Cairo University

Department of Electronics and

Faculty of Engineering

Communications Engineering

Giza Campus

ELC N405 Fall 2010

Solution to Exercise I

Problem (1)
Given a center-fed dipole of length L =

3
2 ,

and that its Rrad = 105 .

Required:
1. Zeros of directional pattern.
2. Maxima of directional pattern.
3. The value of the directivity (D0 ).

Solution:
E = jI0 0

1. Zeros at: cos

3
2

cos = 0, i.e. at cos =

ejkr cos 3
2 cos
a
2r
sin

2n+1
3 ,

n = {0, 1, 2}

2. To obtain the exact directions of the maxima we would need to differentiate the radiation pattern and solve to
find the directions of zero first derivative. This is too complex, so we assume the maxima are at (approximately)


the midpoint between each two consequetive nulls. Or (another approximation) at cos 3
2 cos 1, i.e.
cos

2m
3 .

(r,,)
3. D0 , 4r2 Pmax
, Pmax (r, , )
Wrad

1
20

D0 =

|E (r, 48o , )| , Wrad ,

2

1
2

4r2 6480 |Imax |

= 2.057.
20 52.5 |Imax |2 r2

|Imax | Rrad :

Problem (2)
1. Total fields of a current element of length L 6

50 :

The vector magnetic potential is obtained using the radiation integral:

ejkr
A , 0
4r

J (r0 )e+jkr

cos

dv 0

v0

We assume that we have current in a very narrow line region in space (diameter 0) i.e. current is uniform


I0
for z L
, + L
over its cross section; so we can take dv 0 , Asectional dl0 , and J (r0 ) = az Asectional
. Since
2
2
 L L 

0
+jkr 0 cos
0
L 6 50 , r 0 for z 2 , + 2 , that is e
1 on v . This physically means there is no phase
delay due to path difference between waves emitted by any two points on the current element; the element is
too short for such phase differences to be significant.
This reduces the radiation integral to:
ejkr
A = az 0 I0
4r

L
2

dz 0 = az 0 I0

L
2

ejkr
ejkr
L = 0 I0
L (cos ar sin a ) .
4r
4r

The last step was performed using the vector conversions between Cartesian and spherical coordinates.
Now to obtain the total fields from the vector magnetic potential we use the relations:

H=

1
A
0

E=

1
H.
j0

.



1
1

H = I0 L

2
4 r sin 


ra

ar

r
ejkr
cos
r

jkr

sin


r sin a 




1
ejkr
jkr

sin

r sin ,
1

jke
sin

4r2 sin
r




ejkr 1
I0 L jkr 1

H = a I0 L
+ jk sin = ja
e
j
sin .
4r
r
2
r
2r2


 ar ra

r sin a


1
1
1



I0 L
E=
 r
,

2

j0
4 r sin 


2
1
jkr
 0
0
e
+ jk sin 

H = a I0 L

E=

I0 L
1
j40 r2 sin






1
1
ejkr
2 sin cos ejkr
+ jk
ar jkejkr
+ jk
ra
,
r
r
r2


L
1

Er =
I0 0 ejkr

j
cos ,
2
r2
2r3


L
1

2
jkr
E = j
I0 0 e
j
2 3 sin .
2
r
2r2
4 r





If we have the total fields, it is straight forward to obtain the radiated fields from them by taking the terms
jkr

that satisfy the so-called radiation condition i.e. terms that have an r dependence of the form e r . Note that

terms satisfying the radiation condition have non-vanishing integrands in S 12 < {E H } ds for a spherical
S as r : they lead to finite, nonzero radiated power . In taking radiated field terms only, we discard

the terms that account for power in the reactive and near fields, i.e. ones with
so we obtain the following results for our special case of a current element:

H = j

ejkr
r2

and

ejkr
r3

dependencies,

L ejkr
I0
sin ,
2
r
Er = 0,

E = j

L
ejkr
I0 0
sin .
2
r

The above far fields are orthogonal to each other and to the direction of propagation (direction of propagation
in all our problems is radially outwards): they represent a TEM wave. Note that this is not true for
the total fields. Note also that, in general, we are only concerned with the radiated fields in our course. Unless
specifically instructed, we always use the far field approximations.

2. Radiated fields, radiation resistance, and directivity of a short dipole

50

<L6

10

We know that the current distribution on a thin wire dipole of arbitrary length is approximately sinusoidal. If
the dipole is short, this sinusoid can be further approximated by a linear distribution , since sin x x for x 0.
This linear distribution is given by the triangle shaped function (for l ,

L
2 ):



I0 1 + z0
l 6 z0 6 0
l


I (z 0 ) =
0
I0 1 z
0 6 z0 6 l
l
When calculating the radiation integral, we can use the approximation e+jkr

cos

1 on v 0 for the same reason

as the case of the current element:

A = az 0

ejkr
4r

I (z 0 ) dz 0 = az 0
l



L
ejkr
I0
,
4r
2

where the area of the triangle was calculated using 21 base height. Simple comparison with the results of
the current element shows that a short dipole of length L and maximum current I0 is equivalent
L
2

to a current element of length L =

and uniform current I0 . Thus, the radiated fields of the short

dipole of length L are:

H = jI0

( L2 ) ejkr
sin ,
2 r

E = jI0 0

( L2 ) ejkr
sin .
2 r

To obtain the radiation resistance and directivity of a current element of length L, we first need to know the
radiated power:

Wrad

1
, <
2






1

2
E H ds = <
(E H ) r sin d dar ,
2
S


2 = =2
2
|I0 |
L
Wrad =
0
sin3 d d,
2
2
=0
=0

Wrad

|I0 |
=
0
2

L
2

2

=2
2

sin 1 cos d d = 40 |I0 |

=0

=0

2
.

The radiation resistance of a current element of length L is:

Rrad ,

2Wrad
2

|Imax |

2Wrad
|I0 |

= 40 2

2
.

The directivity function is defined as:

D (, ) ,

P (r, , )
P (r, , )
=
.
Pisotropic (r, , )
Wrad / (4r2 )

Since the radiated power density is:

1
1
1
2
2
2
P (r, , ) = < {E H } =
|E| = 0 |H| = 15 |I0 |
2
20
2

2

sin2
;
r2

D () = 1.5 sin2 .

The directivity is the maximum value of the directivity function and is equal to 1.5 for short dipoles
and current elements. The radiated power and radiation resistance of the short dipole of length L can be
obtained directly by replacing each L with

L
2

in the above expressions.

3. Radiated fields, radiation resistance, and directivity of a small circular loop

2a

1 :

The sin dependence in the expressions of radiated fields of a current element show that there is no radiation
along the direction of the axis of the element. If we view a loop as a circular arrangement of current elements, we
know that, at the field point, there should be no radiation due to the component of the current I (0 ) parallel to
the projection of r r0 in the plane of the loop. Thus, we should substitute for the current with the component
normal to to the projection of r r0 in the plane of the loop only, i.e. I (0 ) cos (0 ) = I0 cos (0 ). This
gives the radiation integral:
ejkr
A , a 0
4r

0=2

I0 cos (0 ) e+jka sin cos( ) ad0 ,

0 =0

where dl0 = ad0 and cos = sin cos ( 0 ) were used. Since the loop is assumed to be small, and knowing
that ex 1 + x for x  1, the integral can be further simplified to:

A , a 0

ejkr
4r

0=2

I0 cos (0 ) (1 + jka sin cos ( 0 )) ad0 .

0 =0
E

Now, using E = jA and H = 0 :

E =

Wrad

jkr
1
2 e
I0 0 (ka)
sin ,
4
r

jkr
1
2 e
H = I0 (ka)
sin ,
4
r

4
2
4 =
|I0 |
2 (ka)
2a
2
=
0
sin3 d = 10 2 |I0 |
,
2
16

=0

Rrad = 20

2a

4
,

D () = 1.5 sin2 .

It is said that the small loop antenna is not a good radiator compared to a current element because its

4

2




Rrad 2a
, whereas in the case of a current element Rrad L
, with both 2a
and L
being less

than unity. That is, for the same I0 , the radiated power of the current element is greater than that of the small
loop.

Problem (3)
Given:
A dipole with L = 0.5, f = 300MHz, Iin = 100mA. The antenna is oriented along the y-axis, .

