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1.2 History of the power plant and the role of thermal power generation in Japan
Electricity consumption in Japan has expanded almost consistently after the world war . Further, in recent
years, the need has intensified for a comfortable life as seen in the progression of computerization and the
proliferation of air conditioners, and even though the Japanese economy has entered a stable growth period,
electric power demand shows no signs of slowing down. In addition, new problems are starting to appear as the
demand increases.
Let consider the current situation and future of electricity consumption.
Due to the betterment of people's living standards, comfortable living is sought and the role of electricity in
living starting with air conditioning is growing increasingly. Moreover, due to the progression of a highly
intelligent community as a result of IT innovation including the computer and communication, the role of
electricity is increasing in all aspects of industry and living. From these facts, over the course of time, the
percentage of electricity consumption among consumption of other energies (electrification ratio) is running high.
Although the electric power demand is dependent on the trends in the business climate and those in politics and
the community, even in recent years when the Japanese economy has entered a stable growth period, it continues
to increase due to the progression of computerization and the proliferation of air conditioners.
Electric power in Japan is supplied mainly by thermal (oil, LNG, coal, etc.), hydro, and nuclear power
generation. There are 1,300 or more power plants in all parts of Japan to meet the electric power demand
growing steadily due to an upsurge in the desire to seek comfortable living, computerization, graying, etc.
PJ (Petajoules=1015J)
(Fiscal )
The role of electric energy, being useful and easy to use, is intensifying year after year, and the ratio of electric
energy to the consumption of all energies has now reached about 40%.
Coal
Natural gas
(LNG)
Hydro
Geothermal power
generation and new
Nuclear power
(Note) 1. Oil, etc. includes LPG, other gases and bituminous mixtures.
2. Due to rounding off, there may be cases where the total value
Source:
does not equal 100%.
3. Total of 10 electric power companies. Power received is included.
4. The numeric values in the graph represent the segment share (%).
Fig.1.2-2:
(Fiscal)
Outline of Fiscal 2005 Supply Program
(March 2005) and others
Power generated increases with each passing year, and we cope with the demand for increasing electric power
while planning departure from the use of oil through the use of nuclear energy, natural gas (LPG), etc.
As our lives become convenient and rich, the role of electricity serving in our lives continues to expand. The
amount of electricity usage varies significantly depending on the time period of the day and the season.
When we look at the electric consumption on an annual basis, in recent years, the growth in the summer season
is significant due to air conditioning, and when we look at it on a daily basis, the maximum consumption is
marked at about 2:00 p.m. when the heat in midsummer reaches its peak. The difference between the maximum
and the minimum values of electricity consumption is more and more on an increasing trend. The increase in
home air conditioners has a significant effect on this.
On the other hand, electricity is an energy that is impossible to be stored. Although a plant that generates
electric power is built to the peak of demand (maximum electric power demand), when the electric power demand
varies significantly according to season and time period, efficiency in the utilization of the power plant lowers,
and as a result, the cost to deliver the electricity will be comparatively high.
(Million kW)
(Time)
(Note) Merging of 9 electric power companies
only in 1975
Fig. 1.2-3 Movements in how the electricity is used over one day in midsummer
For electric power demand, there is a significant difference between daytime and nighttime in one day. This
reflects the fact that while a good amount of electricity is used by plants and offices in the daytime, industrial
activities are not performed much at night. In addition, even in the daytime, the amount of electricity used
decreases from 12:00 to 13:00 p.m. when plants and offices are in a lunch break.
During the day on a hot summer day, electric power demand for air conditioning increases. The consumption at
the peak in the daytime reaches about 2 times that in the time period in a day when the consumption is lowest.
(Million kW)
(All-time maximum)
Fiscal 2001
Fiscal 2004
Fiscal 1995
Fiscal 1990
Fiscal 1985
Fiscal 1975
Fiscal 1968
Fiscal 1967
(Month)
(Note) Merging of 9 electric power companies before
1975
future as well, taking the limited fossil resources, global environmental issues, further economics, etc. into
account, we intend to combine the resources in well-balanced way making use of characteristics of each type of
power generation including hydro, thermal, and nuclear, thereby dispersing the risk by not relying on one source.
Electricity demand varies during the day or at night even in one day. In electric utilities, the features of hydro,
thermal, and nuclear power generation such as operation characteristics, economics, and efforts to cope with
global environmental issues are judged comprehensively to combine various kinds of sources in an optimum
balance.
