Basic of Computer

What is computer?

Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The

term computer is derived from the Latin term computare, this means to calculate or
programmable machine. Computer can not do anything without a Program. It
represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. The Word 'Computer'
usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory.
Charles Babbage is called the "Grand Father" of the computer. The First
mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It
uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the
user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and
gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical
and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
Digital Computer Definition
The basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device, Output
Device, Central Processor Unit (CPU), mass storage device and memory. A Typical
modern computer uses LSI Chips.
Four Functions about computer are:
accepts data

Input

processes data

Processing

produces output

Output

stores results

Storage

Input (Data):
Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the
collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
Process:
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of
the computer system.
Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also
called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.
Computer Classification: By Size and Power
Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according to
purpose, data handling and functionality.
According to functionality, computers are classified as:
Analog Computer: A computer that represents numbers by some continuously variable
physical quantity, whose variations mimic the properties of some system being modeled.
Personal computer: A personal computer is a computer small and low cost. The term
"personal computer" is used to describe desktop computers (desktops).
Workstation: A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation
is just a generic term for a user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a "server" or
"mainframe."

 Minicomputer: A minicomputer isn't very mini. At least, not in the way most of us
think of mini. You know how big your personal computer is and its related family.
Mainframe: It refers to the kind of large computer that runs an entire corporation.
Supercomputer: Itis the biggest, fastest, and most expensive computers on earth.
Microcomputer: Your personal computer is a microcomputer.

Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) Logical Unit

Logical Unit :After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary
storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by
Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU
from storage unit when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage
unit for further processing or getting stored.
Control Unit (CU)
The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor
seeing that things are done in proper fashion. Control Unit is responsible for co
ordinating various operations using time signal. The control unit determines the sequence
in which computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like processing of
programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of
signals for other units of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board
operator when several users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates
the activities of computers peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing
unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that
takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the
computer functions by activating and controlling the operations.
The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer
channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a
mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.

COMPUTER INSIDE DEVICES AND HARD WARE DEVICE

CPU/processor
The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the
computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and
its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an
application, you're sending instructions to the CPU.
The CPU is generally a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The
chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU
socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.
A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per
second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor
can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer
depends on the speed of many different componentsnot just the processor.

Motherboard
The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the
CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to

control the video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB
ports). The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer .
Power supply unit
The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the
type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard
and other components

RAM (random access memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs

calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed. This short-term
memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document,
spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save
a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage.
RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you
have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough
RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several programs
open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve
performance.
Hard drive
The hard drive on your computer is where the software is installed, and it's also
where your documents and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage,
which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.
When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from
the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard
drive. The faster the hard drive is, the faster your computer can start up and load
programs.
INPUT DEVICE:

KEYBOARD:
A keyboard is basically a board of keys. Along with the mouse, the keyboard is
one of the primary input devices used with a computer. The keyboard's design comes
from the original typewriter keyboards, which arranged letters and numbers in a way that
prevented the type-bars from getting jammed when typing quickly. This keyboard layout
is known as the QWERTY design, which gets its name from the first six letters across in
the upper-left-hand corner of the keyboard.
MOUSE:
A mouse running around in their home, they typically don't have a problem seeing
one sitting by their computer. This is because, along with the keyboard, the mouse is one
of the primary input devices used with today's computers. The name comes from the
small shape of the mouse, which you can move quickly back and forth on the mouse pad,
and the cord, which represents the mouse's tail.
BARCORD READER:
Barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed
barcodes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor
translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers
contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and
sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.
OUTPUT DEVICE:
MONITER:
The term "monitor" is often used synonymously with "computer screen" or
"display." The monitor displays the computer's user interface and open programs,
allowing the user to interact with the computer, typically using the keyboard and mouse.
PRINTER:
In computers, a printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a
computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper.
Printers are sometimes sold with computers, but more frequently are purchased
separately.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS):
An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating

system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system.

Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and
may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage,
printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,
although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently
makes a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be
found on many devices that contain a computerfrom cellular phones and video game
consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS,
Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows,[3] Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these
examples, except Windows, Windows Phone and z/OS, share roots in UNIX.
Windows OS
Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating
systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of
operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry.
Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows
Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows
CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x and Windows
Mobile.
Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985
as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in
graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[6] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's
personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had
been introduced in 1984. However, since 2012, it sells less than Android, which became
the most popular operating system in 2014, when counting all of the computing platforms
Windows runs on (same as Android); in 2014, the number of Windows device sold were
less than 25% of Android devices sold.
As of April 2014, the most recent versions of Windows for personal computers,
smartphones, server computers and embedded devices are respectively Windows 8.1,
Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Embedded 8. A specialized
version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console.

The next version of Windows is Windows 10 and is currently available as a technical

preview; it is set for release for phones, tablets, laptops, and PCs in late 2015.

