TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Lesson
12-13

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards

Learning Outcome 3: Space, shape and measurement
The learner is able to describe, represent, analyse and explain properties of shapes in 2- and
3- dimensional space with justification.
Assessment Standard AS 5
Derive and use the values of trigonometric functions.

Overview

Overview

In this lesson you will:

Look at angles bigger than 90 and smaller than zero

Define the sine, cosine and tangent ratios in terms of the coordinates of a
point and the radius of a circle
Establish the sign of the three trigonometric ratios in different quadrants
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the values of the three different sides
Consider angle as a revolution instead of just in a shape.
Lesson

Lesson

Prior knowledge

In Grade 10 we learnt:
O

sin = _
H
O (Opposite)

angle

ratio

A
cos = _
H

tan = _
O

(H
yp

ot
en

us

e)

Part One

A (Adjacent)

Different angle sizes

y

If an angle is measured anti-clockwise it is positive.

If an angle is measured clockwise
it is negative.
q
x

so = 30
or = 390
y

or = 330
or = 690

(x ; y)

y
x

(x ; y)
y

Page 49

O (Op

yp

ot
en

us

e)

If = 40 or = 320 or = 680
we call these co-terminal angles.
A (Adjacent)

(H
yp

ot
en

us

e)

O (Opposite)

A (Adjacent)

y
y

is in the second quadrant

(H
yp

If = 120 it could be
ot
en

= -240

us

e)

or = 480

A (Adjacent)

If = 200 it could be

(x ; y)

= 160

or(x; y)
= 560

y
(H
yp

ot
en

1 r740

5.

us

e)

4th

The first quadrant

x

2.

(150)

4.

884

3rd

2nd

6.

(1 010)

1st

(x ; y)

(x ; y)

r
y

The angles are in the first quadrant

y
y ; y)
sin = _ (x
> 0

r
x_
cos = r> 0
y
tan = _x> 0y

(x ; y)

In the 1st quadrant, all ratios are positive.

The second quadrant

Here x < 0 and y > 0; r > 0

(x ; y)

y
sin = _r > 0

(x ; y)

y
tan = _x > 0

In the 2nd quadrant, sin is positive but cos and tan are negative.
y
r

y
Page 50

cos = _xr < 0

x
Here x > 0 and
y > 0. Rememberx that r will always be positive.

A (Adjacent)

xq

b
Now we will put the triangle
into the Cartesian plane.

In which quadrant
do you find:
y
q
1.
300
4th
x
y
(x ; y)
3.
472
2nd

(x ; y)
r

(x ; y)
x

The third quadrant

Here x < 0 and y < 0; r > 0
y
sin = _r< 0

cos = _xr< 0

tan = _x> 0

(x ; y)

In the 3rd quadrant tan is positive but sin and cos are negative.
The fourth quadrant
Here x > 0 and y < 0; r > 0
y
sin = _r< 0

cos = _xr> 0
a
x

x
y

y
tan = _x> 0

(x ; y)

(x ;the
y) 4th quadrant cos is positive but sin and tan are negative.
In
y

Summary
y
S
S

Quad 2

Quad 1

(a) sin

All (ways)

(1; 3)

(a) sin

All (ways)

(to) tanx

C 3
in your cos y Quad

Quad 3

Quad 4

(to) tan
y

Quad 1

T
T

Quad 2

in your cos y

Quad 4

In the 1st quadrant, all ratios are positive.

3

p
In the 2nd quadrant,
sin is positive but cos and tan are negative.
(1;
is3)positive but sin and cos are negative.
In the 3rd quadrant tan

In the 4th quadrant cos is positive but sin and tan are negative.
y

(x ; y)
y

(x ; y)


r
q


r


x

Paggee 151
P

Lesson 1 | Algebra

Part Two:
Example

Quad 2

Quad 1

(a) sin

All (ways)

Example 1

Calculate the value of sin , cos and

tan if the terminal ray of is in standard
_ (to)
T
C
tan
in your cos y
position and passes through (1; 3
)
Quad 3_ 2
Quad 4
p2 = (3
) + (1)2 = 3 + 1 = 4 (Pythagoras)
y
p = 2 (p > 0).
_
_

So sin = _
3

;tan = 3

1

cos = _12

x
3

(1; 3)

Example

Example 2

(x ; y)

If 13 sin = 12 and [90 ; 270] find cos tan .

sin = _
12
> 0
13

Locate the quadrant:


r

q


Since [90; 270]

The overlap is in quadrant 2.

Place both on one sketch:

overlap in quadrant 2

y
Pythagoras:
13

12

Now:

5 _
cos tan = ( _
13
)(12)= _
12

5
13
Page 52

x2

= 132 122

= 169 144

= 25

x = 5 (x < 0)

Example

Example 3

If 4 tan = 3 and cos < 0 find 2 sin - cos

tan = _3> 0
4

cos < 0
Overlap in 3rd quadrant
y

r = 5 (Pythagorean triplet)

So 2sin cos
= 2(_3) (_4)
5

= _65+ _45
= _2

Activity

Activity 1
1.

Locate the quadrant where

a)

tan < 0 and sin > 0

c)

[180; 360] and cos < 0 d)

e)

tan > 0 and cos > 0

f)

tan > 0 and [90; 270]?

2.

OP = . Find
If P(3 ; 1) is a point in the Cartesian plane and X^

a)

sin + cos

c)

sin2 + cos2

(If necessary leave your answer in surd form)

3.

If 12 tan = -5 find the value of (a) sin (b) cos

4.

tan x
2sin

If 25 cos x = 24 and x [0 ; 180], find the value of _

x

b)

b)

cos < 0 and sin > 0

sin < 0 and [0; 270]

1 + tan2

5.

If 41 cos = -40 and sin > 0, find the value of

a)

6.

If sin = p and p < 0 and [90 ; 270], find the value of cos .

7.

If tan = mm > 0 and [0 ; 90], find the value of sin2 cos2

A + cos B
__
B
is an obtuse angle. sin A = _3sin B = _4, find cos

In ABC ^

8.

1 + tan2

b)

2 sin cos

10.

2m
1
1+

and x [0 ; 90] , find _

cos
If sin x = _
x + tan x.
m2
2xy
2 2
and [0 ; 90] find sin + cos
If tan = _

11.

If cos = p and p < 0 and [180 ; 360] find tan

9.

tan A _
tan1B

x y

Paggee 153
P

Lesson 1 | Algebra