Pumped-storage
hydroelectric power
Equalizing pool-type
hydro
Water reservoir-type
hydro
Oil
Equalizing pool-type
hydro
Water reservoir-type
hydro
Oil-fired thermal
power
Coal-fired thermal
power
Supply capacity
Characteristics
Supply capacity to
cope with peak
electric power
demand
Supply capacity to
cope with peak
electric power
demand
Supply capacity to
cope with peak
electric power
demand
Supply capacity to
cope with middle
electric power
demand
Supply capacity to
cope with base and
middle electric power
demands
Nuclear power
Run-off river-type
hydro power
generation
Supply capacity to
cope with base
electric power
demand
Supply capacity to
cope with base
electric power
demand
1.3 Movements in thermal efficiency of thermal power plants in Japan and outlook for thermal
power generation technology in the future
Since the first Rankine cycle-based thermal (steam) power generation plant (Steam pressure: 0.59MPa (gage)
(6atg), 7.5kW (10HP) was manufactured by Charles A. Persons in 1884, the thermal efficiency of steam power
generation plants has improved significantly together with improvement of steam conditions (higher
temperature/higher pressure) and larger capacity.
In Japan as well, LNG-fired supercritical pressure (SC) plants whose main steam pressure was 24.3 MPa (gage)
(246 atg) and whose main/reheat steam temperature was 538/566 C came into operation in the form of Tokyo
Electric Power Company's Anegasaki thermal plant Unit No.1 in 1967. Subsequently, similar steam conditions
were adopted for coal-fired plants, and in 1989, 2-stage reheat LNG-fired Ultra Supercritical pressure (USC)
thermal power generation whose main steam pressure was 31.0 MPa (gage) (316atg) and whose ultrasupercritical-pressure/high-pressure/middle-pressure steam temperature was 566/566/566 C came into operation
at CHUBU Electric Power Company's Kawagoe thermal power plant Unit No.1. As described earlier,
improvement of steam conditions has been planned steadily. However, in recent years, the growth of steam
conditions has become relatively slow, and as shown in the figure, the thermal efficiency of steam power
generation moves at little over 40%.
Slowdown trends in rise of thermal efficiency of thermal (steam) power generation achieved a significant
change through the introduction of LNG combined cycle power generation using a full-scale exhaust heat
recovery system with a turbine inlet temperature (TIT) of the 1100-C-class gas turbine as a core at TOHOKU
Electric Power Company's Higashi Niigata Unit group No.3 in 1984. As shown in the figure, through the
adoption of combined cycle power generation system combining the Brayton cycle (gas turbine) and the Rankine
cycle (steam turbine), the thermal efficiency of the thermal power plant rose in a stroke to about 44%. TIT of gas
turbines for commercial use has risen at a rate of about 20C/year on average due to progression of cooling
technology and development of heat-resistant materials. In November 1999, the advanced combined cycle
power generation cycle (ACC) consisting mainly of a 1,450-C-class gas turbine begun commercial operation at
TOHOKU Electric Power Company's Higashi Niigata Unit group No.4-1, and 50% thermal efficiency, having
which had been a dream for a long time in the thermal power generation sector, was attained. During this period,
a number of LNG combined cycle power generation plants were introduced one after another, and attained an
excellent track record of operation with high thermal efficiency, load change, etc. The installed capacity of LNG
combined cycle power generation at the end of 2001 reached 22 million kW in total across the 6 Electric Power
Companies & 21 groups, coming to account for 17% of the installed capacity of all commercial-use thermal
power generation.
Currently, in addition, TOKYO Electric Power Company's Futtsu thermal power plant Unit group 3 & group 4,
Shinagawa thermal power plant Unit group No.1, Kawasaki thermal power plant Unit group No.1, TOHOKU
Electric Power Company's Unit group No.4-2, etc. are in the advanced stage of construction, and the thermal
efficiency of ACC under construction is planned to be 50 to 53%.