Different between Linux and Unix operating system:

Linux
Linux is an example of Open Source
software development and Free Operating
System (OS).
Cost: Linux can be freely distributed,
downloaded freely, distributed through
magazines, Books etc. There are priced
versions for Linux also, but they are
normally cheaper than Windows.
Price: Free but support is available for a
price.

Unix
Unix is an operating system that is very
popular in universities, companies, big
enterprises etc.
Cost: Different flavors of Unix have different
cost structures

Price: Some free for development use

(Solaris) but support is available for a price.
User: Unix operating systems were
developed mainly for mainframes, servers
User: Everyone. From home users to
and workstations. The Unix environment and
developers and computer enthusiasts alike. the client-server program model were
essential elements in the development of the
Internet
Manufacturer: Linux kernel is developed Manufacturer: Three bigest distributions are
by the community. Linus Torvalds
Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HP-UX
oversees things.
Hewlett Packard.
Usage: Linux can be installed on a wide Usage: The UNIX operating system is used
variety of computer hardware, ranging
in internet servers, workstations & PCs.
from mobile phones, tablet computers and Backbone of the majority of finance
video game consoles, to mainframes and infastructure and many 24x365 high
supercomputers.
availability solutions.
Processors: x86/x64, Sparc, Power, Itanium,
Processors: Dozens of different kinds.
PA-RISC and many others.

Computer Virus (Virus)

A computer virus is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer
without your knowledge and runs against your wishes. Viruses can also replicate
themselves. All computer viruses are man-made. A simple virus that can make a copy of
itself over and over again is relatively easy to produce. Even such a simple virus is
dangerous because it will quickly use all available memory and bring the system to a halt.
An even more dangerous type of virus is one capable of transmitting itself across
networks and bypassing security systems.
Since 1987, when a virus infected ARPANET, a large network used by the
Defense Department and many universities, many antivirus programs have become
available. These programs periodically check your computer system for the best-known
types of viruses.
Some people distinguish between general viruses and worms. A worm is a special
type of virus that can replicate itself and use memory, but cannot attach itself to other
programs
Computer hacking:
Computer hacking is the practice of modifying computer hardware and software to
accomplish a goal outside of the creators original purpose. People who engage in
computer hacking activities are often called hackers. Since the word hack has long
been used to describe someone who is incompetent at his/her profession, some hackers
claim this term is offensive and fails to give appropriate recognition to their skills.
Computer hacking is most common among teenagers and young adults, although
there are many older hackers as well. Many hackers are true technology buffs who enjoy
learning more about how computers work and consider computer hacking an art form.
They often enjoy programming and have expert-level skills in one particular program.
For these individuals, computer hacking is a real life application of their problem-solving
skills. Its a chance to demonstrate their abilities, not an opportunity to harm others.
Since a large number of hackers are self-taught prodigies, some corporations
actually employ computer hackers as part of their technical support staff. These
individuals use their skills to find flaws in the companys security system so that they can

be repaired quickly. In many cases, this type of computer hacking helps prevent identity
theft and other serious computer-related crimes

How to Create a Simple Webpage Using Notepad

1. Open Notepad. Notepad is automatically installed on all Windows computers.
You can find it in the Start Menu. Once you are in Notepad, click "File" and then
click "Save As" in the dropdown menu. Choose "All Files" in the file type menu.
Save your file as an HTML file. Usually, the main page of a website is known as
"index.html" in order to be able to access everything on the website from that
single page.
2. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) uses tags. Tags are basically some text
inside of <angle brackets>.
You will use a variety of tags to create your webpage. There are also "end tags"
which end a line of code. An example is of an end tag is:</text>. These end
things like a bold font or a paragraph
3. The first tag of a webpage is usually: <html>. You can put this at the top of
your Notepad file
4. The next tag is <head>.
The next tag, <title>, tells the browser what to put at the top of the window, and
the optional meta tags, tells search engines like Google what the site is about.
5. On the next line after your head tag, put a title: <title>wikiHow
HTML</title>
6. Now end your head by typing </head>
7. Next in our website comes the <body> tag. Type Please note that not all colors
are supported on all browsers. (for instance, dark grey probably wouldn't be
supported on most browsers)
8. Between the two body tags goes the content of your webpage, what the user
sees. Let's start with a header. A header a a section of large text, and is specified in
HTML with <h1> through <h6>, with <h1> being the largest. So at the top of
your webpage, after the body tag, might be something like <h1>Welcome to
my site!</h1> Make sure you remember the end tag, or your whole webpage
will be in giant!

9. Another tag that can go in the webpage body is the <p> tag, or paragraph
tag. So after your header, you might have <p>. I'm learning how to make a
website! wikiHow rules!If you want a new line in your site, use the <br> tag, or
break tag.
10. You probably don't want a webpage that's all plain text. So let's put in some
formatting. <b> for bold text, <i> for italics, and <u> for underlining. Remember
your end tags!
11. To finish up, you need to end your body with </body>, and entire webpage
with </html>

What is HTML?
HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML documents are described by HTML tags
Each HTML tag describes different document content
HTML Example
A small HTML document:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Output: