Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
J. K. Ingram
I-'
May 1971
Sponsored by
Conducted by
'
J. K. Ingram
May 1971
Sponsored by
TArl
w~:.+-
CITATION OF TRADE
NAMES DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT OR APPROVAL OF THE USE OF SUCH
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
70346
ABSTRACT
Ground motions and stresses within the upper 10 feet of soil were
measured on the Distant Plain events detonated in Canada in
1966-67.
Events 1, 2A, 3, and 5 were detonated at the Drowning Ford Test Site, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield (DRES), Alberta, Canada.
Event 4
4,
and 5).
Accelera-
tion and velocity measurements were made in the vertical and horizontal
directions.
were made.
4,
for Event
Chapter 5.
An additional variant
Flat Top are -attributed to slight differenc-es in test site soils, explosive
coupling, and instrument canister placement.
The effect of the frozen ground on Distant Plain Event 5 motions was
generally limited to the horizontal vector near the surface.
This was
manifested as higher amplitude and frequency accelerations than for unfrozen ground.
blowdown were down and away from the point of detonation at early times,
then upward due to elastic rebound and., later, refracted energy from depth.
Measured upthrust motions were small in the region instrumented and did not
contribute significantly to the blowdown process.
PREFACE
This report describes the work conducted by the U. S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station (WES) as Project 3.02a of the Operation
Distant Plain Test Series, staged in Alberta, Canada, during 1966-1967.
Project 3.02a was funded by the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA) under
Nuclear Weapons Effects Research (NWER) Subtask 96x4902, and was conducted
under the auspices of the Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program.
This work was conducted by personnel of the WES Nuclear Weapons Effects Division under the direction of Mr. G. L. Arbuthnot, Jr., Division
Chief, Mr. L. F. Ingram, Chief, Physical Sciences Branch, and Mr. J. D.
Day, Chief, Blast and Shock Section.
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------PREFACE--------------------------------------------------------------NOTATION-------------------------------------------------------------CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT-----------CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------1.1 Background----------------------------------------------------1.2 Objectives and Scope------------------------------------------1.3 Predictions---------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 2 INSTRUMENTATION-------------------------------------------2.1 Drowning Ford Test Range--------------------------------------2.1.l Layout----------------------------------------------------2.1.2 Placement Methods-----------------------------------------2.2 Hinton Test Site----------------------------------------------2.3 Equipment-----------------------------------------------------2.4 Gage Annotation-----------------------------------------------2.5 Data Reduction------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 3 RESULTS, EVENTS 1 AND 2A----------------------------------3.1 Event 1-------------------------------------------------------3.2 Event 2A------------------------------------------------------3.2.1 Data Recovery---------------------------------------------3.2.2 Ground-Shock Arrival Time---------------------------------3.2.3 Particle Acceleration-------------------------------------3.2.4 Particle Velocity-----------------------------------------3.2.5 Displacement----------------------------------------------3.2.6 Earth Stress----------------------------------------------CHAPTER 4 RESULTS, EVENTS 3 AND 5-----------------------------------4.1 Shot Conditions-----------------------------------------------4.2 Data Recovery-------------------------------------------------4.3 Ground-Shock Arrival Time-------------------------------------4.4 Particle Acceleration-----------------------------------------4.4.1 Near-Surface Vertical Acceleration------------------------4.4.2 Vertical Acceleration for Deeper Gages_--------------------4.4.3 Horizontal Acceleration-----------------------------------4.5 Particle Velocity---------------------------------------------4.5.1 Vertical Velocity-----------------------------------------4.5.2 Horizontal Velocity---------------------------------------4.6 Displacement--------------------------------------------------4.7 Stress--------------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 5 RESULTS, EVENT 4------------------------------------------5.1 Data Recovery-------------------------------------------------5.2 Ground-Shock Arrival Time-------------------------------------7
4
6
12
13
14
14
15
16
21
21
22
22
23
23
25
25
36
36
36
36
36
37
39
40
40
61
61
61
62
63
63
64
65
65
65
66
67
68
103
103
104
5,3 Particle Acceleration-----------------------------------------5.3.1 Vertical Acceleration-------------------------------------5.3.2 Horizontal Acceleration-----------------------------------5.4 Particle Velocity---------------------------------------------5.4.1 Vertical Velocity-----------------------------------------5.4.2 Horizontal Velocity----------------------------------------
104
104
106
106
106
107
128
131
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------
172
TABLES
1.1
1.2
2.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3,5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5,5
5.6
Distant Plain Events-----------------------------------------Prediction Data for Airblast-Induced Ground Motions----------Description of Drowning Ford Soil----------------------------Acceleration Data, Event 2A----------------------------------Velocity Data, Event 2A--------------------------------------Displacement Data, Event 2A----------------------------------Vertical Stress Data, Event 2A-------------------------------Airblast-Induced Vertical Acceleration and Velocity Ratios,
Event 2A-----------------------------------------------------Acceleration Data, Events 3 and 5----------------------------Velocity Data, Events 3 and 5--------------------------------Displacement Data, Events 3 and 5----------------------------Vertical Stress Data, Events 3 and 5-------------------------Near-Surface Airblast-Induced Vertical Acceleration Ratios,
Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III---------Near-Surface Airblast-Induced Vertical Velocity Ratios,
Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III---------Normalized Peak Horizontal Particle Velocity, Events 3 and 5-Acceleration Data, Event 4-----------------------------------Velocity Data, Event 4---------------------------------------Displacement Data, Event 4-----------------------------------Airblast-Induced Vertical Acceleration Ratios, Event 4-------Ratio of Maximum Upward to Downward Acceleration, Event 4----Airblast-Induced Vertical Velocity Ratios, Event 4------------
19
19
27
42
43
44
45
45
70
71
72
73
73
74
74
108
108
109
110
110
110
FIGURES
1.1
~~
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
5----------------------5---------------
~ierd
20
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
34
35
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3,7
3.8
3,9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
4.1
4.2
4.3
.4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
II and III-----------------------------------------------1I
III---------------------------------------
46
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
89
90
II
III-------------------------------------------
91
II
III-------------------------------------------
92
93
94
II
II
II
88
III-
95
96
III----------
97
III----------------------------------------------------
98
4-------------------------------------------------------
10
99
100
101
102
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
A.l
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
A.8
A.9
A.10
A.11
A.12
A.13
A.14
A.15
4------------------------------------------------
4-----------------------------4-------------------
11
122
123
124
125
126
127
132
138
142
145
150
152
154
156
158
161
162
164
167
168
171
NOTATION
Ah
v
c
Cp
Cs
d
~
P
P
so
P
1
R
Uh
U
v
Z
, psi
T
a
T
r
Depth, feet
The angle of the trailing wave intersection with the ground surface, degrees
12
Multiply
feet
To Obtain
By
0.3048
meters
inches
25.4
millimeters
16.01846
6.894757
0.9071847
Fahrenheit degrees
5/9
a To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use the following formula: C = (5/9)(F - 32). To obtain
Kelvin (K) readings, use: K = (5/9)(F - 32) + 273.15.
13
CHAPI'ER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
Operation Distant Plain consisted of a series of high-explosive (HE)
This
1
operation is a continuation of a test program begun in 1959 with a 5-ton
shot, and followed by a 20-ton shot in 1960, a 100-ton shot in 1961, and
detonable-gas-filled balloon located at the same HOB and ground zero (GZ)
as Event 1.
Event 2A was
thermal effects for target response without creating ejecta and debris.
Both Events 3 and 5 were spherical 20-ton half-buried stacks of TNT.
-Event 3 served -a-s -a normal environrlle-ntal
frozen-ground shot, Event
Series (Reference 1).
~untrol
For Event 5,
a unique test situation was hoped for: that the ground shock from the detonation would be induced into a three-layered system with a relatively slowVelocity layer sandwiched between the top (frozen) layer and the saturated
layer at the water table.
Little specific scientific knowledge has been assimilated on HE effects in a forested area.
conditions directly affect troop, helicopter, and surface vehicle movements, considerable effort has been directed toward this problem.
A pro-
The upper
The
nature of the soil prevents deep root penetration so that the trees are
Only loosely anchored.
15
4.
Vertical
The number
The raw
4. Event 4 data
PREDICTIONS
Predictions for instrument range settings were made from existing
Stress
attenuation with depth was determined from the empirical expression developed in Reference 2.
p = p
Where:
d )-0.37
(1)
( dl
for solution, a depth of 0.5 foot, where the pressure level approximates
the ground surface overpressure, was assumed.
Particle velocity was calculated from Equation 2, extracted from the
Air Force Design Manual (Reference 3), using pressure inputs previously
calculated from Equation 1 above.
p
pC
Where:
(2)
p
cp
100 pcf)
16
(3)
cs
Where:
depth, feet
4.
Ar
Where:
( 4)
2U
The angle
= 32.2Tr
(5)
r
cs
(6)
The included angle between the resultant and vertical vectors (Figure 1.1)
is equivalent to
e ,
The vertical and horizontal acceleration components may now be calculated from Equations 7 and 8:
Av = Ar cos
( 7)
(8)
17
uv
ur
cos
(9)
uh = ur
sin
(10)
Table 1.2 lists the predicted values for airblast-induced ground motions computed for Project 3.02a.
18
TABLE 1.1
Event
Charge Configuration
7 ,July 1966
22 July 1966
27 July 1966
16 August 1966
Hinton, Alberta
2A
4
5
TARLE 1.2
Surface
(}ar;e
Depth
d
so
Location
No. Data
Channels
34
Overpressure
p
Date
Pressure
at Depth
p
Resultant
Particle
Velocity
ur
Rts-e-
Resuitant-
Hori--
Time
Particle
Acceleration
A
r
zontal
Particle
Particle Acceleration
Velocity
']'
psi
feet
psi
ft/sec
.seconds
g's
1,000
1.5
5.0
10.0
667.0
1126.0
330,0
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
1,540.0
415.0
174.o
5)0
1.5
5.0
10.0
364.o
234,o
182.0
62.0
40.0
31.0
3lf,O
22.0
17 .o
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
300
1.5
5,0
10.0
16.o
200.0
128.0
99.0
83.0
19.0
12.0
9,5
7,7
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
0.0145
850.0
227.0
95,0
470,0
1211,0
53.0
2).0
200
1.5
5 .o
10.0
12.0
8.0
6.2
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
310.0
82.0
35,0
100
1.5
5.0
10.0
133.0
85.0
66.o
6c{ ,0
43.0
33,0
6.3
lf,0
3,1
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
50
1.5
5.0
10.0
33,0
21.0
16.o
3,1
1.9
1.5
0.0025
0.0060
O.OllO
30
1.5
16.o
20.0
7,6
1.9
o.8
20
1.5
5.0
13.0
8.o
10
1.5
1.5
6.7
3,4
Harizontal
uh
ft/sec
g's
Vertica-1
Vertical
Particle Particle
Velocity Acceleration
uv
rt/sec
g's
62.0
4o.o
31.0
1,540.0
415.0
174.o
840.0
224.o
94.o
5 .6
3.(i
2.8
140.0
37.0
16.o
4.2
2.6
2.1
1.5
3,2
2.1
l.6
103.0
28.0
12.0
5.6
82.0
22.0
9,3
458.0
121.0
52.0
25 .o
160.0
42.0
17.0
2.2
56.0
15.0
5,9
149.0
39,0
16.o
1.4
0.94
0.74
0.0025
0.0145
77,0
20.0
9.0
47.0
2.6
1.1
o.48
38.0
9.9
4.5
28.0
1.5
69.0
18.o
8.1
38.0
2.1
1.2
o.8
0.0025
0.0060
30,0
8.3
0.80
0,53
20.0
5,5
22.0
6.1
0.62
0.0025
15.0
o.49
12.0
9,3
0,33
0.0025
8.2
0.30
7,4
3.6
19
1.4
1.1
298.0
79.0
34.o
AIRBLAST PROPAGATION
Uh,Ah
20
CHAPTER 2
INSTRUMENTATION
2.1
Layout.
Events 1, 2, 2A, and 3, held at the Defence Research Establishment, Suffield (DRES), Drowning Ford Test Range; Event 2 was postponed as mentioned
in Section 1.1.
Gages
placed essentially along a single radial blast line in each test area (Figure 2.1).
The bunker
placed from the instrument bunker toward the test area, terminating in a
hardened junction box.
2A, the gagelines from the Event 3 site were connected in place of those
from the previous setups.
Sixty-five channels of instrumentation were employed for Events 1
and 2A.
marily at depths
locity gages were included, one at the 16-foot depth and 80-foot range and
one at the 18-foot depth and 210-foot range.
For each of the surface (i.e. half buried) bursts, Events 3 and 5,
21
Proj-
Placement Methods.
8-inch-diamet~r
augered boreholes.
The holes in the Event 1 area were initially drilled by a local contractor
using a mud drill.
reamed out later by the DRES field crew using an air auger.
