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Mixture
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For other uses, see Mix (disambiguation).

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In chemistry, a mixture is a material system made up of two or more different substances which

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are mixed but are not combined chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or

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more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions,

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suspensions, and colloids.

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Mixtures are the one product of a mechanical blending or mixing of chemical substances such as
elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each
ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup.[1] Despite that there are no
chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point,

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may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components

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by physical (mechanical or thermal) means. Azeotropes are one kind of mixture that usually pose

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considerable difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their constituents

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(physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).

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Kinds of mixtures

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Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a type of

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mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties.

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A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the components can be seen, as there are

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two or more phases present. One example of a mixture is air. Air is a homogeneous mixture of the
gaseous substances nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts of other substances. Salt, sugar, and
many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture

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in which there is both a solute and solvent present is also a solution. Mixtures can have any

amounts of ingredients.

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Avae'

The following table shows the main properties of the three families of mixtures.

Solution

()

Suspension

Visually homogeneous

Catal

Colloid

Homogeneity

Homogeneous

but microscopically

Heterogeneous

heterogeneous

etina
Dansk
Deutsch

Particle size

< 1 nm

1 nm 1 m

Physically stable

Yes

Yes

Exhibits Tyndall effect

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Eesti

Espaol
Esperanto
Euskara

Franais

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Separates by
centrifugation
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> 1 m
Needs stabilizing
agents

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Gaeilge

Separates by

Galego

decantation

No

No

Yes

The following table shows examples of the three types of mixtures.

Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
IsiXhosa
slenska
Italiano

Dispersion

Dissolved

medium

or

(Mixture

dispersed

phase)

phase

Solution

Kreyl ayisyen

Gas

Latina

(oxygen and other

None

aerosol:[2]

Bahasa Melayu
None

Liquid

Nederlands

Gas

fog, mist,

Spray

vapor, hair

Norsk nynorsk

sprays

Polski

Solid

Portugus

aerosol:[2]
None

Solid

Runa Simi

smoke,

Dust

cloud, air

particulates

Scots

Liquid foam:

Simple English
Slovenina
/ srpski
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None

Liquid

Slovenina

dispersion)

gases in nitrogen)

Romn

Suspension (Coarse

Gas mixture: air

Colloid

Gas

Solution:
oxygen in water

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whipped
cream,

Sea foam, Beer head

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oxygen in water

/ srpski
Srpskohrvatski /

cream

Suomi
Svenska

Liquid

Tagalog

shaving

Solution:
Liquid

alcoholic
beverages

Trke

Solid

Solution:
sugar in water

Emulsion:
milk,
mayonnaise,

Vinaigrette

hand cream
Liquid sol:
pigmented
ink, blood

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Suspension:
mud (soil, clay or silt particles
are suspended in water), chalk
powder suspended in water

Solid foam:
Gas

Solution:

aerogel,

Foam:

hydrogen in metals

styrofoam,

dry sponge

pumice
Solution:
Solid

Liquid

amalgam (mercury
in gold), hexane in
paraffin wax

Solid

agar,
gelatin,
opal
Solid sol:

alloys, plasticizers

cranberry

in plastics

glass

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Wet sponge

silicagel,

Solution:

Physics and chemistry

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Gel:

Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel,

Granite

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A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or

compounds). Examples are: mixtures of sand and water or sand and iron filings, a conglomerate
rock, water and oil, a portion salad, trail mix, and concrete (not cement). A mixture of powdered
silver metal and powdered gold metal would represent a heterogeneous mixture of two elements.
Making a distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures is a matter of the scale
of sampling. On a coarse enough scale, any mixture can be said to be homogeneous, if you'll allow
the entire article to count as a "sample" of it. On a fine enough scale, any mixture can be said to
be heterogeneous, because a sample could be as small as a single molecule. In practical terms, if
the property of interest of the mixture is the same regardless of which sample of it is taken for the
examination used, the mixture is homogeneous.
Gy's sampling theory quantitavely defines the heterogeneity of a particle as:[3]

where

, and

are respectively: the heterogeneity of the th particle of the

population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the th particle of the population,
the mass concentration of the property of interest in the population, the mass of the th particle in
the population, and the average mass of a particle in the population.
During sampling of heterogeneous mixtures of particles, the variance of the sampling error is
generally non-zero.
Pierre Gy derived, from the Poisson sampling model, the following formula for the variance of the
sampling error in the mass concentration in a sample:

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in which V is the variance of the sampling error, N is the number of particles in the population
(before the sample was taken), q i is the probability of including the ith particle of the population in
the sample (i.e. the first-order inclusion probability of the ith particle), m i is the mass of the ith
particle of the population and a i is the mass concentration of the property of interest in the ith
particle of the population.
The above equation for the variance of the sampling error is an approximation based on a
linearization of the mass concentration in a sample.
In the theory of Gy, correct sampling is defined as a sampling scenario in which all particles have
the same probability of being included in the sample. This implies that q i no longer depends on i,
and can therefore be replaced by the symbol q. Gy's equation for the variance of the sampling
error becomes:

where abatch is that concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the
sample is to be drawn and Mbatch is the mass of the population from which the sample is to be
drawn.

References

[edit]

1. ^ De Paula, Julio; Atkins, P. W. Atkins' Physical Chemistry (7th ed.). ISBN 0-19-879285-9.
2. ^ a

Everett, D. H. (23 July 1971). Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical

Quantities and Units. Appendix II Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface
Chemistry. Part I

(PDF) (Report). London: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry:

Division of Physical Chemistry. Retrieved 28 October 2016.

3. ^ Gy, P (1979). Sampling of Particulate Materials: Theory and Practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online
corrected version: (2006) "mixture ".
Authority control

GND: 4132151-0

Categories: Chemical mixtures

NDL: 00576600

Physical chemistry

Chemistry

This page w as last modified on 9 November 2016, at 23:40.

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