Irvin Freyhofer

ENC2135
Doran
11 October 2016
Works Cited
Cork, Daniel. "Examining SpaceTime Interaction in City-Level Homicide Data: Crack Markets and the
Diffusion of Guns among Youth." Journal of Quantitative Criminology vol. 15 no.4, 1999, pp. 379.

Cork addresses the consequential side of cocaine demands, for addiction holds power;
unfortunately, some abuse that power and control entire markets, such as the case in many
crack markets. Corks work elaborates on the need to control the markets, and the
consequences that come with control.

This is a credible source because it was published in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, it
has been peer-reviewed, and the writer uses real statistics from police-data. All the authors
information can be fact-checked against real-time data regarding health and criminal activity
associated with cocaine. All the references used in the source are of official origin, such as city
police data.

Damin, C., and G. Grau. "Cocaine." Acta Bioquimica Clinica Latinoamericana, vol. 49 no. 1, 2015, pp.
127-34.

In Argentina, cocaine is causing trouble for the health of Argentinas citizens. Since the leaves of
Erythroxylon are native to the area, cocaine is a widely-used product for trade, in all its forms
(127). Grau and Damin and local journalists explore the commercialization of cocaine in
Argentina, for many farmers grow cocaine leaves to make pastes or bases of cocaine;
unfortunately, with such widespread trade of cocaine, the negative health effects that come with
cocaine consumption are proving harmful to Argentinas communities, as reported by the peerreviewed journalists.

Grau and Damin produced a credible source with many references and credible quotes. The
writers visited health care centers in Argentina and spoke with local doctors (whom are
referenced). Even local farmers that produce cocaine were involved references for the writers,
producing an authentic, genuine source. There are no federal restrictions on cocaine in Argentina,
so the locals were not pressured about giving honest and thorough responses.

Dunning, Jonathan P., "Motivated Attention to Cocaine and Emotional Cues in Abstinent and Current
Cocaine Users an ERP Study." European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 33 no. 9, 2011, pp. 171623.

Cocaine has many effects, and the professionals from New York and Maryland conducted
neurological studies on how cocaine effects brain processing, for it was found that cocaine can
stimulate some areas of cognitive function, emotional stimuli in cocaine users is hindered. With
such results, researchers can further understand exactly why people become addicted to cocaine.

This source is credible to the unbiased nature in which the data was recovered. 55 volunteers
participated in a study ran in part by Stony Brook University. The article provides many other
affiliations and references, further supporting the authenticity of the source. The article was also
published in European Journal of Neuroscience, and the publishing underwent peer-review and
required various cited sources, all given by Dunning.

Fotros, A., "Cocaine Cue-Induced Dopamine Release in Amygdala and Hippocampus: A High-Resolution
PET [F-18]Fallypride Study in Cocaine Dependent Participants." NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY,
vol. 38 no. 9, 2013, pp. 1780-8.

Cocaine has been a monster to communities, families, and brains. The effects addiction has on
the brain are torturous and complex; recent studies (this study) show how the brain is stimulate
by drug-related cues, and the results are shocking, for the cocaine abuse left a mental imprint of
even cocaine-related thoughts.

This source proves its credibility with the data of an un-biased, volunteer experiment. The source
provides the procedure, data, observations, etc. Also included are the references used during the
experiment to draw associations between certain behaviors and cocaine use.

Girczys-Poedniok, Katarzyna, "Cocaine Characteristics and Addiction." Medycyna pracy, vol. 67 no.
4, 2016, pp. 529-36.

With extensive, collaborated research, researchers have determined that cocaine is bad, for using
extensive cocaine use either leads to prison, death, or a hospital bed, respectively; evidently,
there are certain patterns and behaviors cocaine abusers share, and the researchers of Medycyna
pracy expose such truths. Such researched and reviewed patterns and behaviors can prove useful
for backing an argument that suggests cocaine is a dangerous substance and often overlooked.

This source was published in an organ of the Polish Society of Occupational Medicine. Associated
with the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, this source holds credible with its vast amount
of references and institutional background. The research explained in this source actually comes
from researchers at the Nofer Institute, and statistics regarding addiction numbers are used as
well.

