THE CAUSE AND EFFECTOF OIL SPILL

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually
applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may
also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore
platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as
gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or
the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.

Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals,
reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and
much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends
upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting
evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may
take weeks, months or even years to clean up.

Oil spills can have disastrous consequences for society; economically, environmentally,
and socially. As a result, oil spill accidents have initiated intense media attention and political
uproar, bringing many together in a political struggle concerning government response to oil
spills and what actions can best prevent them from happening. Despite substantial national and
international policy improvements on preventing oil spills adopted in recent decades, large oil
spills keep occurring.

How do oil spills occur? Oil Spills may happen for several reasons. When oil tankers
have equipment faults. When oil tankers break down, it may get stuck on shallow land. When
the tanker is attempted to move out of shallow land, abrasion may cause a hole in the tanker

that will lead to large amounts of oil being released into the oceanic bodies. However, although
this form of oil spill is the most commonly known and has the highest media attention, only 2%
of oil in water bodies is a result of this action.

From nature and human activities on land. The large majority of oil spilled is from natural
seeps geological seeps from the ocean floor as well as leaks that occur when products using
petroleum or various forms of oil are used on land, and the oil is washed off into water bodies.
Water Sports. Other causes of oil spills are spills by petroleum users of released oil. This
happens when various water sports or water vehicles such as motorboats and jet skis leak fuel.
Drilling works carried out in sea. When drilling works carried out in the sea, the oil and
petroleum used for such activities are released into the sea, thus causing an oil spill.

What are the effects of oil spills? Such oil spills are considered forms of pollution. Oil
spills also have highly adverse effects on the environment. These oil spills greatly affect animals,
which may in turn sometimes lead to animals getting endangered. Animals may be affected
because oil spills may cause hypothermia, inducing low body temperatures. Oil may also enter
the lungs or livers of animals, in turn poisoning the animals. Oil may also kill animals by blinding
them, affecting their natural predator prey instincts, resulting in which they will be unaware of
their predators, and will eventually be preyed on.

Seabirds are strongly affected by oil spills. When they get covered in oil, the heavy oil
weights down the birds and is unable to fly. Often, the bird will then attempt to rid itself of the oil
lining, and will eat the oil. As the oil is poisonous, the bird will either die or suffer greatly from
being poisoned. All these lead to the birds inability to carry out its natural life processes such as
hunting for food, and eventually, the bird will die, unless it is rescued and given proper treament.
Furthermore, the oil penetrates and opens up the birds plumage, reducing its insulation activity
and making it susceptible to hypothermia and temperature fluctuations, as well as less buoyant
in the water.

Another group of animals strongly affected by oil spills are the Sea Otters. Otters have
air bubbles located in the fur of their bodies which enable them to float and survive the cold
waters. When oil spills occur, oil covers the otters bodies and often covers these air holes. As a
result, otters may die of hypothermia, are unable to swim properly, and eventually die.
The third group of animals affected strongly are Killer Whales. Oil spills have led to the
endangering of killer whales. Oil affects the killer whales in two ways. Firstly, it plugs up the
blowholes of the killer whales, and the killer whale will be unable to breathe. Secondly, the Killer
Whale may eat fish that swam through the oil, or fish already poisoned by the oil, and the killer
whales too will get poisoned by the oil, and will die.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and

Restoration, OR&R;, handles about 150 oil spills nationally every year. When spills occur, the
OR&R; works with multiple state and federal agencies in evaluating the damage and developing
measures to restore wildlife habitats. The party held responsible for the spill pays the
environmental damage assessment and cleanup costs. The OR&R; creates a plan to guide the
restoration process that can include such things as coral reconstruction, dam removals and
shoreline improvements. Public access to affected areas is restricted until the process
concludes.

FISHBONE MAP

Cause:

1. Oil tankers breakdown

2.Human Activities on land 3. Water sports vehicle 4. Drilling works

Oil Spill

1. animals getting endangered

2. Birds reduces insulating abilities 3. plants cant photosynthesize 4.habitat are affected

DESKTOP COMPUTER OR LAPTOP COMPUTER

People of today often find difficulty in deciding whether they will purchase a desktop
computer or a laptop computer. It may seem that the two are similar but they are totally different.
The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the differences of desktop computers and
laptop computers in terms of convenience, maintenance, performance and cost.