This latter
method was used for the remainder of the instrument holes at Drowning Ford.
In the process of drilling the holes, a fine, free-flowing gray sand
was encountered at a depth of 8 to 12 feet.
quite difficult to place gage canisters deeper than this level, appeared to
be extensive and was observed in all drill holes.
Several 3-inch-diameter
Shelby-tube samples were taken near the Event 1 area and were analyzed by
the Eric H. Wang Civil Engineering Research Facility, Albuquerque, New
Mexico.
drill hole was tamped smooth and a thin layer of density-matched, lowstrength grout was placed in the hole with a 4-inch-diameter plastic pipe.
The instrument package was lowered into the hole with a placement tool,
properly aligned, and leveled by optical and electrical reference.
The
canister was held in this position until initial set occurred in the grout.
Sufficient additional grout was then added to cover the canister about
4 inches.
After the grout had cured, dry masonry sand was rained into the
hole and tamped in layers until the next instrument level was reached.
Typical gage columns are shown in Figure 2.4.
The stress gages were placed in a separate hole parallel to the
22
ment tool and the hole was backfilled with dry masonry sand as in the particle motion hole; however, no grout was used.
2.2
4.
Figures 2.5 and 2.6 show the Event 4 location plan and
gage geometry.
Numerous obstacles were encountered in preparing the test site for
gage emplacement.
A cavity the size of the gage canister was then dug in the un-
disturbed sidewall.
sector cable was covered with sand and then indigenous soil.
The cleared
The forest
Only 2-1/2 days of good weather were available for canister instal-
lation, and all but one of the canisters were emplaced in this period.
Figure 2.8 shows the typical surface condition in the cleared sector.
2.3
:EXiUIPMEN'I'
Ground shock was measured with velocity, acceleration, and earth
stress gages.
and Sandia DX velocity gages, Reference 7), which were available commercially, were variable-reluctance-type gages.
(WES).
Usually,
age was designed to approximately match the density of the native alluvium.
Soil density ranged from about 82 to 85 pcf for the ranges instrumented;
the instrument canister density was 82.5 pcf.
All gages were calibrated in the laboratory before shipment to the
test site.
the velocity gages by means of the free-fall method, and the stress gages
in a static pressure chamber.
prior to shot time.
the stress gages was a de signal conditioner and amplifier with a flat
frequency response up to 20 kHz
ing factor here was the optical galvanometer of the recording osGillograph,
which limited the signal frequency to about 2.5 kHz.
This limitation is
24
frequency gage with stated response up to 3,000 Hz, also dependent on range.
Generally, the higher the acceleration tolerance of the gage (range), the
higher its response frequency.
of the Kaman gage.
Figure
Gage
balancing, calibration, and data recording were done in the Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL) bunker by Kaman Nuclear and BRL personnel.
The
2.4
GAGE ANNOTATION
The gages were alphanumerically coded by event number, horizontal
1 0
2 A
\
_
l
AV
Orientation
Parameter
Sector1
Depth, ft
Horizontal Range, ft
Event
The parameters are identified as:
A Acceleration
V = Velocity
E = Stress
H =Horizontal radial
V = Vertical
Single and double integrations of measured data are indicated by the symbols
2.5
and
ff ,
DATA REDUCTION
The oscillographic paper was processed innnediately after recovery,
ta~e
F = forested sector; C
= cleared
sector.
25
70346
digitized data to punched cards for computer input, and running the card
decks on the appropriate computer code.
4 consisted of opti-
Each time the scan field boundary was reached, the plot was ad-
The
26
Sample
Description
Depth
feet
0 to 3
3 to 5.8
5.8 to 6.3
6.3 to 7.9
10.8 to 13.3
27
BUNKER
SCALE
SO
SO
100 1SO FT
JUNCTION BOX
GZ, EVENT 3
GZ, EVENTS 1 & 2a
GZ, EVENT 5
Figure 2 .1
28
EVENT I CHARGE
GAGE KEY:
'\/
/j,
----1----~EVENT
....
2A GAS BAG
ENVELOPE
.....
"'.,"'
'
'\
\
v"
~J
~'I'
\
\
./'
I
\
STA
....
1.5
l1J
l1J
u.
:i
10
'--~
....
a.
l1J
0
15 -
'
20
50
80
95
125
210
390
NOTE:
1.
2.
STATION
EVENT 1
1,000
600.0
500
400.0
300
230.0
120.0
200
170.0
75.0
100c
115.0
44.0
30c
33.0
21.0
1oc
9.4
7.2
Figure 2.2
29
STA
.,
CHARGE
/"""/1.;""
300 200
100
50
"'"'V-"'
20
'.>'/~/""
.'"'"'~"'
I-
w
w
IJ..
:z::
I0..
10
15
60
70
105
150
Figure 2.3
30
225
PARTICLE MOTION
COLUMN
~ { I 7 ~ \. <.''.' .':":
\ ..
l 1 ( ' l .( c
~
:'.'
...
CABLE
TRENCH
.. :: ..
CABLE
TRENCH
..... :
MASONRY SAND
BACKFILL
INSTRUMENT CABLE
I-
w
w
ALLUVIUM
4
u.
i
Ia.
w
0
INSTRUMENT CANISTER
11
...
FINE
...
. . ......
..
FREE-FLOWING
GRAY SAND
12
Figure 2.4
31
GZ, EVENT 4
CA
CLEARED
SECTOR
SCALE
200
200
Figure 2.5
400
600 FT
32
4.
..
CHARGE
["\
~~
STA
IIJJ
IJJ
ll.
I
ICL
IJJ
10
D
~~"<(
~".
~~,,~
1.5
1.5
240
320
450
700
a. FORESTED SECTOR
CHARGE
STA
IIJJ
IJJ
ll.
320
450
700
ICL
IJJ
10
1.5
240
b. CLEARED SECTOR
GAGE KEY:
'il
Figure 2.6
33
4.
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Event 4.
4.
34
ELECTRICAL CABLES
ASSEMBLY SCREWS
GAGE CASE
-,
I t0...........,.
'
'\I
MOUNTING HOLES
O/*(
FLAT COIL
I ,
0
Figure 2.9
35
CHAPI'ER
EVENT 1
No data were recorded by Project 3.02a for Event 1.
were operable prior to evacuation of the instrument bunker for remote operation.
start signal or the -2-second backup signal from DRES Control resulted in
no recording equipment turn-on.
relay (simulating a start signal) after the shot resulted in a normal turn-
EVENT 2A
3.2.l Data Recovery.
Peak values
corded from the gages l.5 feet deep underlying the gas bag was 8,500 ft/sec,
which compares favorably with the computed gas detonation velocity of approximately 8,ooo ft/sec.
pared well with the airblast propagation outside the gas bag.
The seismic velocity of the upper 10 feet of soil was determined by
seismic refraction survey before this shot to be approximately 800 ft/sec.
The underlying layer, extending beyond 45 feet in depth, had an apparent
velocity of 1,400 ft/sec.
gages near the surface approximated 875 ft/sec and compared well with the
seismic velocity for the upper layer.
observed outside the gas bag; however, an apparent anomaly is indicated for
the region beneath the bag.
rence could be a low density in the recompacted material in the area near
the center of the bag.
less dense backfill would tend to lag that in a denser in situ material.
However, it is doubtful that lag times on the order of those recorded could
be effected aver the short distance traveled.
once suspected since both motion gages were mounted together and yielded
the same arrival time.
were in their proper locations and the stress gages located in a parallel
hole support the motion gage data.
3.2.3
Particle Acceleration.
less for gages near the edge of the gas bag than near the center or just
outside.
Vertical acceleration and velocity were normalized to surface overpressure (Table 3.5) and plotted versus depth (Figure 3,5) to yield a
family of response curves relating to the surface airblast loading.
37
Because points of measurement for surface airblast and ground motion instruments were not coincident, overpressures were derived by interpolation
of the BRL data.
gas bag; hence, ratios presented are related to positions beyond the bag
radius.
ratios were as high as 2.13 g's/psi and exceeded
A/P
so
unity except at the region of lowest overpressure. A trend of decreasing
Near-surface
A/P
and
so
indicated.
U /P
v
so
Good comparison in
value of the Pace gage, whereas at the 210-foot range the Kaman gage reading was 1.5 times greater than the Pace gage reading.
is strongly suspected for the Kaman gages.
A calibration error
this gage was noted t.o be 1 msec longer than that for the Pace gage, indicating a possible damping problem.
part of Event 2A; however, since the depth and range of these gages gave a
direct radial comparison with the vertical gage (2A-210-l.5-AV) in the main
gageline, output signals were recorded.
3.7.
well in both amplitude and waveform; however, a slight phase shift occurred
between these and the primary gage (2A-210-l. 5-AV).
waveforms (Figure 3.9), it was found that the initial peaks had apparently
been clipped, possibly due to malfunction in the transducers or some unexpected response in the soil medium.
were well above the data input and are, therefore, not considered sources
of error.
It should be noted that peak value for the 10-foot depth at this range
also shows a decreased value from the data trend.
3.2.4
Particle Velocity.
Direct vertical particle velocity was measured only under the center of the
bag at three depths.
V'ertical veloc_-
ity for the near-surface stations attenuated from 33 ft/sec directly under
the bag to 0.5 ft/sec at 390-foot horizontal range.
data from other depths and by the acceleration ratio trends (Figure 3.5).
The peak outward horizontal velocity (Figure 3.11) attenuated relatively little with range at the 5-foot depth.
below, the horizontal velocity showed a consistent pattern of attenuation with both depth and range.
imately 4 to
39
data show an anomalous region at the same general range as do the horizontal acceleration values.
Displacement.
Considerable
peak values could not be determined due to the shape of the computed curves,
which were greatly affected by noise, drift (baseline shift), and error in
numerical sampling.
Earth Stress.
proximately 890 psi directly under the gas bag, decaying to 9 psi at the
390-foot range (Table 3.4).
horizontal range are in good agreement with BRL surface airblast data (References 4 and 5), as shown in Figure 3.14. Stress decrease with depth was
much more rapid than had been anticipated, producing only marginal output
signals.
Typical airblast
The loading
41
Ground
Range
feet
Vertical (Positive Downward):
0
2A-0-1.5-AV
2A-0-5-AV
2A-0-10-AV
2A-50-l.5-AV
50
2A-50-5-AV
2A-50-10-AV
80
2A-80-1.5-AV
2A-80-5-AV
2A-80-10-AV
2A-95-1. 5-AV
95
2A-95-5-AV
2A-95-10-AV
125
2A-125-l. 5-AV
2A-125-10-AV
210
2A-210-1.5-AV a
2A-210-l. 5-AVla
2A-210-1.5-AV2
Depth
Arrival
Time
Peak
Positive
Acceleration
Time of
Peak
feet
msec
g's
msec
1.5
5.0
10.0
3.2
12.5
27.4
1.5
5.0
10.0
7.9
12.7
16.4
13.2
17.1
21.5
16.1
19.7
24.7
26.8
33.7
68.9
454
98.8
40.2
702
139
77.3
191
110
35.7
124
14.o
27.0
4.4
16.6
34.8
9.1
16.6
23.0
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
10.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1. 5
2A-390-1.5-AV
390
Horizontal (Positive Outward):
2A-50-l.5-AH
50
1.5
2A-50-5-AH
5.0
2A-50-10-AH
10.0
80
2A-80-1.5-AH
1.5
2A-80-5-AH
5.0
10.0
2A-80-10-AH
2A-95-1.5-AH
2A-95-5-AH
2A-95-10-AH
2A-125-l.5-AH
2A-125-10-AH
2A-210-l.5-AH a
2A-210-l.5-AH1
2A-210-l.5-AH2 a
2A-390-l. 5-AH
95
1.5
5.0
10.0
125
1.5
10.0
(3.0
29.1
73.1
188
27.6
7.01
7.6
11.3
16.7
14.2
19.0
27.0
58.3
42.8
18.3
10.6
20.7
7-.47
11.7
28.0
8.49
22.6
5.52
19.5
26.2
34.o
28.7
44.4
5.54
6.30
70.3
72.7
15 .7
23.3
28.9
27.0
33,8
68.6
70.8
210
1.5
1.5
Malfunction
1.5
390
188
95.9
14.9
38.7
15.3
23.5
30.9
18.9
26.2
34.2
28.2
45.2
72.0
76.5
75.3
191
4.2
9.3
15.8
22.8
23.0
30.5
194
TABLE 3.2
Gae;e
Ground Hange
Depth
Arrival Time
feet
feet
msec
Peak
Positive Velocity
Time of Peak
ft/sec
msec
24.3
2A-O-l. 5- \N
f2A-0-1. 5-AV
2A-0-5-UV
f2A-0-5-AV
l.J
3.8
33.4
l. 5
3.2
31.3
23.3
5.0
16.9
15.0
30.6
16.6
28.8
5.0
12.5
10.0
28.5
10.0
27 .4
1.5
7.9
17.9
11.2
).0
12.7
10.9
20.B
10.0
lG.11
1. 5
13.2
f2A-80-5-AV
5.0
17.1
7.66
27.4
f2A-80-10-AV
10.0
21.5
4.98
34.8
1.5
5.0
16.1
19.'I
4.46
27.9
10.0
~l~. 7
3 .12
37 .8
1.')
