0.375
0.375
0.688 N/A
0.625
0.375
0.375
0.75 N/A
0.281
N/A
0.438
0.437 N/A
0.531
0.375 N/A
0.5 N/A
0.625
0.432 N/A
0.562 N/A
0.719
0.593
0.718
0.812
0.906
0.594
0.718
0.843
1.125
0.688
0.843
1.125
1.312
0.5
0.75
0.937
1.093
1.25
1.406
0.5
0.844
1.031
1.218
1.437
1.594
0.5
0.5
0.938
1.156
1.375
1.562
1.781
0.5
0.5
1.031
1.28
1.5
1.75
1.969
0.5
0.5
1.219
0.5
0.5 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5
0.5 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5
0.5 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.531
1.812
2.062
2.344
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5
XXS
1/8"
3/16"
1/4"
5/16"
3/8"
7/16"
1/2"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1 1/8"
1 1/4"
1 3/8"
1 1/2"
1 5/8"
1 3/4"
1 7/8"
2"
2 1/8"
0.294 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.308 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.358 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.382 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.4 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.436 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.552 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.674
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
0.75
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5 N/A
0.864
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
0.875
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
N/A
0.125
0.1875
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1.125
1.25
1.375
1.5
1.625
1.75
1.875
2.125
2 1/4"
2 3/8"
2 1/2"
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.840
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.050
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.315
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.660
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.900
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.375
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.875
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.500
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.500
N/A
N/A
N/A
5.563
2.25
2.375
2.5
6.625
2.25
2.375
2.5
8.625
2.25
2.375
2.5
10.75
2.25
2.375
2.5
12.75
2.25
2.375
2.5
14.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
16.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
18.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
20.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
24.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
26.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
28.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
30.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
32.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
34.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
36.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
42.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
46.00
2.25
2.375
2.5
48.00
7/3/2002
Revisions:
Updated per ASME B31.3-2002
Added pressure affect on bends
Changed welding tee and welded-in contour insert formulas for "h" and per Note (11)
Added choice of units: US customary (inch & psi) or SI (mm and kPa)
11/24/2004
Added macros for hiding/ unhiding certain worksheets, and changing protections.
4/9/2005
9/27/2005
Changed Note 11 in B31.3 Notes sheet per B31.3-2004 version. Changed formatting.
2/6/2008
2/16/2008