As we all know, a desktop computer is hard to move and it is cluttered due to many wires
and cables that need to be connected to each other. Speakers, keyboard and mouse for a laptop
computer is built-in so it does not contain wires. It is quite annoying to see so many wires and
cables in a desktop computer. The laptop computer is also portable. You can move it with you
while you travel and it just occupies a small space. Performance of a laptop computer and a
desktop computer has great differences. The desktop computer is capable of having better
components that can handle better graphics. It is suitable for hardcore gaming. All the
components of a computer are much better for the desktop computer. On the other hand, a
notebook has its limits. Even though it can handle some computer games, it cannot handle
hardcore games which are new releases. Its battery is also limited and easily overheats in just a
short time unlike the desktop computer which does not overheat easily unless you keep it turned
on for a very long time about three days without turning it off if placed in a well ventilated place
or over clocking it (Marlene, 2009).

Maintenance is a great factor in choosing what type of computer you will go for. A desktop
computer is easy to customize. You can easily choose what brand or how powerful each
component is. On the other hand, a notebook is always sold as a whole. It is also difficult to
upgrade. You will need to use your USB port if you want to upgrade its hard drive and it is
annoying to have it outside of your notebook. If a notebook is damaged, you will need to replace
it as a whole and you are lucky if it is still under warranty. But if a desktop computer gets
damaged, you can just replace the parts of it that have been damaged.

Another factor in choosing between a laptop and a desktop is its cost. According to
Null(2007), a desktop computers price is cheaper than a notebook because it can be 25% 50% more powerful than a notebook given a price. The only downside in purchasing a desktop
computer is that it consumes more energy than a notebook because it has many components.
The problem in a laptop is that it can be stolen easily. If this happens, you will need to buy
another one as a replacement.

People have different preferences. Others may want a more powerful computer while
others go for portability. If you want a more powerful computer then go for a desktop computer.
But if you want portability because you need to work while traveling then go for a laptop.

Desktop Computer
can handle better graphicscan
does not easily overheat store &
easy to customize
retrieve
can handle hardcore gamesdata

Laptop Computer
portable
easily overheat
sold as a whole
battery is limited

MOVING TO A BIG CITY

Living in a big city doesn't always convey what most people treasure most, nature, lifetime
friendships, and family support. Other than overweight pigeons and natural disasters nature
plays a little role in big cities. Housing is often impossible to find and/or impossible to afford,
yielding short-term friendships. What is most important in the big cities is the lack of family unity.
This single handedly could be the answer for many of today's urban problems.

Big cities are not bad and complaining about them won't make them go away. There have many
good things about them. There are also many terrible things about them. One thing is sure; they
seem to be growing faster than ever.

PMI
P+

M-

I?

Many Jobs

Expensive

More People

Restaurants

Traffic

Mass Transit

Parks

Pollution & Crime

Shopping closed to airports

THE WATER CYCLE

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous
movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Although the balance of water
on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and
out of the atmosphere. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to
ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation,
condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes
through different phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor).

The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For
instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the
environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat
exchanges influence climate. By transferring water from one reservoir to another, the water cycle
purifies water, replenishes the land with freshwater, and transports minerals to different parts of
the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through such
processes as erosion and sedimentation. Finally, the water cycle figures significantly in the
maintenance of life and ecosystems.
As the Earth's surface water evaporates, winds move water in the air from the sea to the land,
increasing the amount of fresh water on land.
Water vapor is converted to clouds that bring fresh water to land in the form of rain or snow.
Precipitation falls on the ground, but what happens to that water depends greatly on the
geography of the land at any particular place.

