16..radiation (Theory) PDF

HEAT RADIATION
1. HEAT TRANSFER
The process of transmission of heat is by way of
(i) conduction (in solids)
(ii) convection (in liquids and gases)
(ii) radiation (through vacuum in the form of
electromagnetic waves
(i) Conduction - The process in which the
material takes an active part by molecular
action and energy is passed from one particle
to another is called conduction. It is
predominat in solids.
(ii) Convection - The transfer of energy by actual
motion of particles of medium from one place
to another is called conection. It is
predominant in fluids (liquids and gases)
(ii) Radiation : Quickest way of transmission of
heat is known as radiation. In this mode of
energy transmission, heat is transferred from
one place to another without affecting the
intervenning medium.
2. NATURE OF RADIATION
(i) Radiation is electromagnetic wave (0 to
wavelength) and travels with velocity of light
(ii) Radiation travels in straight line
(iii) Radiation can travel through vacuum
(iv) Radiation obeys the laws of reflection,
refraction , interference, diffraction,
polarization etc
(all optical phenomena)
(v) Radiation does not affects the medium

through which it travel.
(vi) For point source , radiation energy obeys
inverse square law i..e
(a) For point source intensity at a point is
inversely proportional to the square of the
1
distance of point from the source I 2
r
(b) For line source , intensity at a point is
inversely proportional to the distance of the
1
point from the source I
r
4. INTERACTION WITH MATTER
Q
Qr
Qa
Qt
(i) Due to incident radiations on the surface of
a body following phenomena occur, by which
the radiation is divided into three parts
(a) Reflection of radiation (b) Absorption of
radiation(c) Transmission of radiation
(ii) If the reflected, absorbed an transmitted parts
are Qr , Qa an Qt respectively then from the
law of conservation of energy
Q = Qr + Q a + Qt
or
Qr
Qa
Qt
Q
=
+
+
Q
Q
Q
Q
Where Q is the total incident radiation.

1 = r + a + t
3. SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE OR RADIATION

(i) Maxwell on the basis of his electromagnetic theory proved that all radiations are electromagnetic
waves and their sources are vibrations of charged particles in atoms and molecules.
(ii) The spectrum of electromagnetic waves has an infinte spread and the different parts are given
different names.
Radiation
Cosmic rays
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet rays
Visible rays
Infrared rays (heat)
Microwaves
Radio waves
Frequency
>1021 Hz
1018 to 1021 Hz
1016 to 10 19Hz
0.75 x 1015 to 2 x 10 6Hz
4 x 1014 to 7.5 x 1014 Hz
3 x 1011 to 4 x 1014 Hz
3 x 108 to 3 x 10 11 Hz
104 to 3 x 10 9 Hz
Wavelength range
< 1013m
1013 to 1010m
1011 to 108m (0.1A to 100A)
1.4 x 108 to 4 x 107m (140A to 4000A)
4 x 107 to 7.8 x 107m (4000A to 7800A)
7.8 x 107 to 103 (7800A to 3 x 105A)
103m to 0.1m
0.1m to 104 m
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RADIATION
62
(iii) r = reflection coefficient or reflecting power

a=
Qa
absorption coefficient or absorptive
Q
power
Qt
transmission coefficient or
Q
transmitting power
(iv) If a = 0, t = 0, then r = 1. Such a surface
is a total or perfect reflector.
(v) If r = 0, t = 0, then a = 1, Such a surface
is a total absorber and is called a black body
(vi) If r = 0, a = 0, then t = 1. The surface is then
perfectly transparent and the substance is
called diathermanous.
t =
5. DEFINITIONS
(viii)Emissivity or relative emissive power (E):

Ratio of emissive power of a body at a given
temperature to the emissive power of a black
body at the same temperature. It has no units.
6. IDEAL BLACK BODY
(i) Total absorber is said to be ideal black body
(i) Reflecting power or refracting coefficient

(r) : Ratio of amount of radiation reflected by
the surface to the amount of heat incident
over it
(ii) Transmitting power or transmitting
coefficient (t) : Ratio of amount of radiation
transmitted by the surface to the amount of
heat incident over it
(iii) Absorption power or absorption
coefficient (a) : Ratio of amount of radiation
absorbed by the surface to the amount of
heat incident over it
Note : (a) A radiation incident over a surface is
either refracted , transmitted or absorbed , so
a + t + r = 1
(b) The reflecting , refracting and transmitting
powers of a surface depends on nature of
surface as well as on the wavelength of
radiation falling on them
(iv) Emissive power (e) : Emissive power is
defined as the amount of heat radiated by
unit area of the surface in one second at a
particular temperature. It's unit is Joule/m2 or
watt-sec/m2
(v) Spectral emissive power (e ) : Amount of
heat radiated by unit area of the body in one
second in unit spectral region at a given
wavelength. It's unit is watt/m2 -AC1. Its
value depends on temperature, (wavelength
and nature of surface)
(vi) Total emissive power (e) : Emissive power
obtained for total range of spectrum is related
to total emissive power as follows e =
(vii)Spectral absorptive power : Like emissive

power , the absorptive power of the surface
also depends on the wavelength of radiation
incident on it. It is defined as the ratio of
radiation absorbed by the surface in unit
spectral region at a given wavelength to the
amount of radiation incident over it.
Note : Absorption power and spectral absorptive
power for perfect black body is taken as one
e d .
(ii) a = 1
(iii) For lamp black and platinum black a = 1 ,
therefore both can be assumed to be ideal
black body
(iv) Ferry's black body is practical example of
black body
(v) For a black body , a = 1 ,t = 0 and r = 0
(vi) When black body is heated , it radiates all
the radiations absorbed by it.
(vii) The perfect black body is only an ideal
conception The body which completely
absrobs the radiation of all wavelengths
incident on it and there is no reflection and
transmission is called a perfectly black body.
Black body emits radiations of all wavelengths
on heating and it is a good emitter. The nature
of radiations emitted by the block body
depends only on the temperatrue. It does not
depend on its nature, size, mass etc.
7. LAWS OF RADIATION
(A) Prevosts theory of heat exchange
(i) Mutual exchange of heat between any object
and it's surroundings occurs according to
their temperatures
(ii) This process is continuous
(iii) A body at high temperature emits more
radiations and absorbs less. Therefore it
experiences cooling. While the body at low
temperature absorbs more heat and
experiences heating
(iv) At absolute zero temperature the radiated
energy is zero
RADIATION
63
E = (E E0) = (T4 T40)

where T is the temperature of the body and
T0 is temperature of the surroundings.
If the surface has an area A, the net rate of
loss of heat by radiation will be -
(v) The rate of radiation of energy from a body

depends upon it's area , it's temperature and
the nature of surface. This doesnot depends
upon temperature difference between body
and its surroundings
(vi) If temperature of body be TB and temperature
of surroundings be TS , Then
dQ
= A(T4 T 40)J/s-m2
dt
(B) Kirchoffs law

(B (i) The ratio of spectral emissive power (e) to
spectral absorptive power (a) is the same for
all bodies at a given temperature and is
equal to the spectral emissive power of a
blackbody at that temperature. thus
If A is the surface area of the body, e its

emissivity, then amount of radiation emitted
per second dQ
= Ae (T4 T4 0) Joule
dt
E (body)
a (body ) =E (black body) for different
but dQ = msd cal

where m - mass of the body and s-specific
heat in cal/kg-C.
objects e
e
=
a
1

e
=
a
2

= ...... = E
(ii) Kirchoff's law tells that if a body has a high

emissive power , it should also have high
absorptive power to have the E/a ratio same
(iii) Black body is the best radiator and hence
best absorber
(iv) According to this law , the specific
wavelength radiated at higher temperature are
then absorbed by the body at low temperature
(v) Kirchoff's law successfully explains the
concept of fraunhoffer's lines. When sunlight
emitted by photosphere passes through
chromosphere and is received on earth, then
dark lines are obtained in it's continuous
spectrum. These lines can be explained in
form of absorption spectrum. These are said
to be fraunhoffer's lines.
ms
Rate of fall of temperature =

=
= stefan's constant
= 5.67 10 8 joule/m2 second K 4
(ii) Dimensions of stefan's constant = [ML2T24]
Net rate of loss heat by radiation
= amount of radiation emitted per second amount of radiation absorbed per second
d
dt
Ae
(T 4 T0 4)C/s
msJ
(a) ratio of rates of colling is dQ1 / dt

r1

dQ 2 / dt = r2
T14 T04
T4 T 4
0
2
(b) rate of fall of temperatue will be r2

dQ1 / dt
=
dQ 2 / dt
r1
T14 T04
T4 T4
0
2
(iii) Rate fall of temperature , then , is given by

d
Ae ( T 4 T04 )
=
c/second
dt
msJ
8. STEFANS LAW
(i) Energy emitted per second by unit area of a
black body at absolute temperature T is
proportional to fourth power of absolute
temperature E T 4
or
E = T 4.
where ,
d
Ae
=
(T4 T 04) cal/s
dt
J
(iv) This law is valid only for energy radiated and

not for total energy loss
(v) This law is true for only ideal black body
8.1 Special problem :
(a) Two metallic spheres of radii r1 and r2 are
kept at same temperature and same
surroundings
(i) which will have higher rate of cooling ? (r1 > r2)
(ii) which will have higher rate of loss of
temperature ?
RADIATION
64
loss of energy or rate of cooling
d A ( T 4 T04 ) A ( T 4 T04 )
=
=
dt
msJ
VdsJ
where V = volume
While
Sol.
d
1
sphere with radius r2 will have
dt
r
higher rate of loss of temeprature
(b) If all of T , T0 , m , s, v, d are same then rate
of loss of temperature or cooling will be
maximum in the surface with maximum
surface area
Ex.4
Stefans law
Ex.1
Sol.
Two copper spheres A and B of the same

surface finish are taken. Sphere B weight
half as A. Both are heated to the same
temperature and let in a room to cool by
radiation only. What is the ratio of initial rate
of loss of heat of A and B.
(A) 1.59
(B) 15.9
(C) .159
(D) 159
(A)
1
m
2 A
so the ratio of initial rate of loss of heat is
given by
(C)
logeT
It is given that mB =
(dQ / dt) A
rA2
=
= (B)2/3 = 1.59
(dQ / dt)B
rB2
Sol.
Hence the correct answer is (A)

Ex.2
Sol.
A black body emits 10 watts per cm2 at

327C. The sun radiates 105 watt per cm2.
Then what is the temperature of the sun ?
(A) 5000K
(B) 6000K
(C) 7000K
(D) 8000K
(B)
Tsun
Esun
Q E
=
body
Tbody
Tsun
10 5
T
=
body
10
(B)
logeE
sphere with radius r1 will have higher rate of
Ex.5
1/ 4
T sun = 6000K
Hence correct answer is (B)
(C)
logeT
(D)
logeT
log eE
A bulb made of tungsten filament of surface

are a 0.5cm2 is heated to a temperature
3000k when operated at 220V. The emissivity
of the filament is = 0.35 and take
= 5.7 108 mks units. Then the wattage
of the bulb is ..... (calculate)
(A) 81W
(B) .81W
(C) 81.2W
(D) 8.12 W
(A)
The emissive power watt/m2 is
E = T 4
Therefore the power of the bulb is
P = x area (Watts)
P = AT 4
P = 0.35 0.5 104 5,7 108 (3000)4
P = 80.8W
Hence correct answer is (A)
The emissive power of a body at temperature
T(k) is E. Then the graph between logeE and
logeT isof the form
log eE
Ex.3
r2
log eE
dQ A ( T 4 T04 )
Answer :
=
rate of cooling
dt
J
logeT
For a body the emissive power is given

by E = T 4
Taking log on both sides
loge = loge () + logeT4
loge = 4 logeT + loge()
since loge() is some constant value,
we may write above equation as
y = mx + c
This is equation of straight line with
positive slope. Thus the correct
representation is by curve in
Hence the correct answer is (C) .
n the above example, if the temperature of
the filament falls to 2000k due to a drop of
mains voltage, then what will be the wattage
of the bulb?
(A) 15W
(B) 16W
(C) 17W
(D) 18W
RADIATION
65
Sol.
(B)
Now the power of the bulb will be such that
P2
T2