Required:
(i) Wrad .
(ii) Radiated fields.
(iii) Radiation patterns in principle planes.
(iv) D (, ).
(v) Pmax (1000, , ).

Solution:

1
20

This is a short dipole. Also: I0 = Iin .

 L 2


2
1 2
= 40 2 0.12 40
(i) Wrad =40 2 |I0 | 2
Watts.
=

(ii)E = jI0 0

jkr
(L
2) e
2
r

sin , and H = jI0

jkr
(L
2) e
2
r

sin , where is the angle between the antenna axis and

the position vector of the field point, with cos = sin sin . a and a are perpendicular unit vectors with a
being in the direction of increasing .
(iii) The patterns in the principle planes are:

(iv) D () = 1.5 sin2 =1.5 1 sin2 sin2 .
(v) D0 ,

Pmax
Pisotropic ,

so Pmax (1000, , ) =

1.5Wrad
2
4106 Watts/m ,

(at = 90o ).

Problem (5)
(i) A quarter wave monopole above the earths surface is equivalent to a half wave dipole in unbounded free
space by the image theory:

E,rms




jkr
cos(
2 cos )
0o 90o
1 jImax 0 e2r
sin
=
2
0
90o < 180o

At the earths surface, = 90o so Erms =

q

73

Wrad = Imax
2 . Thus:
2

60I
max
.
r 2

Also, Rrad =

Erms

1
2

73 for the quarter wave monopole i.e.

9.9 Wrad
.
r

If r is in km, then Erms is in mV/m.

(ii) For a short monopole of length L:

E,rms

1
=
2

At the earths surface, = 90o so Erms =

L
j 4
I0 0 e

jkr

Erms

0o 90o

90 < 180o

0
30I
0
r 2

sin

. Also: Wrad =

1
2


2
40 2 |I0 |

L 2
2

. Thus:

9.487 Wrad

.
r

Problem (6)
We first apply the image theory and obtain the equivalent problems current distribution as shown below (note
that the given wire length is ):

The current distribution can be divided into four

elements A, B, C, and D as shown above. If we treat the

upper arm (A and C) as one element in isolation, we know that this element does not radiate along its own
axis ( = 45o , = 0o , and = 135o , = 180o ) because it is a straight wire. This elements also does not radiate
along the direction that is normal to its own axis due to the even symmetry of the magnitude, and the odd
symmetry of the phase of the current distribution along the arm. The same reasoning can be applied to the
lower arm in isolation; to show that nulls exist in the direction of the axis of B and D and the direction normal
to their axis. Since the overall radiation pattern is the sum of the contributions of the two arms, it has nulls in
the directions of the axes of the two arms and their normals, and its shape can be plotted above the conducting
plane as shown below:

Problem (7)
By image theory, we can construct an equivalent problem where we have a complete small loop in the yz-plane,
with the loop axis along the x-axis. The radiated fields can be written as:
1
4 I0 0

14 I0 (ka)

E =

H =

2 ejkr
r

(ka)
0

sin
0o 90o
,
90o < 180o

2 ejkr
r

sin

0o 90o

90o < 180o

where is the angle between the loop axis and the position vector of the field point, with cos = sin cos . a
and a are perpendicular unit vectors with a being in the direction of increasing . The directional patterns
in the principle planes are:

Problem (8)
1. See derivation in solution of Problem (2) of this exercise.

2. Given:
A small loop with radius a=5cm, f =100MHz, I0 =100mA, axis of loop is oriented along the direction =45o ,
= 90o .

Required:
Directional patterns in principle planes (without any formulation) and |E| at (, ) = {(45o , 90o ) , (45o , 90o ) , (90o , 90o )} ,
as well the polarization at the given directions (graphically).

Solution:
Directional pattern is a firgure of 8, centred around the axis of the loop antenna:

The directions (, ) = {(45o , 90o ) , (45o , 90o )} are along the loop axis and so |E| is zero. For the direction
(, ) = (90o , 90o ) : = 45o , so |E| = |E|max sin (45o ) =
shown in the above plots.

|E|max

,
2

|E|max =

1
4 I0 0

(ka) . The polarization is