PAGGAWA NG KENDING SANTOL

Sabado. Nanonood si Bambi ng Programang Tele-Aralansa telebisyon. Pinakinngan
niyang mabuti ang sinasabi ng nagtututro. Narito ang pinakinggan ni Bambi na mga hakbang sa
paggawa ng kending santol. Balatan ang mga hinog na santol. Hatiin ang mga ito nang
pahalang sa gitna at alisin ang mga buo nito. Ibabad nang magdamag ang mga santol sa tubi
na may asukal. Gumait ng isang tasang asukal para sa bawat limang santol. Lagyan ng sapat
na tubig upang matunaw ang asukal at lumubog ang mga santol. Kinabukasan, ang mga santol
na ibinabad ay pigain upang maiaalis ang tubig. Patuyuin ang mga ito sa araw. Kapag tuyo na,
balutin ng papel na pambalot. Ang kending santol ay maari nang kainin o ipagbili.
BRIDGING SNAPSHOTS
1. Balatan ang mga santol, hatiin
ng pahalang at alisin ang mga
buto.

2. Ibabad magdamag
sa tubig na may asukal
ang santol.

3. Pigain ang mga

santol na binabad
kinabukasan.

4.Patuyuin ang mga ito sa

araw.

5. Balutin ng papel na
pambalot.

6.Maari nang kainin.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Your nervous system connects all your body parts and transmits signals from
one part to another. It is a system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the
bodys responses to internal and external stimuli. Each part of the nervous system
has a specific role as it functions as an important part of a system.
The nervous system has its major divisions and part. The CNS or The Central
nervous system is the main processing center of the entire nervous system. This
consists of two main components, the brain and the spinal cord. The brain has three
parts the cerebrum. cerebellum and brain stem. PNS or Peripheral Nervous System
connects the central nervous system to the organs. It has two divisions: The
somatic nervous system and automatic nervous system. Somatic nervous system
has two main parts: Spinal nerves and Cranial nerves. The Automatic Nervous
System also has two subdivisions: the sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
NETWORK TREE

THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

Central Nervous
System

Peripheral Nervous
system

Main
Components
Spinal Cord

Main Divisions

Somatic Nervous

Brain

System

Automatic Nervous

system

Main Parts

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Subdivisi
ons

Main Parts
Spinal Nerves

Cranial Nerves

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

BIODIVERSITY AND STABILITY

Biodiversity is a term that describes how varied living things are in a
specific area. How many kinds of living things can be found in your community?
Think about a place in your community; try to identify organisms that can be found
in your locality and are valuable to your life. Why do you consider those organisms
important to your life?
Organisms are part of biodiversity and may economically and
ecologically valuable. There product are source of food, medicine clothing, shelter
and energy. These organisms are also important in maintaining balance in the
ecosystem as they performing their specific roles. Some species maintain the
quality of natural bodies of water; some prevent soil erosion and floods, cycle
minerals in the soil and absorb pollutants. Others feeds on insects and pests which
control the population of organisms in a certain environment, thus making the
ecosystem balance and stable.

K
What do I know?

W
What do I want to
know?

Biodiversity is a
term that describes
how varied living
things are in a
specific area.

kinds of living
things can be found
in my community

Biodiversity affect
the stability of an
ecosystem

What are the

limiting factors that
affect population
growth?

H
How can I find out
what I want to
learn?
Think about a place
in my community;
try to identify
organisms that can
be found in your
locality and are
valuable to your life
Visit a specific area
or ecosystem.

L
What did I learn?

Organisms are part

of biodiversity and
may economically
and ecologically
valuable.

Population growth
affects the carrying
capacity of an
ecosystem.

CLOUDS
Clouds form when humid air cools enough for water vapor to condense into
droplets or ice crystals. The altitude at which this happens depends on the humidity
and the rate at which temperature drops with elevation.
Normally, water vapor can only condense onto condensation nucleitiny
particles that serve as kernels around which drops can form. Condensation nuclei
are often nothing but natural dust. But soot particles from automobile exhaust or
other types of pollution can also serve the purpose. One study has found that
changing levels of air pollution cause different rates of cloud formation (and rain) on
weekends and weekdays, at least in humid climates with lots of cities.
Cloud Types