P1 = T1
2
Thus P2 = P 1
3
(a) Temperature difference should not exceed

350C
(b) Loss of heat should only be by radiation
(c) This law is an extended form of stefan Boltzman's law ,
therefore body should behave as black -body
dQ
= K (
dt
1
2
9. NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

d I
F
G
H dt JKis directly
d I
F
J ( )
G
Hdt K
0 = temperature of surroundings
= temperature of body or
d
= k (
dt
0)
(2) Let there be d loss of heat due to dQ loss

dQ
d
of heat , then
= ms
dt
dt
d
ms
= k ( 0)
dt
d
k
or
=
( 0)
dt
ms
(3) If temperature decreases from 1 to 2 in
F
G
H
1 + 2
2 1
k
0
=
t
t
ms
d
1
d
1
(4) Here,
and
dt
m
dt
s
9.1 Limitation of Newtons Law :
tw
t
Liquid
(Wl + ml s)(1 2 )
( Ww + m w ) (1 2 )
=
tl
tw
1
or S = m
l
Water
tL
proportional to excess of temperature or
time 't' then
0)
P2 = 15.96
Hence the correct answer is (B)
Where
d
K
=
(
dt
ms
Imp. Formulla to find the specific heat of any liquid

from this law (on basis of Newton's law of cooling)
16
P2 = 80.8 x
81
(1) Rate of cooling of a body
0) or
L
t
(W
M
t
N
l
+ m w ) Wl
O
P
Q
Suffix l and w stand for liquid and water

respectively
Ww : water equivalent of calorimeter with water
Wl : water equivalent of calorimeter with water
Newtons law
Ex.6
IJ
K
Sol.
0.15 kg of water is filled in caloriemeter of

copper with water equivalent .01kg. It's rate
of cooling is 88 x 10-3 kcal/min. If xanthate
oil is filled in place of water at the same
temperature and of same volume. Now find
the rate of cooling and rate of fall of
temperature. (density of xanthate oil
= 800 kg/m3 , sp heat of xanthate oil
= .42 kcal/kg0C)
Since both liquids are cooled under same
conditions,
rate of cooling will be same
Now, rate of cooling =
dQ
dt
dQ
d
= (ms + W)
dt
dt
= 88 103 kcal /min

Here, m = 0.15 103 8 102 = .12 kg
W = .01
or
d
dt
( 0 )
d
1
dQ
=
= 1.4570C/min
dt
ms + W dt
RADIATION
66
Ex.7
Sol.
Two liquids of same volume are cooled under

same conditions from 650C to 500 C. Time
taken are 200sec and 480sec. If ratio of their
specific heats is 2 : 3 then find the ratio of
their densities.
(neglect the water equivalent of calorimeter)
From Newton's law of cooling
(1
Fm s + w IJ(
)= G t
H
K
2 2
42 + 52
42
= 2( 56 26 )
12
F
ms +w I
G
H t JK
1 1
2)
here w1 = w 2 = 0
m1s 1
m 2s 2
t1 =
t2
t1s 2
From the first data
200
95 x 90
95 90
0
= k 2
30
From the second data
d = t s =
=
480
2
8
2
2 1
Ex.8
Sol.
1 2
1 2
0
= K
2
t
Dividing (1) and (2) we get

92.5 0
7
= 52.5
3
0
0 = 22.5
........ (3)
Let the time taken in cooling from 50C to
45C is t, then
50 45
50 45
0
= k
........ (4)
2
t
Using 0 = 22.5C, and dividing (1) by (2) we
get
....... (1)
to get the following equations

