3.

7 Maximum Efficiency
It may be shown that the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum
when then the variable copper loss (i.e. I P2 R P + I S2 RS ) is equal to the
constant iron losses.
Example(3.2): A (5 KVA) single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of
(10:1) and is fed from a (2.5 KV) supply. Neglecting losses, determine
(a)The full-load secondary current (b) The primary current at full-load.
Solution:
(a)

N P 10
=
,
NS
1

Secondary voltage

since

N P VP
=
N S VS

N
VS = VP S
NP

1
VS = 2500 = 250 volt
10

The transformer rating in volt-amperes(secondary) = VS I S (at full-load),

i.e. 5000 = 250 I S ,
IS =

hence full-load secondary

5000
= 20 A
250

(b)
NP IS
=
NS IP

From which primary current

N
I P = I S S
NP

1
I P = 20 = 2 A
10

**********************************************************

85

Example (3.3): A (2.2 KVA), (230/115 V) transformer has been tested to

determine its equivalent circuit. The results of the tests are shown below.
Open-circuit test

Short- circuit test

VOC=230 V

VSC=19.1 V

IOC=0.45 A

ISC=8.7 A

POC=30 W

PSC=42.3 W

All data given were taken from the primary side of the transformer.
(a) Find the approximate equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to
the high-voltage side of transformer.
Solution:
Open circuit test:
P = VI cos( )

30

,
230 0.45

= 73.15 o

= cos 1

I C = I o cos( )
I m = I o sin( )
RC =

I C = 0.45 cos(73.15) = 0.13 A

,
,

I m = 0.45 sin(73.15) = 0.43 A

230
= 1769 ,
0.13

Xm =

230
= 534.88
0.43

Short circuit test:

P = I 2 Req
Req =

42.3

(8.7 )2

= 0.558

Z eq =

VS .C 19.1
=
= 2.195
I S .C
8.7

X eq =

(2.195)2 (0.558)2

= 2.12

**********************************************************

86

3.8 Three-Phase Transformers

Almost all the major power generation and distribution systems in
the word today are three-phase A.C systems. Since three- phase systems
play such an important role in modern life, it is necessary to understand
how transformers are used in them.
Transformers for three-phase circuits can constructed in one of two
ways. One approach is simply to take three single-phase transformers
and connect them in a three-phase bank. An alternative approach is to
make a three-phase transformer consisting of three sets of windings
wrapped on a common core. The construction of a single three-phase
transformer is the preferred practice today. Since it is lighter, smaller,
cheaper, and slightly more efficient. The older construction approach was
to use three separate transformers. That approach had the advantage that
each unit in the bank could be replaced individually in the event of
trouble, but that does not outweigh the advantages of a combined threephase unit for most applications. However, there are still a great many
installations consisting of three single-phase units service.

3.9 Three-Phase Transformer Connections

There are various methods available for transforming 3-phase
voltage to higher or lower 3-phase voltage (i.e.) for handling a
considerable amount of power. The most common connections are.
(1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) open-delta or V-V.
Terminal Markings
The primary winding bears capitals letters A,B and C for threephase. The secondary winding bears small letters a, b and c.

87

3.9.1 WYE-WYE Connection: The - connection of three-phase

transformer voltage on each phase of the transformer is given by
( VP =

V LP
3

). The primary-phase voltage is related to the secondary-phase

voltage by the turns ratio of the transformer. The phase voltage on the
secondary

is them related to the line voltage on the secondary by

( VLS = 3 VS ). Therefore, overall the voltage ratio on the transformers

A1

a1
A2

3 VP
VLP
=a
=
VLS
3 VS

B1
B2

a2

b1
b2

C1

c1
C2

c2

The - connection is seldom used because of difficulties with

exciting current phenomena. And if loads on the transformer circuit are
unbalanced, then the voltages on the phases of the transformer can
become severely unbalanced. And third-harmonic voltage can be large.