On the other hand, with respect to coal-fired thermal power, improvement in the steam condition of coal-fired
USC thermal power generation continues steadily such as at CHUBU Electric Power Company's Hekinan thermal
power plant Unit No.3 (main steam pressure: 24.1 MPa (gage) (246 atg), main/reheat steam temperature:
538/593C), Electric Power Development Company's Matsuura thermal power plant Unit No.2, HOKURIKU
Electric Power Company's Nanao Ohta thermal power plant Unit No.2 (main steam pressure: 24.1 MPa (gage)
(246 atg), main/reheat steam temperature: 593/593C), TOHOKU Electric Power Company's Haramachi thermal
power plant Unit No.2, CHUGOKU Electric Power Company's Misumi power plant Unit No.1 (main steam
pressure: 24.5 MPa (gage) (250atg), main/reheat steam pressure: 600/600C), Electric Power Development
Company's Tachibanawan thermal power plant Unit No. 1 & No.2 (main steam pressure: 25 Mpa (gage) (255atg),
Kawasaki
Higashiniigata#4
Himeichi#5
Higashiniigata#3
Yokohama #7, 8
Chiba#2
Kawagoe#1
Hitachinaka#1
Kanda#1
Fiscal year
Fig.1.3-1: Developments in thermal efficiency of thermal power generation
Table 1.3-1: Major coal-fired thermal power generation plants in Japan (1959 - 1985)
Era
No.
1
From
1976 to
1985
Power plant
Unit
Approved
output
Steam conditions
Unit No.1
75
10.0MPa-538C/538C
Tohoku
Sendai
Unit No.1
175
16.6MPa-566C/538C
Kyushu
Minato
Unit No.1
156
16.6MPa-566C/538C
Tohoku
Sendai
Unit No.2
175
16.6MPa-566C/538C
Chugoku
Mizushima
Unit No.1
125
12.5MPa-538C/538C
Tohoku
Sendai
Unit No.3
175
16.6MPa-566C/538C
Unit No.2
75
10.0MPa-538C/538C
Before
1975
Electric power
company
Manufacturer
Turbine
Generator
Mitsubishi
Electric
MHI
MHI
Corp.
Babcock- GE, Hitachi,
Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi K.K.
Ltd.
Mitsubishi
Electric
MHI
MHI
Corp.
BabcockHitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi K.K.
BabcockHitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi K.K.
BabcockHitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi K.K.
Mitsubishi
Electric
MHI
MHI
Corp.
BabcockHitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi K.K.
Mitsubishi
Electric
MHI
MHI
Corp.
Toshiba
Toshiba
MHI
Corp.
Corp.
Mitsubishi
MHI
MHI
Electric
Corp.
BabcockHitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi K.K.
Toshiba
Toshiba
IHI
Corp.
Corp.
Mitsubishi
MHI
MHI
Electric
Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric
MHI
MHI
Corp.
Boiler
Operation
started from
1959-08
1959-10
1960-09
1960-11
1961-11
1962-06
0962-07
Chugoku
Mizushima
Unit No.2
156
16.6MPa-566C/538C
Kyushu
Omura
Unit No.2
156
16.6MPa-566C/538C
10
Shikoku
Saijo
Unit No.1
156
16.6MPa-566C/538C
11
Chugoku
Shimonoseki
Unit No.1
175
16.6MPa-566C/538C
12
J-POWER
Takehara
Unit No.1
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
13
Hokkaido
Naie
Unit No.1
175
16.6MPa-566C/538C
14
J-POWER
Takasago
Unit No.1
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
15
J-POWER
Takasago
Unit No.2
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
16
Hokkaido
Naie
Unit No.2
175
16.6MPa-566C/538C
IHI
1970-02
17
Shikoku
Saijo
Unit No.2
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
IHI
1970-06
18
Jyoban Joint
Power Co.
Nakoso
Unit No.7
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
MHI
1970-10
19
Tobata Co-operative
Thermal Power
Company, Inc.
Tobata Cooperative
Thermal Power
Company, Inc.
Unit No.2
156
16.6MPa-566C/538C
MHI
20
Toyama Kyodo
Toyamashinko
Unit No.1
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
21
Toyama Kyodo
Toyamashinko
Unit No.2
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
22
Mibugawa
Unit No.1
250
16.6MPa-566C/538C
23
Hokkaido
Sagawa
Unit No.3
125
12.5MPa-538C/538C
MHI
Fuji
Fuji
1977-06
Unit No.1
350
16.6MPa-566C/538C
MHI
Toshiba
Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
1977-10
Unit No.2
350
16.6MPa-566C/538C
MHI
Unit No.1
350
16.6MPa-566C/538C
BabcockHitachi K.K.
Unit No.1
500
24.1MPa-538C/538C
MHI
24
Sakata kyodo
power company,
Ltd.
25
Sakata kyodo
power company,
Ltd.
26
Hokkaido
27
J-POWER
Sakata kyodo
power
company,
Ltd.
Sakata kyodo
power
company,
Ltd.
Tomatoh
Atsuma
Matsushima
28
J-POWER
Matsushima
Unit No.2
500
24.1MPa-538C/538C
29
Hokkaido
Sagawa
Unit No.4
125
17.7MPa-538C/538C
30
31
32
33
J-POWER
Jyoban Joint
Power Co.