62 + 50
62 50
0 and
= K
2
10
50 42
50 42
0
=
2
10
46 0
8
= 56
12
0
0 = 26
........ (3)
Let after the next 10 min the temperature
falls to then
42
10
42 +
26
= K
t
=
30
Hence
....... (2)
Divide 2 by 1 and Solve to get 0
....... (4)
From (3) using value of 0 = 26 we get
........ (1)
55 50
55 50
0 ........ (2)
= k
2
70
A metal ball cools from 62C to 50C in 10min

and to 42C the next to minutes. What will
be its temperature at the end of next ten
minutes ?
(A) 3.67C
(B) 36.7C
(C) .376C
(D) 367C
(B)
Use
= 36.7C
A liquid takes 30 seconds to cool from 95C
to 90C and 70 seconds to cool from 55 to
50C. Find the room temperature and the time
it will take to cool from 50C to 45C
(A) 81 sec
(B) 82 sec
(C) 83 sec.
(D) 84 sec.
Sol.(D)
Vd1s1
Vd2 s 2
=
t1
t2
d1
........ (5)
Divide (4) by(5) to get
Ex.9
12
k (56 26)
10
92.5 22.5
47.5 22.5
t = 84 sec.
the correct answer is (D)
10.SPECTRUM OF RADIATIONS EMITTED BY

BLACK-BODY
(i) To study this spectrum , prism of rock salt
is used which absorbs minimum heat
radiations otherwise prism of grass etc absorb
heat radiations.
(ii) Spectral range of radiation energy emitted by
black body depends on its temperature , not
on shape, volume, mass etc.
(iii) At different temperature it gives difference
energy distributions as shown
RADIATION
67
1649k
Wiens law
1449k
Ex.10 A black body at 2000K emits radiation with

m = 1250nm. if for the radiation coming from
the star SIRIUS m is 71nm, then the
temperature of this star is ....
(A) 3521.1K
(B) 352.11K
(C) 35.21K
(D) 35, 211K
1259k
1095k
T3>T2>T1
Sol.(D) Using wien's displacement law

T2
T2
( m )1
T1 = ( m )2
T3
T1
m2 m3
(iv) We can canclude from the fig
(a) Some energy E is always obtained at

any temperature and at each wavelengths
Ex.11
(b) Maximum energy Emax is obtained at a
m at a constant
(c) Value of m decreases with increase in

temperature. This is called ' Weins
displacement Law'.
(d) According to weins law , m
1
or
T
T = b where
b = Wein's constant
b = 0.293 cmk or b = 2.93 103 mk
(e) At any temperature the area between
curve and axis gives the total energy
emitted at that temperature. This is in
accordance with the fact that E T4.
(f) (E)max T5
(g) Wein's law in form of frequency can be
m c
=
T
b
where c is velocity of light
written as
m1
T2 = 35, 211K
71 10 9
When the temperature of the body is

increased , the frequency corresponding to
maximum emission, changes such that :
Vm
T
(B) Vm V m = TT
Vm = T
T
(C) Vm =
(D) V m = TT
T
Sol.(A) By wien's law the frequency corresponding
to minimum emissivity is given by
(A)
Vm
= b' or V m = b' T
T
Vm
T
V m = b' T =
T
m
Ex.12 At 1600K maximum radiation is emitted at a
wavelength of 2M. Then the corresponding
wavelength at 2000K will be (A) 1.6m
(C) 160m
m T or
(B) 16m
(D) .16m
Sol.(A) Using m T 1 = m T 2
1
m2
T = T
1
2
m =
2
(h)
T2 =
Hence the correct answer is (D)
m5 < m4 < m3 < m2 < m1
particular wavelength
temperature
2000 1250 10 3
m 1 T1
T2
2 10 6 1600
2000
= 1.6 m
=

T
RADIATION
68
11. SOLAR CONSTANT

The amount of normal incident heat radiations
per minute on a unit area placed at average
distance between sun and earth is said to be
soalr constant denoted by S.
S=
T 4 4 R 2
T 4r 2
or
S
=
4 d 2
d2
Unit : Joule/m2-second or watt /m2