26.8
6.03
36.4
10.0
31.7
2.30
48.o
2A-0-10-\N
f2A-0-10-AV
f2A-50-l .5-AV
50
f2A-50-5-AV
f2A-50-10-AV
f2A-80-l.5-AV
f2A-95-1. 5-AV
80
95
f2A-9'3-5-AV
f2A-9S-10-AV
f2A-125-1. 5-AV
125
f2A-1?5-)0-AV
7.90
39.0
7.90
38.8
7 .17
11.5
8.611
27.9
18.6
21.6
l.)
m.9
2.10
75.0
f2A-210-l. 5-AVl"
1.5
73.0
3.09
79.4
f2A-210- l. 5-AV':/l
1.5
73.l
3.09
f2A-390-l. )-AV
3'JO
1.5
50
f2A-210-l .5-AV
210
188
o.49
78.0
193
1.5
8.1
5b
f2A-'j0-1.5-All
1.5
7.6
3.12
27 ,0
2A-50-5-Ull
5.0
13.9
1.48
f2A-50-5-All
5.0
11. 3
1.42
16.9
lG.-4
2A-50-10-\JH
10.0
16. 3
0.90
21.8
f2A-50-10-Al!
10.0
16. 7
0.92
25. 7
l.')
12.4
1. 55
18.l
1.5
14.2
o.68
2A-80-5-1JH
5.0
19.0
1.20
21..
f2A-80-5-All
5. 0
19.0
1.04
27.1
2A-50-1.5-U1!
2 A-80-1. 5-U1!
r,o
f2A-80-l.5-All
2A-80-10-Ull
10.0
29.2
0.56
3H.8
f2A-80-10-All
10.0
27.0
o. 73
)8.7
2A-80-16-U1i
lG.o
29.8
0.54
41.2
1.5
16.o
0.62
21. 2
1.5
15. 7
0.72
21. 7
5.0
21.G
1.18
26. 7
2A-95-1.5-Ull
95
f2A-95-1. 5-1.JI
2A-95-5-U11
5.0
23.3
o.88
2G.8
2A-95-lO-U11
10.0
29. 3
0.29
311.0
f2A-95-10-All
10.0
28.9
0.53
35. 3
1. 5
27.4
32.6
f2A-125-l.5-All
1.5
2'{.0
0.60
o.28b
2A-125-l0-U1!
10.0
38.5
f2A-125-10-All
10.0
33.8
0.30
o.62b
f2A-95-5-All
2A-1~5-l.
5-Ull
2A-210-l. 5-Ul!
125
29.0
4G.r)
46.G
1.5
69.G
o.45
f2A-210-l.5-All
1.5
68.6
o. 31
71. ~~
f2A-210-l.5-Alll"
1.5
70.8
o.4G
79.4
78.9
210
18.0
2A-210-18-Uli
2A-390-l. 5-Ull
390
f2A-)90-l. 5-All
11.2
0.10
1011
1.5
189
0.24
191
1.5
188
0.15
194
43
'l'ABLE 3,3
Gage
Ground
Range
Depth
Peak
Positive
Displacement
feet
feet
feet
Gage
ff 2A-0-l. 5-AV
f2A-0-5-W
f f2A-0-5-AV
f 2A-0-10-W
ff 2A-0-10-AV
f f2A-50-l.5-AV
f f2A-50-5-AV
f f2A-50-10-AV
50
f f2A-80-l. 5-AV
f f2A-80-5-AV
f f2A-80-10-AV
80
f f2A-95-l. 5-AV
f f2A-95-5-AV
f f2A-95-10-AV
95
f f2A-125-1. 5-AV
f f2A-125-10-AV
125
Jf2A-210-l. 5-AV
1.5
5,0
0.936
5,0
0.3611
10.0
0.110
10,0
0.094
390
f2A-80-1. 5-llH
0.296
10.0
0.077
1.5
0.147
0.107
f2A-95-1. 5-UH
f 2A-50-5-illl
50
feet
1.5
0,032
0.060
0.070c
1.5
5,0
5,0
95
d
0.014
10,0
0.022
10.0
0.014
16.o
0.026
1.5
5,0
o.o4o
0.024
125
1.-5
0.048
f2A-125-10-IBI
1.5
10.0
0.012
f f2A-125-10-AH
10.0
0.024
1.5
0.008
1.5
0.014
18.o
0.003
1.5
0.006
1.5
0.004
0.075
f f2A-390-1. 5-Al!
f2A-390-l. 5-UH
44
1.5
0.029
f2A-210-1. 5-UH
~ Questionable.
Located on different azimuth.
~ Approximate.
Excessive baseline shift,
0.039
10.0
ff 2A-210-l. 5-AII
f 2A-210-18-mr
0,034
10.0
ff 2A-95-10-Al!
ff 2A-125-1. 5-Afl
0.030
0.012
0.018
1.5
0.007
0.018
f2A-125-l.-5-'illl
0.018
80
5,0
10.0
5,0
o.18oa
1.5
50
10.0
1.5
1.5
5,0
feet
f2A-95-10-IBI
10.0
feet
f 2A-95-5-UH
ff 2A-95-5-Afl
0.059
o.o41f
1.5
Peak
Positive
Displacement
ff 2A-80-1. 5-AH
f 2A-80-5-UH
ff 2A-80-5-Afl
f 2A-80-10-UH
f f2A-80-10-Af!
f 2A-80-16-UH
0.191
0.122
0.138
10.0
210
f f2A-50-5-Afl
f 2A-50-10-UH
f f2A-50-10-Af!
0,302
1.5
5,0
5,0
f f2A-210-l.5-AVlb
f f2A-210-l.5-AV2b
Jf2A-390-l. 5-AV
1.080
10.0
Depth
1.5
1.5
5,0
Ground
Range
210
390
0.021
Depth
Arrival Time
Peak Stress
Time of Peak
feet
feet
msec
psi
msec
2A-O-l. 5-EV
2A-0-5-EV
2A-0-10-EV
1.5
5.0
10.0
4.2
8.6
24.5
2A-50-l.5-EV
2A-50-5-EV
2A-50-10-EV
50
1.5
5.0
10.0
9.5
15 .4
23.4
889
210
113
130
5.72a
15 .4
14.6
30.8
39.4
11.4
21.2
31.0
2A-80-l. 5-EV
2A-80-5-EV
2A-80-10-EV
80
1.5
5.0
10.0
15.5
22.2
29.8
137
b
b
18.0
25.5
34.8
2A-95-l.5-EV
2A-95-5-EV
95
1.5
5.0
23.0
23.0
2A-125-1. 5-EV
2A-210-1.5-EV
125
210
1.5
29.6
1.5
2A-390-1. 5-EV
390
1.5
69.5
188
Gage
21.9
32.8
90.7
16.o
17.4a
36.9
73.2
17.5
9.0
198
~ Questionable amplitude.
Low signal, questionable waveform and amplitude.
TABLE 3.5
Overpressure
psi
Maximum
Velocity/Overpressure
feet
g's/psi
ft/sec/psi
120
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.59
0.92
0.30
0.096
0.064
0.042
73
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.70
1.01
0.37
0.118
0.061
0.043
45
1.5
10.0
2.13
0.33
0.134
0.051
21
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.85
1.39
1.32
0.100
0.147
0.147
1.5
o.88
0.062
7.9
45
0-C....~~~~.l.-~~~---"'--~~~--'~~~~-'-~~~~-'-~~~~...._~~~~~~~~--'
100
50
150
200
250
300
350
400
....
f-
w
w
10
IL
I
f0.
9',,''
I
15
20
25
,,
,, ..... _
\ ',
I
I
30
0
'k_
Figure 3.2
100
200
300
46
400
500
1,000
800
LEGEND
600
400
1 .5-FOOT DEPTH
0 KAMAN GAGE
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
!::.
10.0FOOT DEPTH
200
Ill
Cn
80
70.0-FOOT DEPTH/.-0..,,
60
,,,,,.....,,,,,....-
,.
40
7.5-FOOT DEPTH
<{
0::
_J
u
u
0
I-
20
<{
~
8
6
BENEATH GAS BAG
4
20
40
60
BO
100
200
400
600
BOO 1,000
47
100
200
0
y-E'LASTIC RE'BOUNO
200
UP
I
400
"'
z0
~
0
40
a: 60
w
...J 80
w
u
u 100
oJ----J.,......,r--~--=:::::,,.==::::::~~~~~~~~
eo
100
120
140
-98.ars
<(
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
2A50-5-AV
7;,,=12.1MSE'C
20
40
60
_ f 102g'S
20
I
I
20
DOWN
600
20
400
DOWN
40
-CJ)
II
-454g'S
UP
200
-IJ9g'S
40
20
10.0FOOT DEPTH
2A-0-IO-AV
20
20
40
20
60
-11.Jg'S
80
40
0
25
50
75
100
125
25
50
75
100
125
T,,:/J.2MSE'C
401
0
~J--..-2.,.-4'..._::.,.,,:::::::==:=.--_L.:::::::::=.~~~-
40
80
25
50
120
160
200
75
100
-19/g'S
"'
-CJ)
z
0
~a:
(r,,:16./MSE'C
251
20
0
_Jl24g'S
'TQ=l9.1MSE'C
125
20
40
60
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
2A-95-5-AV
20
40
w 80
...J
w 100
60
-1/0g'S
~ 20
-14.0g'S
80
10
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
2A-80-IOAV
0
10
20
20
-35.1g'S
-21.0g'S
30
40
0
25
50
75
100
125
25
50
75
100
48
125
ACCELERATION/OVERPRESSURE
0.1
0.2
0.4
Av /P so,
o.s
0.6
9' S/PSI
2
o.-~~~~~"T-~~~~~-.-~~~....-~---.~--..~~~~~~.....-~~~~---.
Uv/Pso
.....-----.
I
I I/
I I
Av/Pso
.-----.,
I
I
45 P S l - ! - 1
73 PSl---.f./'/
120 PSI~/
OVERPRESSURE / I
II I
II
I/ I
It I
LI.
I/ I
f-
11
f-
I/
0..
l.Ll
0
f
8
10
12 .......~~~~~-'-~~~~~-'-~~~.J.-~-J,~-J,~~~~~~.._~~~~--'
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
VELOCITY/OVERPRESSURE
0.08
0.1
U v /P so,
0.2
0.4
FT/SEC/ PSI
KAMAN AV
62
g's
AT 19.8 MSEC
HORIZONTAL RANGE= 95 FEET
PACE 2A-95-1.5-AV
18.9 MSEC
KAMAN
AV
PACE 2A-210-1.5-AV
39
g's
AT 72.0 MSEC
10
20
30
40
TIME, MSEC
Figure 3.6 Vertical accelerogram comparisons, 1.5-foot depth, Kaman Nuclear and Pace transducers.
50
UP
30
20
2A-210-l.5-AVI
T - 73.0 MSEC
0
10
DOWN
-------'-----~~--
-N-
--~=---=----
2A-210-1.5-AV2
2A-210-1.5-AV1
~ 2A-210-1.5-AV
30
GZ
40
50~~~~~....__~~~~-'--~~~~--'-~~~~~~~~~~'--~~~~....__~~~~-'--~~~~--'
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
51
60
''
LEGEND
0 \.
40
'
0
0
fl
\.
"'
~
U'.A
/0
\
Ill
i:n
0
I<{
'
Pc,.
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
5-FOOT _ / ,
DEPTH
o\.
20
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
'
1,.\SI
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
<
\,)-
10
'
8
\fl
O'.
w
_J
w
u
u
JO.FOOT
DEPTH
'~
40
60
80
100
200
1,000
52
40
50-FOOT RANGE
2A-50-1.5-AH
20
0
20
TOWARD
40
60
AWAY
8
80-FOOT RANGE
2A-80-1.5-AH
Cf)
C>
-i
0
~PROBABLE
j:::
CLIPPED PEAK
<(
ct'.
w
...J
w
u
u
12
95-FOOT RANGE
2A-95-1 .5-AH
<(
4
0
4
8
~ PROBABLE
CLIPPED PEAK
12
12
125-FOOT RANGE
2A-125-1.5-AH
6
0
6
12
18
24
0
25
75
50
100
125
Figure 3,9
Event 2A.
53
50
LEGEND
40
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
f:.
10.0FOOT DEPTH
20
-- -- --
--------~
5.0FOOT DEPTH
I/)
t-="
LL
>-
1-
\~
...J
J.S.FOOT DEPTH
>
0.8
0.6
BENEATH GAS BAG
0 .4
0.2
0.1'--~U-~-L~~~~...._~~"'-~..__._~~~~...._~~~--''--~__.,~_._............
20
40
60
80
100
200
400
Figure 3.10 Peak airblast-induced downward particle velocity versus horizontal range, Event 2A. Except for those at 0 foot, points are based on
integrated acceleration.
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
MEASURED
AH
5.0FOOT DEPTH
0
I
MEASURED
AH
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
.
fl
MEASURED
AH
MEASURED
({)
~ '
Il1.
>-
0.8
I-
u
0
_J
w
>
\
0.6
~
0
0.4
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
\
'
JO.FOOT DEPTH~
\
6.
.\
0.2
'
0.1~~~~-'-~~-'-~--<~~~~~~~~0---~~~~~--'
40
60
80
100
200
400
55
0.8
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
0.6
0.4
.... ........
-- ----
0.2
5.0FOOT DEPTH
1::J\
\
<\QUESTIONABLE
\
\
\
0.1
- - -
- -
6.
.\
0.08
1-
0.06
10.0.FOOT DEPTH
LL
1-
'D
- - - -,.--T--n-
/::;.\
___),\O \
/::;.
0.04
\
\
w
~
w
0
<!
.J
Q_
<fl
0.02
0 .. 0 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
o.oos
LEGEND
0.006
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
0.004
I
II
UV
AV
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
I
D
I
II
UV
AV
10.0-FOQT DEPTH
0.002
A
!::.
I
II
UV
AV
o.oo 1
0
20
60
so
100
200
400
600
800 1,000
1.0
Q.8
0.6
._
0.2
1.SFOOT DEPTH
.....
0.4
LEGEND
UH
fJ
AH
UH
{f
AH
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
UH
ff
AH
.....
w
w
0.06
......
I-
0.04
......
I-
LL
w
~
w
U)
..J
0.02
a.
UH
A D
.....
0
~
A
0.01
0.008
......
Q.006
......
0.004
.-
0.002
0.001
10
20
40
60
so
100
200
400
Figure 3.13 Peak airblast-induced outward displacement versus horizontal range, Event 2A.
57
1,000.---------,r----------r-----r---r---r---------r---------,.-----,----,~~
800
''
600
LEGEND
'
''
400
200
''
''
''
\~5.0-FOOT DEPTH
''
60
0
0
5,0-FOO T DEPTH
!:!:.
10.0FOOT DEPTH
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
',,
' '
80
........
BRL AIRBLAST
(PROJECT 1,01)
..
100
',~1.5-FOOT DEPTH
(/)
a..
'
40
(/)
(/)
0::
1-
(/)
'
'\'
'
"
..
'
20
"-h.
.
(
'
---OUESTIUNABLE
8
6
QUESTIONABLE-0
'-----r;------...._______
0
20
~----_.
40
___..__...._________.._________'-----.Jl...--.Jl...-..J
60
80
100
200
400
Figure 3.14 Peak airblast-induced vertical stress versus horizontal range, Event 2A.
58
2A-390-1.5-EV
390.0-FT RANGE
.01 SEC
.02
.04
.06
.10
.08
.12
.14
.16
.18
Figure 3,15
Event 2A.
59 .
---v
T 0 = 10.2 MSEC
= 15.5 MSEC
,.,--21.6 PSI
,,-;---~-------------..._...__~B~R~L~S~U~R:F~A~C~E~A~IR::B~L~A:S~T--~
T 0 = 66.6 MSEC
~~~ 7-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
____L_ T
0
= 69.5 MSEC
10
12
14
TIME, MSEC
60
CHAPI'ER
SHOT CONDITIONS
An anomalous airblast wave was noted in Event 3.
DRES high-speed
photography showed a gas jet and associated bow wave which preceded the
primary airblast wave and propagated along Projects 1.01 (BRL) and 3.02a
(WES) gagelines.
were seen in the ground motion data, pointing out the integrating (smoothing) characteristics of the Drowning Ford alluvium on fast transient airblast inputs.
The winter conditions hoped for on Event 5 failed to materialize.
There was practically no snow cover, only a thin layer of ice and slush.
Ground temperatures were relatively high, approximately 20 F at a depth of
2 feet as measured in the WES instrument holes (Figure 4.1).
Project
3.05 ground temperature measurements were somewhat lower than those made by
WES.
However, the Project 3.05 thermocouple lines were located along radii
different from the ground motion gageline and were covered by more snow and
ice, which would have insulated the ground better in those areas.
Observa-
tion of preshot drillings from the test area indicated that only the upper
Therefore,
DATA RECOVERY
Detonation of Event 5 occurred 3.5 seconds prematurely; as a conse-
61
detected on the fiducial channel which could have been generated by the detonation and fed back through the system.
respect to time on all recorders and was determined to be actual event zero.
Of 34 channels of information, 32 were successfully recorded for
Event 3 and 33 for Event 5.
4.4.
For Event 3, Projects 3.04a and 3.04b obtained complementary data in
the hydrodynamic and plastic (close-in) regions (References 4 and 5).
How-
Ground-shock arrival
times for near-surface vertical accelerations were earlier for Event 5 than
for Event 3 out to a range of 105 feet.
about 8 msec at the 60-foot station to 18 msec at 105 feet for Event 5 as
compared to 11 msec and 21 msec for Event 3.
arrival times for the two events were about equal, and at the 225-foot station, the arrival was slightly later for Event 5.
outward, the first arrivals approximated those of the airblast for Event 3,
but were outrunning slightly in Event 5.
A spatial shock-front diagram (Figure 4.3) constructed from BRL (Project 1.01) surface airblast-arrival data (References 4, 5, 10, 11, and 12),
Sandia Corporation (Project 3.04b) hydrodynamic data (Reference 4), and
WES (Project 3.02a) subsurface arrival measurements shows the wavefront
propagation.
for Event 5,
Modification of near-
The wave-
The pulses
Slight phasing differences are evident (Figure 4.6), but are perhaps attributable to material property variance between test sites and slight
detonation and coupling disparities.
In Figure 4.7, the Event 5 accelerations are shown to be generally
Similar to, but higher than, those measured on Event 3.
events fall within the general range of the Flat Top measurements.
Atten-
uations with range for the four events are tabulated on the following
Page.
Significantly higher values were measured for both vertical and horizontal (Section 4.4.3) accelerations at the 70-foot range and 1.5-foot
Maximum
Acceleration
Range
Minimum
Acceleration
Range
g's
feet
g's
feet
3
5
196
60
12
225
164
60
20
225
Flat Top II
145
65
27
150
137
65
10
250
Event
Attenuation
Rate
R-2.00
R-1.68
The higher
100 psi for all events except Flat Top III, for which there was an increase.
Averaged data indicate little attentuation between 10- and 200-psi overpressures.
Av /P so
ratios tended
Event 3 acceleration
The initial
The
frequency perturbation is imposed on the Event 5 waveforms, with corresponding faster rise times, the overall similarity between Events 3 and 5
is apparent.
4.4.3
Horizontal Acceleration.
waveforms for all 1.5-foot depth stations are shown in Figure 4.12.
Wave-
form comparisons between Events 3 and 5 are shown for the 60- and 70-foot
stations in Figure 4.13.
Event
PARTICLE VELOCITY
A composite velocity data listing for Events 3 and 5 is given in
Table 4.2.
Vertical Velocity.
Event 5
E:vents 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III data for comparison.
The Event 5
data are lower valued and appear to attenuate more rapidly (R- 1 84 ) with
65
1
increasing horizontal range than the Event 3 (R- 33 ) or Flat Top data.
Both Events 3 and 5 data fall below those of the Flat Top Series.
Ratios of airblast-induced vertical velocity to surface overpressure
above the point of reference are listed in Table 4.6.
Horizontal Velocity.
This is fol-
lowed by a later arriving pulse with longer rise time, higher amplitude,
and considerable duration (approximately twice that of the airblast motion)
produced by the crater-induced motion.
compared in Figure 4.19.
_faster_rise _times for both airblast- and crater-induced phases than Event 3
Figure 4.20 shows measured near-surface horizontal velocity and integrated
acceleration waveforms from Event 5.
waveform is quite high.
son is noted at later times between the measured and integrated data.
Note
Peak outward particle velocities from the direct-induced (latearriving) ground shock for Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III are
66
Flat Top
II values at 1-foot depth ranged from 3.7 ft/sec at 65-foot range to 0.43
ft/sec at 150-foot range.
Plain data (Figure 4.24) shows similar slopes but varying offsets.
Event 3
compared well with Flat Top III, Flat Top II data falling below these and
Event 5 data falling above.
4.6
DISPIACEMENT
All displacement data (Table 4.3) are derived from particle
Airblast-
tenuations were similar for both events. The airblast-induced motion attenuated with range as R-1 17 for Event 3 and as R- 1 55 for Event 5. Event
3 amplitudes were greater.
Attenuation with
4.7 STRESS
Peak stress data are tabulated in Table
4.4.
The near-surface
stresses appeared to attenuate with range roughly as did the airblast for
. bl as t at t enuated with range as R-o.94
Event 3. The Event 3 surface air
0
and the near-surface stress approximately as R- 83 . Event 5 airblast
61
2 20
attenuated as R- 0
and near-surface stress as R- .
Signal levels from Events 3 and 5 stress gages were excessively low,
resulting in poor resolution of late-time (low-amplitude) data.
The stress
For both
cases, the second pulse is caused by the crater-induced ground shock (Fig-
4.27). Typical waveforms are compared between Events 3 and 5 in Figure 4.28.
ure
Both motions
As-
But, on un-
loading, the gage output would appear to go into tension (the recorded
magnitude being highly improbable for soils of such low cohesion). In actuality, the diaphragms would be returning to the normal unloaded point
below the initial prestress.
~rior
Under certain
loading conditions, edge loads could induce strains in the sensors bonded
68
to the diaphragms, thus causing a spurious output, the polarity of the signal generated being dependent upon the sensor(s) most affected.
Theoretical computations (Reference
14)
energy are dissipated in the first few inches of dry alluvium such as that
of Drowning Ford.
Higher scatter is to be
most sensitive parameter to variance in soil properties (stiffness, density, impedance, etc.); (2) it is difficult to achieve adequate and consistent coupling of the gage to the soil under field conditions; and
(3) the state of stress will vary as the rate of loading varies and as the
load vector changes.
Gage, 3- or 5-
Ground
Range
Depth
Arrival Time
Event 3
feet
feet
msec
Peak Positive
Acceleration
Event 5
msec
Event 3
Event 5
g's
g's
165
24.5
12.5
60
70-1.5-AV
70-5-AV
70-10-AV
1.5
5.0
10.0
10.6
11.8
16.8
13.3
195
59.0
12.4
70
1.5
5.0
10.0
11.5
14.2
18.0
9.96
10.9
14.5
104
29.8
10.1
225
30.3
11.1
105-1.5-AV
105-10-AV
105
1.5
10.0
21.0
27.3
18.3
21.6
53.9
11.4
58.3
14.3
150-1.5-AV
150
1.5
38.7
38.7
44.2
36.5
225-1.5-AV
225
1.5
73.4
78.5
12.1
20.4
18.7
12.2
1.88
34.4
a
2.13
14.o
5.45
44.3
5.76
7 .99b
10.0b
8.17
8.24
60
70-1.5-AH
70-5-AH
70
1.5
5.0
10.0
11.4
12.4
8.04
a
17.2
13.7
1.5
5.0
11.8
15.7
9.88
11.6
105-1.5-AH
105
1.5
21.8
16.9
150-1.5-AH
150
1.5
37.9
36.0
225-1.5-AH
225
1.5
74.4
77.2
~ No signal recorded.
Quest ion ab le
70
12.3
1.91
14.4
3.40
Gage, 3or 5-
Ground
Range
feet
Arrival
Time
Depth
feet
Event 3
Event 5
Event 3
Event 5
Event 3
Event 5
msec
msec
ft/sec
ft/sec
ft/sec
ft/sec
8.17
8.24
9.17
7.72
2.64
6.02
3.61
2.64
5.71
3.37
2.44
10.6
11.8
16.8
13.3
1.5
5.0
10.0
11.5
14.2
18.o
9.96
10.9
14.5
6.92
4.02
1.5
10.0
21.0
5.08
2.15
2.21
27.3
18.3
21.6
150
1.5
38.7
38.7
3.26
1.24
225
1.5
73.4
78.5
1.15
0.52
1~5-
10~5
44a
7.77
11.4
12.6
12.4
18.2
17.2
8.78
1.12
4.26
o.44
4.15
4.99
a
5.2
13.7
4.93
2.57
8.03
1.06
a
0.90
b
7.26
1.5
5.0
5.0
10.0
10.0
iL3a
8.04
10.6
a
10.0
1.5
1.5
5.0
5.0
13.6
11.8
16.ob
10.2
0.69
b
o.4ob
3.ob
2.90
6.00
0.90
0.50
3.92
5.71
9.88
11.2
11.6
2.56
3.8
7.0
1.5
1.5
23.1
21.8
18.6
5.55b
17.7d
16.9
1.00
3.59
2.05
1.5
1.5
40.5
0.90
o.47
1.82
0.20
o.45
0.96
37.9
38.7
36.o
1.5
75.0
74.4
75.9
77.2
0.26
o.54b
0.22
o.47b
0.33
f60-1.5-AV
f 60-5-AV
f 60-10-AV
60
f70-l.5-AV
f 70-5-AV
f70-10-AV
70
fl05-1.5-AV
f 105-10-AV
105
fl50-l.5-AV
f225-1.5-AV
2.33
1.87
60
f60-1.5-AH
60-5-UH
f 60-5-AH
60-10-UH
f 60-10-AH
70-1.5-UH
f70-l.5-AH
70
70-5-UH
f 70-5-AH
105-1.5-UH
flo5-1. 5-AH
105
150-1.5-UH
fl50-1.5-AH
150
225-1.5-UH
225
f225-1.5-AH
1.5
15.7
: No signal recorded.
Questionable
~ Clipped peak.
Erroneous amplitude due to instrument tilt.
71
0.50
3.10
TABLE 4,3
Gage, 3or 5-
Ground
Range
feet
Depth
Event 3
Event 3
Event 5
Event 5
feet
feet
feet
feet
feet
1.5
5,0
0.07
0.04
1.40
0.07
0.03
10.0
0.03
0.27
0.76
0.20
0.95
o.45
1.5
0.04
0.76
0.50
5.0
10.0
o.o4
0.30
0.04
o.4o
0.28
0.03
0.30
0.65
1.5
10.0
0.05
0.02
None
0.20
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.02
f f60-l.5-AV
f f60-5-AV
f f60-10-AV
60
f f70-l.5-AV
f f70-5-AV
f f70-10-AV
70
f fl05-l.5-AV
f fl05-10-AV
105
f fl50-l.5-AV
150
1.5
0.03
None
0.02
0.03
f f225-1.5-AV
225
1.5
0.01
0.006
o.005a
0.007
1.5
a
a
1.90
a
0.92
0.33
0.75
o.2oa
60
f f60-l.5-AH
1.5
f60-5-UH
f f60-5-AH
5,0
5.0
10.0
10.0
f 60-10-UH
f f60-10-AH
f70-l.5-UH
f f70-l.5-AH
70
f70-5-UH
f f70-5-AH
fl05-l.5-UH
105
f f105-1.5-AH
fl50-l.5-UH
150
f fl50-1.5-AH
f225-1.5-UH
f f225-l.5-AH
225
a
a
0.87
o.68
a
a
a
b
a
o.47
0.60
b
0.54
0.34
1.5
1.5
5.0
5,0
0.92
a
b
b
a
b
b
a
0.29
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.30
o.48
0.19
1.5
0.71
b
0.12
1.5
1.5
b
b
b
b
0.03
0.02
0.02
~ No signal recorded.
Questionable.
72
0.02
TABLE 11,4
Gar;e,
or
<~VENTS
Ho.nr;e
5-
F.vent 5
Event 3
feet
feei.:;
(,Q-5-EV
60-10-EV
70
70-1. 5-F.V
70-5-EV
msec
msec
1.5
60
h0-1. 5-EV
Arrival
Time
Depth
Ground
3-
3 Arm 5
F.vent 3
psi
psi
37,6
9,9
7 ,59
Event
8.111
5.0
10.0
22.7b
16.8
l.')
11,l,
10.7
63
29.2
5.0
i8.o
11.5
38
11.0
20
25.0
3.8b
6.4
105-1. 'J-F:V
10)
1.5
2l<. 3
18.fl
1')0-1. 5-EV
150
l.')
39.8
37.6
3,11
3.6
225-1.5-EV
2?5
1.5
78.0
77,!1
9,3
3,7
~ no sir,n~l record~d.
Questionable.
TABLE 11. 5
Overpresc:ure
psi
Maxir:nun
AccelerQ.LiDn/
Overpre;;sure
f'.'s/psi
Overpressure
Maximum
Overpressure
380
g's/poi
0.32
0.82
221,_'i
0.71,
o.63
21'.J
LOii
210
0.(9
93,5
o.63
llO
o.48
o.83
39,0
o.'}1
0.58
17 .')
J. l(,
'?370.
1(,5
110
o.49
53.5
21.0
45.0
"" Extrapolated.
73
Overpressure
0.60
Maximum
Overpressure
psi
r's/psi
Maximum
Acceleration/
Acceleration/
Overpressure
pci
Flat Top II
psi
r,'s/psi
980
0,311
500
o.!n
280
o.49
130
1.48
42.0
0.98
15.0
0.67
TABLE
psi
Flat Top II
Maximum
Velocity/
Velocity/
Velocity/
Maximum
Velocity/
Overpressure
Overpressure
Overpressure
Overpressure
Overpressure
MaximlU!l
ft/sec/psi
500
0.0?4
280
0.037
0.027
140
0.117
130
0.075
45
0.038
42
0.083
15
0.053
llO
0.046
93.5
0.023
53.5
0.0(,1
39,0
0.032
21.0
0.055
17 .5
0.030
VF.WC TTY,
Gace
Depth
EVENTS 3 A.'lD 5
Rance/
Crater Radius
Crater-Induced
Velocity
F.vent
3 Event
feet
feet
feet
feet
35.1
32.8
60
60
1.5
1.5
1.71
35.1
32.8
60
Go
).0
').O
1.71
1.83
35.1
32.8
60
Go
10.0
10.0
1.71
1.83
35.1
32.8
70
70
1.5
l.'.)
1.99
2.13
35.1
32.8
70
70
5.0
5.0
1.99
2.13
35.1
32.8
105
105
l.5
1.5
2.99
3.20
35 .1
32.8
150
150
1.5
1.5
4.27
4.58
o.45
35.1
32.8
225
225
1.5
1.5
6.42
6.86
o.47
Event. 3
feet
0.023
0.050
215
Event. ')
980
O.OZ/
0.0!12
Even:; 3
ft/sec/psi
210
1()
Gace
Rance
psi
380
0.039
Crater
ft/sec/psi
Overpressure
0.027
237
Maximum
psi
ft/sec/psi
psi
22!1
Radius
Overpressure
Event
Event 3 Event
feet
~ Clipped peak.
Questionable.
74
1.83
Velocity/
Crater Radius 1/ 2
F:vent 3
Event
Event 3
Event 5
ft/sec
ft/sec
ft/sec/rt 1/ 2
ft/sec/rt 1/ 2
7.26
7 .77
1.23
1.36
4.15
4.99
0.10
o.88
3.10
10.0b
0,53
3.92
5.71
o.66
1.00
2.56
1.47
o.43
0.26
"
17 .7b
0.96
o.os
0.17
0.33
0.08
0.06
I-
w
w
:c
Ia.
ll.
LEGEND
10
12
- - - WES, 9 FEB 67
........~~'--~~~~.._~_._~~...._~__,'--~......_~~"'-~-u
12
16
20
24
28
32
40
8
36
4
14..._~
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 4.1 Preshot ground temperatures, Event 5. Project 3.05 temperatures were obtained by U. S. Army Cold
Regions Research Engineering Laboratories (CRREL) and
were supplied by J. Smith of CRREL.
75
jJ
/
/
/
60
w
(/)
'/
w
~
I-
40
EVENT 3 (SUMMER)~/
_J
<(
>
a::
a::
<(
EVENT 5 (WINTER)
/
/
J)/
20
/
/
~
HORIZONTAL RANGE, FEET
76
\
I
I
I
18
46
'21
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
77
"
lJMSC
50
60-FOOT HORIZONTAL RANGE
3-60-1.5-AV
0
50
UP
100
150
DOWN
195 g's
200
-"'
z0
II>
25
0
i=
<(
Ta = 11.5 MSEC
0::
w
_J
w 50
u
u
<(
104 g's
100
1.7
25
Ta
=21MSEC
53.9 g's
50
25
50
225-FOOT HORIZONTAL RANGE
Ta = 73.4 MSEC
~ __,..L_r---__::::=~--3--2-2_5_-_1._5=-A~V------==~ ~s
50
100
150
Figure
200
100
60-FOOT RANGE
50
,1
50
100
UP
+
DOWN
150
~
C>
0
I-
200
<(
0::
w
...J
w
u
u
105-FOOT RANGE
25
<(
0
25
EVENT 3 (3-105-1.5-AV)
50
225-FOOT RANGE
10
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
79
200
40
~FLAT TOP
30
~
O>
EVENT 5 (WINTERl-.._j
10
i=
1\
,1
:\ /\,
EVENT J (SUh'MER)
20
UP
ID (6 AVI)
11 ~
I
I
I
\
I
---
DOWN
----
<(
0:
w
w
u
u
10
...J
20
<(
30
~
40
41 g'S
50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BO
90
100
110
Figure 4.6 Vertical accelerograms at 150-foot range, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III.
80
400
LEGEND
1.SFOOT DEPTH
0
0
--
200
--
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
1.0FOOT DEPTH
FLAT TOP Il
<>FLAT TOP ID
6
100
"'
i:n
.
z
0
I<(
80
\
60
a::
w
_J
w
u
u
<(
40
'\ \~0
a..
\'(~.---EVENT 5
(WINTER)
\
\
20
~\
\
\
8'-----'----'-~---'--'-......&..-------------'---------'"----~
40
60
80
100
200
400
LEGEND
6
DISTANT PLAIN
4
(/)
a..
',
0::
::J
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
EVENT 2A
FLAT TOP
"'
i:n
/!; Il
-- m
(/)
(/)
w
0::
a..
0::
>
0
'
0.8
0
I-
,,:<'\ '
I
/
/
/
0.6
<{
0::
.J
w
u
0.4
u<{
Q,1
.......~~.._~...............~~~~-'-~~~---''--~--0.~---__,
200
400
40
60
so 100
600 soo 1 .ooo
'--~~~--o.~~~~
10
20
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
82
10
Ta
10
"'
3-60-10-AV
60-FOOT HORIZONTAL RANGE
12.4 g's
10
UP
'
Ta
3-70-10-AV
70-FOOT HORIZONTAL RANGE
i=
<{
a::
w
_J
w
DOWN
u
u
10. 1 g's
<{
10
10
3-105-10-AV
105-FOOT HORIZONTAL RANGE
11.4
10
g's
50
100
150
Figure 4.10
84
200
40
60-FOOT RANGE
UP
30
20
DOWN
10
!:'1
O>
0
I<!'.
0:
w
w
u
u
\
I
I I
.J
~. .>JI
10
12.4 9 s
112.5 g'S
<!'.
20
70-FOOT RAN-GE
10
EVENT 3
~~-~----~-- ~
10
100
50
150
200
85
EVENT 5
5-60-1.5-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
0
0
CD
5-70-1.5-AH
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
=r
0
0
=r
TOWARD
0
CD
en
J,
5l
.....
~
i..J
a:
5-105-1.5-AH
AWAY
105.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
5l
5-150-1.5-AH
...
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
"'
2
~
...
...
5-225-1.5-AH
225.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
...
...
1
.oo .ot .02 .03 .O'I .os .os .ftl .1111 .09 to .11 tz tl t'I ts t8 11 t8 t9 .zo
Figure 4.12
86
40
60-FOOT RANGE
20
20
TOWARD
40
!:"
80
70-FOOT RANGE
O>
AWAY
0
I-
60
<!
a::
w
.J
40
<!
20
2.0
40
20
20
AO
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
60
LEGEND
40
1.SFOOT DEPTH
0 \
0
0
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
\
\
\
\
20
\
\
\
.,,
"'z.
10
I-
<{
\
\
0::
w
.J
w
u
u
\~EVENTS
6
<{
\
\
a,
\
\
\
\
\
2
1 ......._____________..____._____________
40
60
80
~------------~
200
100
400
Figure 4.14 Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot depth, Events
3 and 5,
88
EVENT 3
}3-60-1.5-AV
UP
j
AIRULAST
INDUnD
MOTION
CRATER
INDUCE:.[J
MOTION
,,.
(To
(r
--------
--- ---
;:::
"-
>-
,,.,,.
; ;
B 17 MSEC)
--- ---
()
:;:
10.6 MSEC)
~---BASELINE SHIFTED
1()
0
_J
UJ
>
10
0.02
0.04
0 06
0 09
0. 10
0. 12
0.14
0 16
0. 18
0.'20
0.22
TIME. SECONDS
Figure 4.15 Vertical velocity waveforms from integrated acceleration, 1.5foot depth, 60-foot range, Events 3 and 5.
] v~
60-FOOT RANGE
~~ ::l~r=-----~-~;::--f-5-60-1.5-_AV
70-FOOT RANGE
f 5-70-1 .5-AV
5.ool~~=====
~
+ v
105-FOOT RANGE
u
~
....
u.
,:
....
u
0
5.0
UP
f3-105-l .5-AV
20[
o~~~~~~__,_~~~~~~~~==~f-5_-1~0~5-_1_.5_-A_v~-
DDWN
~;;:--------=---
-------=-==
2.0
_J
w
>
150-FOOT RANGE
.v
:l-r--.. . .-7'-~-------f_5_15_0-_1.5_-A_v_
f3-150-1.5-AV
""""~
1.ol
225.fOOT RANGE
v
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.175
0.5
0.025
PRECURSOR
0.5
0.200
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
EVENT 3, SUMMER
EVENT 5, WINTER
Figure 4.16 Vertical velocity waveforms from integrated acceleration, 1.5foot depth, various ranges, Events 3 and 5.
90
...
4-
10
8
'\
o'
'o
u
'\
(/)
'\
'f-
.
\
\
lL
EVENT
>-
5~\
f-
\
\
_J
>
''\
'
...
LEGEND
DISTANT PLAIN
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
0.6
.
...
l:l
--
q
\
INTEGRATED
FLAT TOP Il
0.8
MEASURED
INTEGRATED
FLAT TOP ill
'' \
--
'\ \
\
MEASURED
INTEGRATED
ci,
\
\
0.4
40
60
so
100
200
400
91
0.8
LEGEND
0.6
DISTANT PLAIN
0.4
Ui
a..
u
w
..
0.2
w
0::
:::>
(/)
(/)
w
a..
0::
w
0::
>-
"
0.1
...... ,
.y
0.06
,..,,. _,,........
.. ..------
./'
-~.
'''\
\
u
_J
EVENT 2A
tJ. n
--m
.'
0 08
f-
EVENT 3
,,,,---------..._-...
,,
>
EVENT 5
FLAT TOP
(/)
fLL
0
0
0.04
o-- -- __ ...a.---...
>
...... .....
0.02
Q,01
~------__.,
10
---- --
~-~
-.
""
'll'
'
~-----
_________,_____....___..__._________..._________._____,,,__
20
40
60
80 100
200
400
500
~---
000 1 ,ooo
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
92
60-FOOT RANGE
,,,,,,.,,.,,,,.-----------
Oi.rt-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,_-,----=~~~~~~~~~~~~~---"''"--
.,,..,,, . - - - - - /
/
//~EVENTS
I
I
I/
I
I
t;:
EVENT 3
(SUMMER)
I
I
I
I I
AWAY
""
I
I
>f-
TOWARD
I
I
I
u
w
(/)
(WINTER)
70-FOOT RANGE
_J
__ ,,,,
>
_......---
----- --
-- -
......
/
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ,___EVENT 5
\/
(WINTER)
v
6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Figure 4.19
93
60-FOOT RANGE
2
5-<;0-1.5UH
l~AIRBLAST
4
I
8
5-70 1 .5-UH
~
I
u.
"'....
;
>::
0
..J
I
I
I
10
12
:[
:[
51501.5UH
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
f 5-1501.5-AH
'
225-FOOT RANGE
0.12
5-225-1.S..UH
0.14
AWAY
1--~~~~~~~'~-~~~~~~~~~-
0.02
-~
'-
TOWARD
I
I
'Q_/
........:::::::
' ....
....
5-70-1.5 AH
f5-1051.5AH
"")
I
I
IP'....
I
I
I
AMPLITUDE UNRELIABLE
DUE TO INSTRUMENT
~[
h~
I
I
I
I
I
'I
I
I
14
_16
5-105-1.5-UH
I
I
>
(_
r
0
I
I
CRATER INDUCED
MOTION
70-FOOT RANGE
II ~
BLAST
INDUCED
MOTION
2[
~AIR
CRATER-INDUCED
MOTION
INDUCED
MOTION
5-60-1.5-AH
0,16
0.18
0.20
',
2:[-~~~~-~'-'~~~============--~~
, ,
0.02
0.04
006
0.08
f52251.5AH
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
MEASURED
Figure 4.20
INTEGRATED ACCELERATION
020
TOWARD
1.0
0.8
0.53 FT/SEC
0.6
I
I
u 0.4
w
(/)
',
IlJ..
DISTANT PLAIN
I1" '
0.2
'\
--.
\ /'\
>-
I-
AWAY
_J
w 0.2
>
0.4
I
0.6
0.8
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Figure 4.21 Horizontal velocity waveform comparison, nearsurface, 150-foot range, Distant Plain Event 3 and Flat Top
II and III.
95
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
0
0
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
()
II
(,Q
'I-lJ..
0.8
I-
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
0.4
>
II
0.6
0
...I
fl
l)
>-
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
0
0.2
0.1
40
60
I
80
100
200
400
Figure 4.22 Peak airblast-induced outward particle velocity versus range, Events 3 and 5.
10
\
6
8
<>-
~\
LEGEND
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
s.OFOOT DEPTH
() EVENT 3
II
\!:J.
()
0
0
EVENT 5
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
1 .0-FOOT DEPTH
6
\
FLAT TOP II
(/)
.......
ILJ..
\~EVENTS
\
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
(WINTER)
\
'
>-
I-
EVENT 3
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
(SUMMER)
.J
>
'
Q.B
0.6
0
6
0.4
\
\
60
so
100
200
'\
400
97
10
LEGEND
6
\ t.
4
fl
FLAT TOP II
--
0
0
DISTANT PLAIN 3
DISTANT PLAIN 5
\'
\'
FLAT TOP II
......
1-
u.
.......
l/J
.......
1-
u.
......
\
:J
0
<t:
0.8
\
\
\
'r
-t:., \
<t:
\
\
Q:'.
u
>-
\\
\:-\
0.6
1-
.......
'
Q:'.
Q:'.
Vi
0.4
1-
\
\
\\
_J
>
DISTANT PLAIN 3
\\
DISTANT PLAIN 5
'
\\
\\
0.2
\
\
\
\",\
\~
'o
\
\
\
\
\
\
0.10t--~~~~~-t-~~~~~~~~~~-+;-;-~~.--~~~--1
b
\
b
.........._~~~~~-'-~~~-'-~~..._~.....__..~..._...._........~
1.0
2
4
8
10
6
0.05'--....L.~'---'-
0.5
RANGE/CRATER RADIUS
2.0
1.0
I
I
o.e
0.2
I
I
0.2
l.5FOOT DEPTH
AIRBLAST INDUCED
(DOWNWARD)
CRATER INDUCED
(UPWARD)
0.5-FOOT DEPTH
I
1
.~
Al RB LAST INDUCED
CRATER INOUCE:O
10.0FODT DEPTH
6
A
(UPWARD)~
AIRBLAST INDUCED
CRATER INDUCED
0.1 1--------------4~---+---~--~~~
0.08
...... o.oe
io.04
...
...::>
I-
0.1
~- 0,08
...
a o.oe
u
<
"'0
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
CRATER INDu!:O
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
CRATER INDUCED
(UPWARD)
ii
I
I
I
......
...
0.4
.,
0.4
\I
\
o.e
LEGEND
I
A
o.e
1.0
~--~-----~-~---~
0.8
0.04
0.02
ii
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
(DOWNWARD)
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
(DOWNWARD)
0.02
"'0
0.01
l--------------ll---"""1r---------;
0.008
0.008
0.01
0,008
t
I
0.004
:~J._ _.....____._~~~~~
I
\
I
I
o.ooe
0.002'----'----.l.--.J...-L--l----'----..JL---'--....J......I
40
80 80 100
200
400 eoo aoo 1poo
20
10
HORIZONl"L RANGE, FEET
EVENT 3
Figure 4.25
and 5.
10
20
40
200
eo 80 100
HORIZONT"L RANGE1 FEET
400
.J
EVENT 5
99
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
5,0FOOT DEPTH
0,8
1-
0.6
w
lL
1-
z
w
0.4
:E
u
<(
EVENT 3
II
EVENT 5
10,0-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
.
\
[J \
~\
EVENT 5 __.r'\\
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
\
(WINTER)
~
\
-EVENT 3
1.SFOOT DEPTH
(5UMMER)
....I
--a.
II)
0.1
0.08
0.06
\
\
\
0.04
\
\
\
\
\
0.02
Figure 4.26 Peak crater-induced horizontal displacement versus horizontal 'range, Events 3 and 5.
100
60
COMPRESSION
(ii
a. 40
~
Ill
Ill
a::
TENSION
70-FOOT RANG
IIll
J:
I-
a:: 20
<
w
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.12
0.14
0.16
EVENT 3
COMPRESSION
40
TENSION
20
Ill
a.
20
40
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
O.OB
0.10
EVENT 5
Figure 4.27
101
60
70-FOOT RANGE
COMPRESSION
40
TENSION
I\
20
I\\
:iw
I I
I
Cl'.
!;;
I
I {'
f-
a:
<i
I
\
or---\jr-~1--~-=--~~=-~~~-="----==:::::::=====::;::;:==:===:=
'
'\
' '......
20
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.09
---- ------~EVENTS
//
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
102
CHAPI'ER 5
RESULTS, EVEN'I'
5.1
DATA RECOVERY
pata recovery for this event was good.
A large
number of particle impacts (ejecta) were noted upon postshot site inspection.
4 were
high-range gages utilized from the Drowning Ford (Events 1 and 2A) instrument packages.
sation could be made for the higher range calibration resistor sealed inside the instrument canisters.
primary power supplies for all project bunkers were strung on top of the
saturated ground (some actually submerged in pools of water), resulting in
considerable stray currents induced in most signal cables.
Induced tran-
Error ac-
cumulation was such that second integrals are useful, in large measure,
only for qualitative purposes.
major portion of the recorded data, rendering even first integrals highly
suspect at all but very early times.
filtering techniques will allow retrieval of much data contained within the
noise; however, due to the additional effort and costs involved, it is not
planned to reprocess the data at this time.
103
the data taken are given in Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.
5.2
peak motion arrival times were earlier for the cleared sector (Figure 5.1).
This is in agreement with surface airblast measurements made by BRL Project 1.01 (References 1and15).
The computed near-surface horizontal propagation velocity was higher
in the cleared sector than in the forested sector, 1,610 versus 1,430
ft/sec.
This was also noted in Project 1.01 surface airblast which propa-
gated at a rate of approximately 2,080 ft/sec in the cleared sector, compared with 1,780 ft/sec in the forested sector.
was observed for both instrument lines, with surface emergence (i.e., the
projected point on the ground surface where outrunning first occurs) closer
-fur
The
Significantly higher
PARTICLE ACCELERATION
A prime objective was to measure the upthrust ground-shock component
against horizontal range in Figure 5.3 and range from about 11 g's at the
1.5-foot depth and 240-foot horizontal range to 3 g's at the 1.5-foot depth
104
At comparable
ranges in the cleared sector, values were 5 g's at the 5.0-foot depth and
2.5 g's at the 1.5-foot depth.
Little atten-
pected attenuation.
Peak downward and upward accelerations were normalized to surface
overpressure directly above the point of measurement.
Surface overpres-
Normalized data
are plotted versus overpressure in Figure 5.5 and show little change for
the downward near-surface (1.5-foot depth) motion.
attenuate with range in both sectors at the shallow depth (1.5 feet), indicating an increase in direct (upward) ground-shock retransmission at larger
distances due to energy refraction and surface airblast attenuation.
The
The ratio
105
and 5.8.
upward.
5.3.2
Horizontal Acceleration.
the forest and from 1.5 to 0.5 g in the cleared sector for the ranges
instrumented.
Waveform comparisons between the two sectors are shown in Figures 5.10
and 5.11.
Frequencies
generally exhibited a more oscillatory character at early t:imes than companion gages along the cleared sector.
Both peak vertical and horizontal accelerations in the forested sector
exhibited a low value out of the normal data trend at the 320-foot range
and 1. 5-foot depth. -Wis was not eviu."'-enced by the ho-rizontal velocity
measurement at the same point.
5.4
PARTICLE VELOCITY
5.4.1 Vertical Velocity.
this event.
grated acceleration.
Forest sector amplitudes were higher near surface (1.5 feet), but
lower at the 5-foot depth than those from the cleared sector.
Ratios of peak vertical velocity to surface overpressure above the
point of measurement (Table 5.6) are plotted as a function of range in
106
Figure 5.13.
Horizontal Velocity.
directly measured and enjoy higher confidence than the vertical computation.
Horizontal data were higher in the forested sector near surface and about
equal at a depth of 5 feet as evidenced by the velocity-range plot of Figure 5.14.
Forest and cleared area near-surface horizontal velocity waveforms are
compared in Figure 5.15.
to a range of 450 feet.
become nearly equal.
ure 5.16.
ment package to the soil or a soft area in front of and near the package
could have contributed to this response.
In some cases, reasonable integrations were performed on accelerationtime histories.
Excellent
grated histories are superposed for the first cycle and a half, with phase
shift occurring past that point.
Coincidentally,
these stations are exceptions in that the cratering energy was dominant.
The velocity values listed in Table 5.2 and plotted in Figures 5.12 and
5.14 are related to the surface airblast loading.
the same location for the forest sector.
all points for this comparison, the integrated values being about twice
those of the direct measurement.
107
TABLE 5.1
G:roun1l
Thr.i:e
Forested S._:ctor
Dept;h
Arriv,i.l
'rime
fee+
Vertic~tJ
Positive
Hee;ative
PP-"ik
leak
T'eCJ.k
Pe:i.k
Value
Time
V:Llue
Time
g's
msec
m:-;ec
Prediction
Vulue
Cleared Sector
Arrival
Time
Negative
Positive
Peak
Vnlue
Peak
'l'ime
Peak
V'.llue
Peak
'rime
msec
g's
msec
g's
msec
g's
a.NJ
4-?1+0-1.')-
40
lt-?ll-Q-10-
AV
71.?
'.:.o
h-:'lt0-5-_AV
3~'0
AV
l+-3~0-5-_J\.V
l-i--1+50- l .'.)-_AV
l;i_:;O
4-700-J.)-_AV
700
'/7.2
l0.8
1.75
75.8
1.80
111.0
P.<J.O
1.31
114.o
63.5
4.91
70.8
l.b7
(,4.6
2. 34
72. 8
1. 211
83.6
80.11
10.0
1.5
120.0
11.58
12e.o
l.90
i110.o
107.o
11.20
lO'.).O
1.59
i26.o
22.0
5.0
99.'7
2.4cl
131.0
0.74
14(,.0
91.0
5.40
n8.o
1.50
l:l6.0
6.1
\J
9.3
l. S
3.(,
1+-2h0-5-
h-320-1.5h--',:'0-)-
2ltO
J\H
AH
l.'3
s .o
i.119
r:r.1
10.0
1.111
69.5
n2.o
o.G~
3?0
1
0.73'
Al!
107.0
o.79c
l 10.0
110.0
0.<)5
llSJ.O
20.0
l?.O
lt-700-1, ')-_AH
700
351.0
r:r_)
~ Que,';i,ionr1ble recorcl.
Second por:i tive pectk.
rec01rj.
Depth
Jt'ore:~
T're.Jic~.ion
Cleared Sector
V'.llU>:>
.-\rrivil
l'o:oil.i.ve
l\.rrivfll
Time
Tir.i.i<!
msec
fli-~'!r(i-1,'> _a1\V
Jlt-2li0-'j-
c,.o
r ,-21+0-1 o-_,',,/
Value
'I'bne
Vri.lue
rime
ft/sec
"'"ec
ft/sec
m.:.ee
msec
ft./oec
f'eak
'i'ime
J1=~;1k
VJ.. lu~
re:ik
1'ime
msec
ft./cec
T~.5
0.?9
O.ll8
o.rr,
m2ec
rt/sec
1
AV
700
240
L-~'110-5-_UH
ID!
320
4-320-'.J-_tn!
0.78
0.97
1.07
::;.o
1;-V0-1.5-_1m
l'eri.k
320
f'-'.~0-5- _JV
11-;'110-10-
T'r>8.k
0.'10
b
10.0
fi:-700-1.C,-
T'e8.k
~~l:O
J..V
f''-c~o-1.';-_;1v
T'er.l}~
!JJ'.1
<"
0.28
1. 5
'(?.
o.~.r)
~l
3.110.0
i.li
'. 0
1 .1 ~'
01 ~. 0
O.?fi,
(/J
10.1)
O. l(
8?.0
()~
.8
0.2f
,,1.
,~
70.0
0.37
1.5
LO'J
ni.o
0 .r.
lO?.O
O.liJ
l?5.0
0.25
0.80
').0
o.~-1
l'Hl.o
O.rJ/
103.0
O.~(,
12').0
O.ll
0.53
o.~o
1,_1,50-l.5-_1JH
450
234 .o
o. ~8 211.c.o
!1-700-1.5-_1n1
700
39'.0
0.27
1,1,2.0
0.119
352.0
108
o. "30
TABLE 5.3
Gage
feet
Peak Displacement
Depth
feet
Forested Sector
Cleared Sector
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
feet
feet
feet
feet
J!4-240-1.5- a AV
f !4-240-5.0-- AV
f !4-240-10- AV
240
J!4-320-1.5-f !4-320-5.0-
320
AV
AV
1.5
0.036
5.0
0.014
0.012
10.0
0.008
1.5
o.05oc
o.05oc
5.0
0.050
0.040
f f4-450-l.5-_AV
450
1.5
0.007
f f4-700-l.5-_AV
700
1.5
0.004
240
UH
J4-240-10-_UH
!4-320-1. 5-
!4-320-5.0-
UH
320
UH
1.5
5.0
10.0
0.023
0.012
o.017e
0.012
0.013
0.062
0.032
0.014
1.5
0.010
0.034
0.028
5.0
0.031
0.070
0.017
0.002
0.004
rl
!4-450-1.5-
UH
450
1.5
0.008
0.005
!4-700-1. 5-
UH
700
1.5
0.059
0.032
a
b F for forested; C for cleared.
No record.
~ Approximate.
Indetenninate.
e
Second peak.
109
'rABLE 5.4
Overpressure
Forested
Sector
Depth
Maximum Acceleration/Overpressure
Cleared
Sector
Downward
Upward
Forested
Sector
Cleared
Sector
Forested
Sector
Cleared
Sector
g's/psi
psi
psi
feet
g's/psi
g's/psi
g 1 s/psi
24.o
4o.o
1.5
5,0
10.0
1.5
5,0
1.5
1.5
o.450
0.073
0.075
0.055
14.o
20.0
9,5
4.8
11.0
5.0
0.123
0.058
0.560
0.270
0.328
0.177
o.64o
0.620
0.042
0.031
0.080
0.075
0.136
0.053
0.248
0.359
o.497
0.126
: Not instrumented,
No record.
TABLE 5,5
Ground
Rane;e
Acceleration Ratio
AV Down/AV Up
Forested Sector
feet
feet
240
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
5,0
1.5
1. 5
320
450
700
Cleared Sector
8.0
1.3
2.9
1.9
7,0
3.6
2.4
3,3
2.6
1.7
3,9
~ Not instrumented,
No record.
TABLE 5,6
Forested Sector
psi
24.o
Depth
Cleo.red Sector
psi
feet
4o.o
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
5,0
1.5
1.5
14.o
20.0
9,5
4.8
11.0
5,0
~ Not instr=ented,
No record.
110
Maximum Velocity/Overpressure
Forested Sector
Cleared Sector
ft/sec/psi
ft/sec/psi
a
0.058
0.029
b
0.079
0.051
0.097
0.086
0.020
0.013
0,059
0.043
a
0.056
500
LEGEND
CLEARED SECTOR
400
"'
PEAK TIME
"
300
:!'
ARRIVAL TIME
FORESTED SECTOR
,El
ARRIVAL TIME
FORESTED SECTOR
PEAK TIME
,,,,,."
1,430 FT/SEC
w
:!'
f:
...J
<(
a:
a:
,.. ,,"'
200
,, ,,"'
,,
,, ,,
,, ,,"
,,"'
"
<(
/,,,,,-"''---_CLEARED SECTOR
..,"'
1,610 FT/SEC
,,"'
,..~
100
Ol..-oK:1"'1:;:..=:..:..::....J.~~~~~-'-~~~~~-'-~~~~~"'-~~~~--l~~~~~--1.~~~~~...L~~~~~J
100
200
300
400
500
500
700
800
111
,,,,,,
,,
60 MSC
GZ
I
I
1'
1\
104 MSEC
II
~
I
I
I
I
T0 =107 , / ' \
/
5.0
1.5
....
w
I
I
I
,,,"
SUPERSEISMIC
REGION
...w
OUTRUNNING
REGION
....
a.
TRANSSEISMIC REGION
10.0
15.0'-~~~~~~~~~~--~~-'-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
100
200
400
300
500
HORIZONTAL RANGE, FEET
a.
600
700
800
CLEARED SECTOR
I
I
l/OMSEC
\I
I
I
I
I
I
\
7;,=120
... .....
OUTRUNNING
REGION
TRANSSEISMIC REGION
15.0L-~~~---'-~~~~--'-~--'-~~-'---'--~~~'--~-'-~--'-~~~~-'-~~~~-'-~~~--'
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
b. FORESTED SECTOR
112
4.
800
60
LEGEND
40
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
I
D
20
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
fj.
CLEARED
"'
;,,
.
10
I-
<t:
0::
w
-'
w
u
u
<t:
1 '---~~~~~--'-~~~~~~...__~~~'--~--'-~-'
100
400
600
800 1 ,000
200
Figure 5.3 Peak airblast-induced downward acceleration versus horizontal range, Event 4.
113
'''
Ill
Ci
o.s
I<!
a::
w
--'
w
u
u
<!
0.6
''
' 'Q
'
0.4
LEGEND
1.SFOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5,0FOOT DEPTH
0.2
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0FOOT DEPTH
[),,
CLEARED
0.1~~~~~~~-'-~~~~~~-....~~~~..._~~"'-~-'
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
114
1 0
0.8
0 6
0
0
0.4
.... '
(ii
Q_
'"'
Ol
0.2
0::
::J
\
0
Q_
)a
(f)
(f)
0::
..... ~
'
0 1
0::
w
>
o.os
'z
0.06
0
0
-f0::
w
_J
w
0.04
'~,,
LEGEND
DOWN-
1 5-FOOT D-EPTH
<t
'
_...L_
FORESTED
CLEARED
A-
4-
U-P
LI
[j,
'iJ
5 0-FOOT DEPTH
u
u
FORESTED
<t
CLEARED
0 02
t::.
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
CLEARED
10
20
40
60
so
100
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
115
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
s.0-FOOT DEPTH
a.
:J
FORESTED
>
CLEARED
<{
,
''
3:
0
0
>
<{
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
''
'''
0
f<{
0::
0
f--4:
CLEARED
'x....----:-:
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
''
''
'
FORESTED
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
oc
w
_J
w
CLEARED
u
u
<{
........~~~~~~~~~-'-~~~~~...._~~~~~~~
OL-~~~~~~~~
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
116
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR
I
l+-
2
4
DOWN
4-240-1.5-F-AV
8
10
12
ELECTRICAL OFFSET
0
2
j:
'!'
en
4-320-1.5-F-AV
<!.
4-320-1.5-C-AV
a::
UJ
_J
UJ
u
u
\0
<!.
12
4-450-1.5-F-AV
0
2
4
~[
0
~
lw.
'
l'=-v
4-700-1.5-F-AV
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
4-700-1.5-C-AV
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
117
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
1.6
1.6
4-240-5-F -AV
0.8
4-240-5-C-A V
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
3.2
3.2
4.0
4.0
UP
+
DOWN
4.8
4.8
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
0.8
4-240-10-C-AV
0.8
I<(
Cl'.
1.6
-!
w
u
u
2.4
<(
LI
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
1,6
0.8
4-320-5-F-AV
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
1,6
2.4
2.4
4-3205-C-A V
3.2
4.0
4.8
5.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
~
"'
Cn
z
0
j::
<l'.
0.6
w
_J
w
0.6
0::
u
u
.........
..............
<l'.
0.4
..........
..... ""O,
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5,0-FOOT DEPTH
0.2
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
Di, CLEARED
0.1
100
400
200
600
BOO 1,000
Figure 5.9 Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal range, Event 4.
119
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR
0.8
4-240-1,5-F'-AH
0
i._ DATA QUESTIONABLE
PAST THIS POINT
0.8
AWAY
1.6
2.4
NOTE:
3.2
4.0
-"'
O>
0
I-
4.8
1.6
<{
4-320-1.5-F-AH
a::
w . {},8
..J
w
u
u
<{
.wwJ'~/VV"\vv-
~DATA
o.st~
0
QUESTIONABLE
0.8
Q,
4-320-1.5-C-AH
t--1-r-'.llv-~-----------
1.6
0.8
4-450-1.5-F-AH
0.8
1.6
0.8
1.6
4-700-1.5-F-AH
t--------....,,,..,_,_.__________
~~
0.8
0.2
0,4
0.6
0.8
0.8
POINT
I
1.0
0,2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR
2.4
1.6
1.6
4-240-5-C-AH
4-240-5-F-AH
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1,6
1.6
DATA QUESTIONABLE
PAST THIS POINT
TOWARD
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
1.6
1.6
AWAY
Ill
Cl
z
2
f<(
a::
w
_J
w
u
u
<(
0.8
0.8
4-240-10-F-AH
4-240-10-C-AH
0
1.6
2.4
1.6
4-320-5-F-AH
4-320-5-C-AH
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
121
LEGEND
1 .5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
fj,
CLEARED
(/)
"
0.8
I-
>-
I0
0
.J
LL
0.6
>
0.4
0.2
122
0.8
LEGEND
0.6
1 .5-FOOT DEPTH
0.4
FORESTED
CLEARED
S.0-FOOT DEPTH
I
0
(/)
a.
'0
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
(/)
'I-
0.2
/:l
LL
CLEARED
n::
:::>
(/)
(/)
n::
a.
n::
w
>
o------
;:
l-
0.04
...J
>
0.02
A
0.01
L-~~~--''--~~~--'~~--'-~_..~...._~~~~~~~~~..._~__.....___.....__.
10
20
40
60
80
100
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
123
LEGEND
1.SFOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5,0FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
t::.
CLEARED
u
UJ
(/)
'I-
0.8
LL
>-
I-
0,6
u
-o
_J
w
>
o,
0.4
\
\
0.2
''
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
'o
'
0.1
--~~~~~~........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
100
200
400
600
800 1,000
124
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR
4-240-1.5-F-UH
0
TOWARD
0.4
-0.8
AWAY
--1.2
-1.6
-2.0
-2.4
u
w
U)
r:
lL
;
0.4
....
...J
>
-o
4-320-1.5-F-UH
~~::::::::::=::::- ~:
4-320-1.5-C-UH
w-.. .
~v---y---
1---r-E
-0.8
':[
d\
4-450-1.5-F-UH
,+...
-0.4
0.4[
Ot---~~-rl\'\J_f\_,__..~~- 01--~~~v~f\-~c=----/\-+""7~~-
__
4-700-1.5-F-UH
- 0 . 4 -
0 2
0.4
0 6
C/
0.8
0.4 [
4-700-1.5-C-UH
-0.4
1.0
0 2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 .o
125
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR
4-240-5-C-U H
ELECTRICAL
OFFSET
-0.4
4-240-5-F-U H
TOWARD
-0.8
-0.8
-1.2
-1.2
+
AWAY
u
w
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
(/)
LL
4-240-10-C-U H
or (\
>-
f-
o~rv~~
_J
>
-o.4 L
'J
0.4
4-320-5-F-UH
-0.4
4-320-5-C-U H
-0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
126
TOWARD
0.4
4-240-10-C-AH
......
\
\
\
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
MOTION
0.4
0
+
__
AWA
...._
...... ......
..,,,
'-../
CRATER.INDUCED MOTION
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
a. CLEARED SECTOR
1.0
(/)
'f-IJ..
-
J4-240-10-F-AH
>f--
0.5
>
4-240-10-F-UH
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
MOTION
0.5
0.74 FT/SEC
CRATER-INDUCED
MOTION
1.0
'---~~~~~-'-~~~~~-'--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
b. FORESTED SECTOR
Figure 5.17 Measured horizontal velocity waveforms compared to integrated
acceleration, 10-foot depth, cleared and forested sectors, Event 4.
127
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
Project 3.02a failed to record any data from Event 1.
Failure
to
either receive or properly translate sequence start signals from DRES timing and control resulted in no equipment turn on.
This was an
influence of the thin frozen surface layer which allowed greater coupling
and transmission of the high-frequency components.
High-frequency pertur-
Observed dispar-
hori~untal
Air-
acceleration over
modes.
The detonable gas bag experiment (Event 2A) produced no crater.
Airblast-induced ground motions for this event were greater than for Events
3 and 5 or Flat Top.
128
very nearly the magnitude of the airblast above the point of measurement.
Stress measurements below 1.5 feet were generally of marginal signal level,
which limited resolution.
Ground shock was not found to be a significant factor influencing the
tree blowdown mechanism on Event
were down and away from the point of detonation at early times, then upward
due to elastic rebound and, later, due to cratering action and refracted
energy from depth.
strumented and are felt to have provided only minimal enhancement to the
translation effects imposed on the trees by airblast drag forces.
129-130
APPENDIX A
DATA WAVEFORMS, EVENTS 2A,
3, AND 5
131
EVENT 2A
2A-0-1.5-AV
GROUND ZERO
1.5 FT DEPTH
"'
8::r
UP
+
DOWN
Iii
2A-0-5-AV
GROUND ZERO
5.0 FT DEPTH
I/)
J,
0
:if
~
~
l&J
....I
2A-0-10-AV
GROUND ZERO
10.0 FT DEPTH
.000
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
Figure A.l
.150
.175
.200
132
.225
6).
.250
EVENT 2A
2A-50-1.5-A V
50.0 FT RANCE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
~
UP
+
DOWN
(I)
2A-50-5-AV
'
(.D
I-
50.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
2
0
:E
LI.I
a7
~
u
cc
...J
2A-50-10-A V
50.0 FT RANGE
I 0 .0 FT Df.PTH
"'
.ooo
.025
.oso
.075
.100
.125
.ISO
.175
Figure A.l
(Sheet 2 of
133
6).
.200
.zzs
.250
EVENT 2R
2A-80-1.5-AV
0
80.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
JJ
UP
+
DOWN
u;>
2A-80-5-AV
80.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
l.D
0
I-
a:
a:
'ii
IU
..J
8a:
al
0
~
2A-80-10-A V
80.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
o+-~~ef>'...J~::::;::::-~~~~~~~~~-
:r
000
.025
.oso
.075
ICIO
.125
ISO
Figure A.l
(Sheet 3 of 6).
134
.175
.mo
.225
.zso
EVENT 2A
2A-95-1.5-A V
95.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
0
"'
UP
0
Q
DOWN
2A-95-5-AV
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
"'
0
0
If)
i.D
....~
i.J
'"
~
0
"'
"'
0
2A-95-10-A V
Q
"'
0
"'
.000
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
ISO
Figure A.l
(Sheet
135
4 of 6).
.175
.200
.225
.250
EVENT 2A
2
2
2A-125-1.5-AV
125.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
"
~
0
~
0
"
2
i
UP
(/)
'
(.!)
:z
DOWN
I-
cc:
a:
.....
.....
u
2A-125-10-AV
__J
cc:
,,,
..,
0
..,
,,,
.,,
~
--
~J
.ooo
.025
.050
.075
.100
.IZS
.ISO
.175
Figure A.l
(Sheet 5 of 6).
136
.2()()
.2Z5
.250
EVENT 2A
2
2A-210-1.5-AV
Cl
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
!<l
51
...
"
2A-210-1.5-AV1
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.
2
UP
lit
Ul
c.b
~-
-.....
~
LU
...J
~
u
a:
2-
2A-210-1.5-AV2
DOWN
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.,--
~
111
.ooo
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
.150
.175
.200
.225
.250
2A-390-1.5-A V
N
..
"
IO
.
.oso
.075
.100
.125
ISO
.175
.200
.225
Figure A.l
(Sheet 6 of 6).
137
.250
.175
.300
j~
~]~
u
w
IL4..
>-
....
u
I-
..J
>
~...
EVENT 2R
2A-0-1.5-UV
GROUND ZERO
l.5FT DEPTH
I 2A-0-1.5-AV
GROUND ZERO
1.5 FT DEPTH
UP
2A-0-5-UV
GROUND ZERO
5.0 FT DEPTH
DOWN
j2A-0-5-AV
GROUND ZERO
5.0 FT DEPTH
..
C>
!:!
:j
v
2A-0-10-UV
j
..
..
..
GROUND ZERO
10.0 FT DEPTH
...........
I 2A-0-10-AV
GROUND ZERO
10.0 FT DEPTH
C>
.000
.025
.050
.075
.100
.IZS
.150
.175
.200
Figure A.2
138
.225
4).
.250
EV:::NT 2R
12A-50-1.5~A V_
0
50.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
,,.
..
~
I 2A-50-5-Av
50.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
,,.
UP
..
~
..
I 2A-50-10-A v
DOWN
50.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
0
LI
IQ
"'
I....
....
I-
LI
I 2A-80-1.5-Av
80.0 FT RANGE
J.5FTDEPTH
-'
>
"'
..
I 2A-80-5-A v
80.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
0
N
.,,
..
2A-80-10-AV
0
80.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
....
"'
.000
.025
.050
.075
IZS
.100
Figure A.2
ISO
.175
SEC
(Sheet 2 of 4).
139
.200
.225
.250
EVENT 2A
I 2A-95-1.5-A v
:J
95.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.......-==
I 2A-95-5-AV
..,
...
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
...
UP
..,
,,.
"'
..,
...,u
~
....
...
j 2A-95-10-AV
DOWN
IL.
Q
...
>
,,.
....
>-
u
0
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Figure A.15
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.18
REFERENCES
F. M. Sauer and C. T. Vincent; "Ferris Wheel Series, Flat Top
Event, Project Officer's Report - Project l.2/l.3a, Earth Motion and Pressure Histories"; POR-3002 (WT-3002), 12 April 1967; Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California; Unclassified.
1.
12.
DASA 2207 (DASIAC Special Report 83), May 1968; Defense Atomic Support
Agency Information and Analysis Center, General Electric, TEMPO, Santa
Barbara, California; For Official Use Only.
13. F. M. Sauer, G. B. Clark, and D. C. Anderson; "Nuclear Geoplosics;
Part Four, Empirical Analysis of Ground Motion and Cratering"; DASA
1285(IV), May 1964; Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California;
Unclassified.
14. J. M. McCormick, M. 1. Baron, and I. Nelson; "Studies on the
Distant Plain lA Event"; DASA 2213, July 1968; Paul Weidlinger Consulting
Engineer, New York, New York; Unclassified.
15. "Operation Distant Plain Preliminary Report"; DASA 1876-2 (DASIAC
Special Report 53-2), February 1967; Defense Atomic Support Agency Information and Analysis Center, General Electric, TEMPO, Santa Barbara, California; For Official Use Only.
173
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Army (Continued)
Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Combat Developments Command
Institute of Nuclear Studies
Fort Bliss, Tex. 79916
Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research
and Development Center
ATTN: Technical Documents Center, Building 315
Mr. R. Medding
Mr. E. Leland
Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060
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Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station
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Air Force
Commander, Air Force Weapons Laboratory
ATTN: WLIL
Dr. M. A. Plamondon
CPI' Don Gage
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AT'.flf: Technical Li~rary
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Unclassified
Securitv Cl asstricahon
I. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY
u. s.
Unclassified
2b, GROUP
3. REPORT TITLE
PROJECT OFFICER'S FINAL REPORT, OPERATION DISTANT PLAIN, EVENTS 1, 2A, 3, 4, AND 5,
PROJECT 3.02a, EARTH MOTION AND STRESS MEASUREMENTS
ol raport .nd JncludV dt)
Final report
15, AUTHOR(!> (Fltt name, middle Initial, lat name)
James K. Ingram
e.
REPORT DATE
May
1971
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l'b.
NO. OFl;EFS
b. PROJECT NO.
Ob. OTHER REPORT NOCS> (Any other numbeor. lhat may be lllnd
th/a Npotl)
d.
10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
ti SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Ground motions and stresses within the upper 10 feet of soil were measured on the Distant Plain events detonated in Canada in 1966-67. Ground motion measurements were unsuccessful for Event 1. Motion data of good quality were obtained for the remaining
detonations (Events 2A, 3, 4, and 5). Vertical and horizontal acceleration and velocity and a limited number of vertical stress measurements were made. The surface gas
bag, Event 2A, produced no crater. Airblast-induced ground motions for this event were
greater than for Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III as the result of
significant explosive energy going directly into airblast formation rather than partitioning to the ground through crater formation. Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III
were identical in yield and geometry, but differed in site location. An additional
variant, frozen ground, was introduced in Event 5. In spite of these variations,
ground motions were similar in amplitude and waveform. Variance& between Event 3 and
Flat Top are attributed to slight differences in test site soils, explosive coupling,
and instrument canister placement. The effect of frozen ground on Event 5 motions was
generally limited to the horizontal vector near the surface. This was manifested as
higher amplitude and frequency accelerations. The thin frozen surface layer allowed
greater coupling of high-frequency components which are attenuated by dry alluvium.
For Distant Plain Event 4, primary ground motions in the region of tree blowdown were
down and away from the point of detonation at early times, then upward due to elastic
rebound and, later, to refracted energy from depth. Measured upthrust motions were
small and did not contribute significantly to blowdown.
DD .'=:.. 1473
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security ClaulflcaUon
Unclassified
...
Security Classification
LINK A
LINK B
LINK C
KEV WORDS
ROLIE
WT
ROLE
WT
ROLE
WT
II
188
Unclassified
Security Claulflcatlon