Jofre-Bonet, M., and NM Petry. "Trading Apples for Oranges? Results of an Experiment on the Effects of
Heroin and Cocaine Price Changes on Addicts' Polydrug use." JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR
& ORGANIZATION, vol. 66 no. 2, 2008, pp. 281-311.

Many drugs are connected, as certain drugs substitute and/or compliment other drugs; for
instance, in Petry and Jofre-Bonets piece, they explain the economics of addiction and how
there is a food web of substance abuse. With so many substitutes and compliments for drugs,
there are certain, clear patterns from cocaine and heroin addicts alike, for demand amongst
addicts is cyclical. With such findings, researchers can understand how addictions attacks the
human brain.

Jofre-Bonets article is authentic due to the hard science involved in his source. The Deaton and
Muellbauers Almost Ideal Demand System was used to associate patterns in cocaine and heroin
and alcohol and marijuana. The same system can be applied to almost any substance as well.
The source also incorporates trending data of percent changes regarding simultaneous increases
in one substance like heroin and a decrease in consumption of another substance like cocaine.

Russo, Francesco Flaviano. "Cocaine: The Complementarity between Legal and Illegal Trade." The
World Economy, vol. 37 no. 9, 2014, pp. 1290-314.

That cocaine is flooding into America every day is no tale, but as to how exactly cocaine enters
the States is what is studied by Russo, for there are certain associations between increased
international trade in legal goods and lower cocaine prices. Russo explains how the associations
are perhaps due to lower smuggling costs originating from a surplus of legal trades;
consequently, the more legal trades in a city, the better chance to smuggle in some illegal
substances.

This source is credible with its affiliation to the Department of Economics and the University of
Naples. The source includes statistics and data used to draw conclusions on legal imports and
smuggled products. With the World Economy as a source, Russos article reigns as an accepted
scholarly article.

Schwartz, BG, S. Rezkalla, and RA Kloner. "Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine." Circulation, vol. 122 no.
24, 2010, pp. 2558-69.

Cocaine is a very versatile, very dangerous drug, and the physical damage cocaine can inflict on
ones body is devastating. Consuming cocaine can drastically increase blood pressure and heart
rate; similarly, too much cocaine can easily send one into serious, critical conditions resulting
from an overworked body, as reported by the doctors. With proven, studied cases of cocaine
harming ones cardiovascular system, a certain point can be made regarding the harm that
cocaine causes.

Schwarts proves his credibility with various charts and medical data from ECG findings. There are
many percentages and tables and figures derived from professional doctors researching the
effects of cocaine. With mortality rates and other data from 83 hospitals, the article provides
medical data regarding the consequences of cocaine consumption. Russo also includes over 100
references for his article, ranging from hospitals and doctors to universities and doctors.

Song, Rui, "Increased Vulnerability to Cocaine in Mice Lacking Dopamine D Receptors." Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109 no. 43, 2012, pp.
17675-80.

During a study conducted by many accredited professionals, such as the Beijing Institute of
Pharmacology and Toxicology, it was found that mice with reduced levels of dopamine D2 are
more vulnerable to cocaine addiction; additionally, such research suggests that humans may
behave similarly. With such studies, humans increase their understanding of drug addiction, and,
with that, humans can understand just how dangerous such drug addictions truly are.

Published by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, this article
almost speaks for itself in terms of credibility. With sources including the University of California
and even the National Institute on Drug Abuse, this article would prove any attempt at
discrediting the source futile. Song used his resources to the fullest extent, providing concrete
data shown in his work.

Vale, Allister. "Cocaine." Medicine, vol. 35 no. 11, 2007, pp. 39-.

In Vales peer-reviewed piece, the positive effects of cocaine are weighed against the negative
effects; such as, that cocaine can stimulate motor skills and improve certain cognitive functions is
true, but chronic intranasal use of cocaine causes more harm than good, for one of the side
effects of chronic cocaine consumption is a type of skull discharge resulting from the thinning of
nasal structures. It is hard to argue that cocaines ability to make one alert is greater than the
discharge of ones skull. Vale simply puts the pros and cons on the scale, and cocaines cons
consistently prove to be greater than the benefits.

This course gains its credibility from data originating from degree holders nationwide. Also, the
article provides specific, medical management for certain cocaine encounters, and the information
was derived from a real case study. Actual numbers and measurements from a patient suffering
from cocaine-abuse were documented in this article, further supporting the authenticity of Vales
work.