S = 1.94 calorie/cm2-minute
R = radius of sun
2 calorie/cm 2-minute = 1358 watt/m2

d = distance between sun and earth
Solar Constant
Ex.13 Solar constant for earth is 2 cal/minute/cm2
if the distance of the planet mercury from the
sun is 0.40 times the distance of the earth
from the sun, the Solar constant for the planet
mercury in cal/minute/cm2 will be
(A) 12.5
(B) 25
(C) 0.32
(D) 2
2
Rs
Sol.(A) For earth S = 2 = T 4
d
T4 =
S
R
s
d
2 x 4.2 x10 4
T=
8
2
2
60 x 5.7 x 10 x(16 x ) / (60 x180 )
1/ 4
T = 5806K.
Hence the correct answer is (C)
12. CHANGE OF COLOUR OF A SUBSTANCE
WITH TEMPERATURE
When a body is heated continuously , the
maximum emitted wavelengths shift to right of
electromagnetic spectrum. Change of colour will
be as follows Temperature (nearly)
Colour
5250C
9000C
10000C
12500C
Very high temperature
Mild red
Cherry red
Orange red
Yellow
Blue
Rs
For mercury S' = T4
d
2
d
S'
=
d'
S
2
2
S' =
=
= 12.5 cal/cm2/mt
(0.4 )2
0.16
Ex.14 Earth receive energy at the rate of
2 cal/minute/cm 2 from sun. if angular
diameter of sun is 32' and it is assumed as
a black body, then the temperature of the
surface of sun is
(A) 5723K
(B) 5773K
(C) 5800K
(D) 5925K
2
Rs
Sol.(C) Q S = T 4
d
S =
2 4.2 10 4
J/m2/S
60
Rs
1
=
angular diameter of sun
d
2
16
16
= 61' = =
x
rad
60
60
180
RADIATION
69
SOL V ED EX A M PL ES
In a solar spectrum dark lines (fraunhofer
lines) are obtained due to
(A) absorption
(B) reflection
(C) emission
(D) transmission
Sol.(A) Fraunhorfer lines are obtained due to the
absorption of certain characteristic radiations.
Ex.1
Fraunhofer lines are explained by

(A) Provosts theory of heat exchanges
(B) Newton's law of cooling
(C) Stefan's law
(D) Kirchoft's law
Sol.(D) Fraunhofer lines are explained on the basis
of Kirchhoff's law.
Sol.(B) Energy spectrum of radiation emitted by a

black body is continuous
Ex.6
(A) less than the temperature of the

surrounding
(B) greater then the temperature of the
surrounding
(C) equal to the temperature of the
surrounding
Ex.2
The nature of radiation emitted by a black

body depends only on (A) the shape of a body
(B) the nature of a body
(C) the temperature of a body
(D) the medium
Sol.(C) The nature of radiations emitted by a black
body depends only upon the temperature of
the body
Ex.3
Two identical balls of wax are attached on

the outer surface of two tin sheets. The inner
surface of P is coated with lamp black and
that of Q is polished. If a source of heat is
placed between P and Q then which ball will
melt first
(A) Q ball
(B) P ball
(C) both simultaneously
(D) nothing can be predated
Sol.(B) As the black surfaces are good absorbers of
heat. Hence the P will melt first.
Ex.4
Ex.5
If the rate of emission of radiation from a

body is equal to the rate of absorbing, then
the temperature of the body will be -
(D) nothing can be said

Sol.(C) The temperature of the body will be equal to
the temperature of surrounding
Ex.7
For the analysis of spectral energy of thermal

radiations emitted by a body the prism used
made of
(A) quartz
(B) crown glass
(C) flint glass
(D) rock salt
Sol.(D) For the analysis of spectral energy of radiation

prism of rock salt is used because it does
not absorb thermal radiation. All other absorbs
thermal radiations and spectrum is not
obtained.
Ex.8
If the temperature of a body is increased by