Clouds are classified into four basic categories, depending largely on the
height of their bases above the ground.
High-level clouds, called cirrus clouds, can reach heights of 20,000 feet
(6,000 meters) and are typically thin. They do not produce rain and often indicate
fair weather. They are usually made up of ice.
Midlevel clouds form between 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) and cirrus level.
They are referred to as "alto-" clouds and bear such names as altostratus or
altocumulus, depending on their shape. (Altostratus clouds are flat; altocumulus
clouds are puffy.) They frequently indicate an approaching storm. They themselves
sometimes produce virga, which is rain or snow that does not reach the ground.
Low-level clouds lie below 6,500 feet (2,000 meters). Meteorologists refer to
them as stratus clouds. They're often dense, dark, and rainy (or snowy) though they
can also be cottony white clumps interspersed with blue sky.
Storm Clouds
The most dramatic types of clouds are cumulus and cumulonimbus, or
thunderheads. Rather than spreading out in bands at a fairly narrow range of
elevations, like other clouds, they rise to dramatic heights, sometimes well above
the level of transcontinental jetliner flights.
Cumulus clouds are fair-weather clouds. When they get big enough to
produce thunderstorms, they are called cumulonimbus. These clouds are formed by
upwelling plumes of hot air, which produce visible turbulence on their upper
surfaces, making them look as though they are boiling.
Just as it takes heat to evaporate water from the surface of the Earth, heat is
released when water condenses to form clouds. In thunderheads, this energy can
produce hail, damaging winds, lightning, torrential rain, and sometimes tornadoes.
As thunderheads reach high elevations, their tops encounter high winds that
cause them to spread out sideways, earning them the nickname "anvil tops." They
can reach elevations of 50,000 feet (15,000 meters).

CUMULUS

STRATUS
As high as 8 miles

light on top, dark on bottom

Very white and fluffy

many long flat clouds

CLOUDS

Highest
Rain Clouds
Looks like feather
Dark and Heavy

CIRRUS

NIMBUS

TULANG LIRIKO
Ang tulang liriko ay may himig awit pa rin hanggang ngayon bagamat
pinatutunayan ng makata na hindi na kailangan ang isang lira o anupamang
instrumento upang siyay umawit. Nakalilikha siya ng musika sa pamamagitan ng
pagsasama-sama ng mga salita. Palibhasay matindi siya kung magdamdam, ang

kanyang mga salita at damdamin ay nalilikha ng tunog na maaliw-iw at

nakagagayuma.
Bukod sa mayamang damdamin, ang iginaganda ng tulang liriko ay ang indayog ng
mga taludtod at ang pagsising-isang tunog ng mga huling pantig bukod pa ang
paggamit ng maririkit na paglalarawan.
Halimbawa ng Tulang Liriko: Sa Dalampasigan ni Teodoro A. Agoncillo

A lyric poem is a short poem that expresses personal feelings. It need not be
set to music. The most popular form of lyric poetry is the 14-line sonnet.
URI NG TULANG LIRIKO
Ang soneto ay tulang liriko na binubuo ng labing-apat (14) na taludturan na
hinggil sa damdamin at kaisipan. Itoy nakikilala sa matinding kaisahan ng sukat at
kalawakan sa nilalaman.
Ang soneto ay hindi basta tula lamang na binubuo na labing-apat na
taludturan. Itoy kailangang may malinaw na kabatiran sa kalikasan ng tao at sa
kabuuan. Ito ay naghahatid ng aral sa mga mambabasa. Sa unang walong taludtod
ay inilalahad ang diwa, paghanga man o talinghaga, at sa huli naman ang
karagdagan o anumang kapupunan sa ikabubuo ng tula.
Ang pastoral ay hindi lamang tungkol sa buhay ng pastoral ng isang pastol at
pagpapastol. Ito ay tulang pumapaksa at naglalarawan ng simpleng paraan ng
pamumuhay. pag-ibig at iba pa.
Ang elehiya ay isang tula ng pamamanglaw na medaling makilala ayon sa
paksa, gaya ng kalungkutan, kamatayan at iba pa.
Ang oda ay nagpapahayag ng isang papuri, panaghoy o iba pang uri ng
damdamin; walang tiyak na bilang ng pantig o tiyak na bilan ng taludtod sa isang
saknong.
Ang awit ay kariwang pumapaksa na may kinalaman sa pag-ibig, kabiguan,
kalungkutan, pag-asa pangamba poot at kaligayahan.
Ang dalit ay isang awitin tungkol sa paglilingkod sa Diyos at
pananampalataya.

WEB
Pastoral

Soneto

Elehiya

Oda

TULANG LIRIKO

Awit

Dalit