Jyoban Joint
Power Co.
Hokkaido
Takehara
Unit No.3
700
24.1MPa-538C/538C
Nakoso
Unit No.8
600
24.1MPa-538C/566C
MHI
Toshiba
Corp.
1964-08
1965-11
1967-03
1967-07
1968-06
1968-07
1969-01
1971-06
1971-09
1972-06
1975-03
1978-10
1980-10
1981-01
MHI
Toshiba
Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
1981-06
KHI
Fuji
Fuji
1982-05
Nakoso
Unit No.9
600
24.1MPa-538C/566C
IHI
Toshiba
Corp.
Tomatoh
Atsuma
Unit No.2
600
24.1MPa-538C/566C
IHI
Hitachi, Ltd.
Mitsubishi
Electric
Corp.
1963-08
1983-03
1983-09
Toshiba
Corp.
1983-12
Hitachi, Ltd.
1985-10
Table 1.3-2: Major coal-fired thermal power generation plants in Japan (1986 - 2005)
Era
From
1986 to
1995
No.
Electric power
company
Power plant
Unit
Approved
output
Steam conditions
34
Chugoku
Shinonoda
Unit No.1
500
24.1MPa-538C/566C
IHI
35
J-POWER
Ishikawa
Unit No.1
156
18.6MPa-566C/566C
KHI
Fuji
Fuji
1986-11
IHI
Toshiba
Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
1987-01
Fuji
Fuji
36
Chugoku
37
38
39
Shinonoda
Unit No.2
500
24.1MPa-538C/566C
J-POWER
Ishikawa
Unit No.2
156
18.6MPa-566C/566C
KHI
Kyushu
Matsuura
Unit No.1
700
24.1MPa-538C/566C
MHI
J-POWER
Matsuura
Unit No.1
1000
24.1MPa-538C/566C
BabcockHitachi K.K.
40
Chubu
Hekinan
Unit No.1
700
24.1MPa-538C/566C
MHI
41
Hokuriku
Tsuruga
Unit No.1
500
24.1MPa-566C/566C
MHI
42
Chubu
Hekinan
Unit No.2
700
24.1MPa-538C/566C
BabcockHitachi K.K.
43
Chubu
Hekinan
Unit No.3
700
Manufacturer
Turbine
Toshiba
Corp.
Generator
Toshiba
Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
Operation
started from
1986-04
1987-03
1989-06
1990-06
1991-10
1991-10
1992-06
1993-04
1993-06
24.1MPa-538C/593C
IHI
MHI
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
BabcockHitachi K.K.
Fuji
Fuji
44
Tohoku
Noshiro
Unit No.1
600
24.5MPa-538C/566C
45
Okinawa
Gushikawa
Unit No.1
156
16.6MPa-566C/538C
KHI
1994-03
24.1MPa-538C/566C
BabcockHitachi K.K.
1994-07
46
47
Soma Kyodo
Tohoku
Shinchi
Noshiro
Unit No.1
Unit No.2
1000
600
24.1MPa-566C/593C
48
Hokuriku
Nanao Ohta
Unit No.1
500
24.1MPa-566C/593C
49
Okinawa
Gushikawa
Unit No.2
156
16.6MPa-566C/538C
50
J-POWER
Takehara
Unit No.2
350
16.6MPa-566C/538C
IHI
BabcockHitachi K.K.
BabcockHitachi K.K.
BabcockHitachi K.K.
Toshiba
Corp.
MHI
MHI
Toshiba
Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
Soma Kyodo
Shinchi
Unit No.2
1000
24.1MPa-538C/566C
MHI
52
Kyushu
Reihoku
Unit No.1
700
24.1MPa-566C/566C
IHI
53
J-POWER
Matsuura
Unit No.2
1000
24.1MPa-593C/593C
BabcockHitachi K.K.
MHI
Tohoku
Haramachi
Unit No.1
1000
24.1MPa-566C/593C
MHI
Toshiba
Corp.
55
Hokkaido
Tomatoh
Atsuma
Unit No.3
85
16.6MPa-566C/538C
MHI
MHI
56
Chugoku
Misumi
Unit No.1
1000
24.5MPa-600C/600C
MHI
MHI
IHI
Toshiba
Corp.