50%, then the increase in the amount of
radiation emitted by it will be :
(A) 500%
(B) 400%
(C) 200%
(D) 100%
Sol.(B) Q Percentage increase in the amount of

radiations emitted
Energy spectrum of radiations emitted by a

black body is
(A) line spectrum
(B) continuous spectrum
(C) bond spectrum
(D) line and continuous spectrum
E 2 E1
(15
. T1)4 T14
100 =
100
E1
T14
E 2 E1
100 = [(1.5)4 1] 10
E1
E 2 E1
100 = 400%
E1
RADIATION
70
Ex.9
A blackened platinum wire of length 5cm and

perimeter 0.02cm is maintained at
atemperature of 300K. Then at what rate the
wire is losing its energy?
Sol.(B) in the steady state the heat received from

sun will be equal to heat radiated out. Heat
received from sun will be on one side only
and it will radiate from both sides.
2
(Take s = 57 108 units)

(A) 4.62 W
(B) 0.462W
(C) 46.2W
(D) 4620W
Sol.(C) The rate of radiation heat loss is
dQ
= AT 4 (watts)
dt
for blackened surface = 1
and A = (2r)l = Perimeter x length
A = 0.02 5 102. Thus
dQ
= 0.02 5 104 5.7 108 (3000)4
dt
dQ
= 46.2W
dt
Hence correct answer is (C) .

A blackened sphere of radius 10cm at a
temperature 227C is placed in a chamber
with blackened wall, maintained at 27C.
Calculate the rate of loss of heat ?
(A) 9.224 cal/s
(B) .9224 cal/s
(C) 922.4 cal/s
(D) 92.24 cal/s
Sol.(D) Rate of heat loss
Ex.10
dQ
= A (T 4 T04)
dt
dQ
= 4 102 104 5.67 10 8 (5004 3004)
dt
Solve it to get
dQ
= 387.4 Joule/sec
dt
dQ
387.4
=
cal/sec
dt
4.2
dQ
= 92.24 cal/s.
dt
Ex.11
A blackened metal disc is held normal to the

sun's rays, Both of its surfaces are exposed
to atmosphere if the distance of earth from
sun is 216 times the radius of sun and the
temperature of sun is 6000K, the temperature
of the disc in steady state will be
(A) 80C
(B) 70C
(C) 60C
(D) 50C
Rs
Rs
1
A T 4 = 2AT4,
=
d
d
216
T' =
T
1/ 2 1/ 4
6000
= 343K
14.7 x 1189
.
(216 ) 2
T' = 70C
Hence correct answer is (B)
In the above problem, if the heat capacity

(thermal capacity) of the sphere is 1000 cal/C
then what is the rate of cooling of the sphere ?
(A) 55C/min
(B) 55C/min
(C) 550C/min
(D) 5.5C
Sol.(D) The heat capacity of the sphere is
ms = 1000 cal/C
the rate of colling
dQ
dQ
1
=
. dt
dt
ms
Ex.12
dQ
1
=
92.2
dt
1000
dQ
= 0.0092C per second

dt
dQ
= 5.5 C/ min.
dt
A slab of stone of area 3600 sq cm. and

thickens 10cm is exposed on the lower
surface to steam at 100C, block of ice is
melted in one hour. The thermal conductivity
of stone is (in cal/cm-C) given (latent heat
of ice = 80 cal/gm)
(A) 0.003
(B) 0.03
(C) 0.3
(D) none of these
KA (Q1 Q 2 )t
Sol. (A) Q =
x
K x 3600 x 100 x 3600
4800 x 80 =
10
K = 0.003 cal/cm/C
Ex.13
Ex.14
Behaving like a black body sun emits

maximum radiation at wavelength 0.48m.
The mean radius of the sun is 6.96 x 108m.
Stefan's constant is 5.67 108 wm2k 4
and Wien's constant is 0.293 cm-k. The loss
of mass per second by the emission of
radiation from sun is (A) 5.32 10 9kg/s
(B) 6.24 1010kg/s
12
(C) 8.65 10 kg/s (D) 2.46 1014kg/s
RADIATION
71
Sol.(A) Using wien's law
Ex.16
Which part of E- graph represents wien's
b
0.293 10
T= =
= 6104 K
0 .48 10 6
m
Energy given out by sun per second
E = AT 4
= 4 (6.96 108)2 5.67 108 (6104)4
49.285 1025J
Loss of mass per second
(A) OA part
(B) BC part
(C) DE part
(D) FG part
Sol.(A) Wien's law is valid for low wavelength region.
Hence the part OA of curve represents wien's
law.
25
49.285 10
E
m= 2 =
9 1016
c
m = 5.4 x 109kg/s
Ex.15
If the E curve for a black body at

temperature T is as shown in the figure,
then curve at temperature 2T will be
Ex.17
(A)
E
2T
(B)
E
2T
Sol.(A) Given tw = 2 min, t alco= 1 min

mw = 50g, m alco = 50 0.8 40g
(C) E
2T
(D) E
50g of water and an equal volume of alcohol

(relative density 0.8) are placed one after the
other in the same calorimeter. They are found
to cool from 60C to 50C is 2 minutes and
1 minute respectively if the water equivalent
of the calorimeter is 2g then what is the
specific heat of the alcohol?
(A) 0.6 cal/gC
(B) 6.0 cal/gC
(C) 60 cal/gC
(D) 600 cal/gC
Sw = 1 in cgs units, W = 2g
Therefore,
1
Salco = m
alco
2T
1
Sol.(C) Em T5 and m
i.e. on increasing
T
temperature m decrease and Em increases
t alco
[m w + W ] W
tw
Salco =
1 1 [50 + 2] 2
40 2
Salco =
24
40
Salco = 0.6 cgs units = 0.6 cal/gC
RADIATION
72

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HEAT RADIATION

(v) Radiation does not affects the medium

Where Q is the total incident radiation.

3. SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE OR RADIATION

(iii) r = reflection coefficient or reflecting power

(viii)Emissivity or relative emissive power (E):

(i) Reflecting power or refracting coefficient

(vii)Spectral absorptive power : Like emissive

E = (E E0) = (T4 T40)

(v) The rate of radiation of energy from a body

(B) Kirchoffs law

If A is the surface area of the body, e its

but dQ = msd cal

(ii) Kirchoff's law tells that if a body has a high

Rate of fall of temperature =

(a) ratio of rates of colling is dQ1 / dt

(b) rate of fall of temperatue will be r2

(iii) Rate fall of temperature , then , is given by

(iv) This law is valid only for energy radiated and

loss of energy or rate of cooling

Two copper spheres A and B of the same

Hence the correct answer is (A)

A black body emits 10 watts per cm2 at

sphere with radius r1 will have higher rate of

A bulb made of tungsten filament of surface

For a body the emissive power is given

(a) Temperature difference should not exceed

9. NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

(2) Let there be d loss of heat due to dQ loss

proportional to excess of temperature or

time 't' then

Imp. Formulla to find the specific heat of any liquid

(1) Rate of cooling of a body

Suffix l and w stand for liquid and water

0.15 kg of water is filled in caloriemeter of

= 88 103 kcal /min

Two liquids of same volume are cooled under

From the first data

Dividing (1) and (2) we get

to get the following equations

Divide 2 by 1 and Solve to get 0

From (3) using value of 0 = 26 we get

A metal ball cools from 62C to 50C in 10min

Divide (4) by(5) to get

the correct answer is (D)

10.SPECTRUM OF RADIATIONS EMITTED BY

Ex.10 A black body at 2000K emits radiation with

Sol.(D) Using wien's displacement law

(iv) We can canclude from the fig

(a) Some energy E is always obtained at

(b) Maximum energy Emax is obtained at a

(c) Value of m decreases with increase in

When the temperature of the body is

Hence the correct answer is (D)

m5 < m4 < m3 < m2 < m1

Hence the correct answer is (A)

11. SOLAR CONSTANT

Unit : Joule/m2-second or watt /m2

2 calorie/cm 2-minute = 1358 watt/m2

Fraunhofer lines are explained by

Sol.(B) Energy spectrum of radiation emitted by a

(A) less than the temperature of the

The nature of radiation emitted by a black