Fig.(3.11)

88

3.9.2 WYE-DELTA Connection: The - connection of three-phase

transformers is shown in fig.(3.12). In this connection, the primary line
voltage is related to the primary phase voltage by ( VLP = 3 VP ), while
the secondary line voltage is equal to the secondary phase voltage
( V LS = VS ). The voltage ratio of each phase is (

VP
VS

= a ), so the overall

relationship between the line voltage on the primary side of the bank and
the line voltage on the secondary side of the bank is.
V LP
=
V LS

3 VP

a1

A1

V S

A2
B1
VLP
= 3a
VLS

C1

a2
b1
b1
c1

B2

C2

c2

The secondary voltage is shifted (300) relative to the primary

voltage of the transformer. The - connection is commonly used in
stepping down from a high voltage to a medium or low voltage.

Fig.(3.12)

89

3.9.3 DELTA -WYE Connection: A - connection of three-phase

- connection, the primary

transformers is shown in fig.(3.13). In a

line voltage is equal to the primary-phase voltage ( V LP = VP ), which the

secondary voltage are related by ( V LS = 3 V S ). Therefore, the line-toline voltage ratio of this transformer connection is
VP
VL P
=
VLS
3 V .S

VLP
a
=
VLS
3

A1

a1

A2
B1

a2
b1

B2
C1

b2
c1

C2

c2

This connection has the same phase shift as

- transformer.

The - connection is commonly used for stepping up to a high

voltage. The neutral of the secondary is grounded for providing 3-phase
4-wire service.

Fig.(3.13)

90

3.9.4 DELTA - DELTA Connection: The - connection is shown in

fig.(3.14). In - connection, ( V LP = VP ) and ( VLS = V S ), so the
relationship between primary and secondary line voltage is

VLP VP
=
=a
VLS V .S

A1

a1

A2
B1

a2
b1

B2
C1

b2
c1

C2

c2

This transformer has no phase shift associated with it and no

problem with unbalance loads or harmonics. The

- connection has

the advantage that one transformer can be removed for repair or

maintenance while the remaining two continue to function as a threephase bank with the rating reduced to 58 percent of that of the original
bank, this is known as the open-delta, or V, connection.

Fig.(3.14)

91

Example(3.4): A three-phase transformer bank is to handle (600 KVA)

and have a (34.5/13.8 KV) voltage ratio. Find the rating of each
individual transformer in bank (high voltage, low voltage, turns ratio, and
(a) -

apparent power) if the transformer bank is connected to

(b) - (c) - (d) -?
Solution:
For - connection
Primary voltage =
Turns ratio =

34.5
3

= 19.9 KV

,Secondary voltage =

13.8
3

= 7.97 KV

19.9
= 2.5
7.97

For - connection
Primary voltage =34.5 KV
Turns ratio =

, Secondary voltage =13.8 KV

34.5
= 2 .5
13.8

For - connection
Primary voltage =34.5 KV
Turns ratio =

, Secondary voltage =

13.8
3

= 7.97 KV

34.5
= 4.33
7.97

For - connection
Primary voltage =
Turns ratio =

34.5
3

= 19.9 KV

, Secondary voltage =13.8 KV

19.9
= 1.44
13.8

Apparent power = (600 ) = 200 KVA

1
3

*********************************************************

92

Example(3.5): The following are the light-load test readings on a 3phase, 100 KVA, (400/6600)V, star/delta transformer.
Open circuit: supply to low-voltage side 400 V, 1250 W.
Short-circuit supply to high-voltage side 314 V,1600W, full-load current
Calculate the efficiencies at full-load, 0.8 power factor and at half-full
load, u.p.f. Calculate also the maximum efficiency, u.p.f.
Solution:
=

output
nKVA cos( )
100 =
100
input
nKVA cos( ) + PCore + n 2 ( PCu )

The O.C. test gives the normal PCore loss since rated voltage is applied and
the S.C. test gives the PCu loss at load since rated current is flowing.
For full-load, 0.8 P.f.
=

(1 100 10 3 0.8)
100 = 96.56 0
0
(1 100 10 3 0.8) + 1250 + (1) 2 (1600)

For half- full load, u.p.f

=

(0.5 100 10 3 1)
100 = 96.8 0
3
2
0
(0.5 100 10 1) + (1250) + (0.5) (1600)

Maximum efficiency when

PCore = n 2 PCu

n=

1250
= 0.88
1600

and power factor is unity.

(0.884 100 10 3 1)
100 = 97.25 0
Max. =
0
(0.884 100 10 3 1) + (1250) + (0.884) 2 (1600)

93