57
Hokuriku
Nanao Ohta
Unit No.2
700
24.1MPa-593C/593C
58
Tohoku
Haramachi
Unit No.2
1000
24.1MPa-600C/600C
59
Shikoku
Tachibana wan
Unit No.1
700
24.1MPa-566C/593C
60
J-POWER
Tachibana wan
Unit No.1
1050
25.0MPa-600C/610C
61
Hokuriku
Tsuruga
Unit No.2
700
24.1MPa-593C/593C
BabcockHitachi K.K.
BabcockHitachi K.K.
IHI
MHI
BabcockHitachi K.K.
BabcockHitachi K.K.
62
J-POWER
Tachibana wan
Unit No.2
1050
25.0MPa-600C/610C
63
Chugoku
Osaki
Unit No.1
250
16.6MPa-566C/593C
360
24.1MPa-566C/593C
IHI
64
Kyushu
Kanda
New Unit
No.1
65
Chubu
Hekinan
Unit No.4
1000
24.1MPa-566C/593C
IHI
66
Okinawa
Kin
Unit No.1
220
16.6MPa-566C/566C
MHI
67
68
J-POWER
Isogo
Unit No.1
600
25.0MPa-600C/610C
IHI
Hokkaido
Tomatoh
Atsuma
Unit No.4
700
25.0MPa-600C/600C
IHI
69
Chubu
Hekinan
Unit No.5
1000
24.1MPa-566C/593C
IHI
70
Okinawa
Kin
Unit No.2
220
16.6MPa-566C/566C
MHI
71
Kyushu
Reihoku
Unit No.2
700
24.1MPa-593C/593C
MHI
Toshiba
Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
GT: ALSTOM
ST: TOSHIBA
Toshiba
Corp.
72
Tokyo
Hitachinaka
Unit No.1
1000
24.5MPa-600C/600C
73
Tokyo
Hirono
Unit No.5
600
24.5MPa-600C/600C
MHI
MHI
74
Kansai
Maizuru
Unit No.1
900
24.1MPa-595C/595C
MHI
MHI
1995-06
1995-07
1995-12
1997-07
1997-07
1998-03
1998-06
1998-07
1998-07
2000-07
Toshiba
Corp.
Toshiba
Corp.
Fuji
Toshiba
Corp.
1995-03
GE
Toshiba
Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
1995-03
2000-06
1994-12
Toshiba
Corp.
BabcockHitachi K.K.
10
Toshiba
Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.
51
54
From
1996 to
2005
Boiler
Toshiba
Corp.
2000-09
2000-12
2000-12
2001-07
2001-11
2002-02
2002-04
2002-06
2002-11
2003-05
2003-06
2003-12
2004-07
2004-08
Technical development, in general, aims at higher efficiency of power generation for the purpose of reducing
the environmental load and CO2 emission; however, concrete issues include the following:
(1) High-temperature gas turbine aiming at further improvement of thermal efficiency of combined cycle power
generation
(2) Making coal utilization technology starting with coal gasification combined cycle power generation system
more sophisticated
Thermal power plants consist of a boiler, turbine, and generator, and the efficiency of power generation was
increased through the larger capacity of the configuration of the basic equipment and sophistication of running
conditions (mainly higher temperature and pressure of the stem cycle system). Gross thermal efficiency was
increased from about 30% 40 years ago to 40% currently. This 40% was achieved by the ultra-supercritical
pressure power generation system. For the purpose of increasing the efficiency further, the development of
combined cycle power generation technology is in progress. Through this development, we can aim at 50%
efficiency. This technology aims, in addition to the conventional steam cycle, to combine the gas turbine cycle to
improve the efficiency of power generation comprehensively through power generation from both cycles.
Combined cycle power generation using natural gas is becoming mainstream in new thermal power generation
technology as combined cycle power generation. Further, the development of a ceramic turbine blade is in
progress to improve the efficiency by causing higher temperature. With respect to the use of coal related to the
reduction of CO2 emission, although the pulverized coal combustion system has been adopted in recent years for
the purpose of improving efficiency, the integrated coal gratification combined cycle (IGCC) is the target of
development to improve efficiency further.
The fluidized bed generation system is a generation system that uses fluidized bed combustion. The
commercialization of fluidized bed combustion was propelled as a combustion system of flame-resistant materials.
However, in recent years, the excellent environmental characteristics of fluidized bed combustion, such as
desulfurization in furnace and low NOx combustion, are receiving attention. From the viewpoint of improving
efficiency, the development and commercialization of the pressurized fluidized bed combined cycle generation
system (PFBC) are in progress. In light of its intrinsic characteristics, it is also considered that it will pave the
way for mixed fuel power generation with coal and biomass (especially waste).
11