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Superexchange
Magnetic ions interact by charge overlap with same non-magnetic ions
short range, F or AF
Double exchange
encountered in mixed valence compounds
F
Indirect exchange
Magnetic ions interaction mediated by interaction with conduction elections
RKKY (long range, oscillating sign)
Itinerant exchange
Coulomb repulsion
energy high
UC =
e2
4 0 r 2
Coulomb repulsion
energy lowered
~ 10 18 J (105 K !)
H = H 1 + H 2 + H 12
H1 =
Ze
1
2me
4 0 r1
r12
er1
2
Ze 2
2
H2 =
2me
4 0 r2
H 12 =
e2
4 0 r12
+
Ze
2
2
2
j = 2 + 2 + 2
x j y j z j
1
[(1 r1 )2( r2 ) + 2( r1 )(1 r2 )]
2
1
[(1 r1 )2( r2 ) 2( r1 )(1 r2 )]
A( r1, r2 ) =
2
(s r1, r2 ) =
1,2
e- 2
r2
singlet
triplet
E=
H
E=
1
*
*
*
*
3
3
[
]
H
H
H
(
r
)
(
r
)
(
r
)
(
r
)
(
)
(
r
)
(
r
)
(
r
)
(
r
)
d
r
d
r2 =
+
+
1
2
3
1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
1
+ 1(* r1 )2(* r2 )H 12(1 r1 )2( r2 )d 3 r1d 3 r2 + 2(* r1 )1(* r2 )H 122( r1 )(1 r2 )d 3 r1d 3 r2
1(* r1 )2(* r2 )H 122( r1 )(1 r2 )d 3 r1d 3 r2 2(* r1 )1(* r2 )H 12(1 r1 )2( r2 )d 3 r1d 3 r2
Individual energies (ionization) = 2I1 + 2I2
E = I1 + I 2 + K12 J 12
Lowest energy state is for triplet, with E = I1 + I 2 + K12 J 12
Parallel alignment of spins lowers energy by:
J 12
e2
1
*
*
3
3
=
(
r
)
(
r
)
(
r
)
(
r
)
d
r
d
r2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
4 0
r1 r2
(s r1, r2 ) =
1
[(1 r1 )2( r2 ) + 2( r1 )(1 r2 )][( 1) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 1)]
2
(singlet)
( 1)( 2 )
1
[(1 r1 )2( r2 ) 2( r1 )(1 r2 )] ( 1) ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) ( 1) (triplet)
A( r1, r2 ) =
2
( 1) ( 2 )
1 Spin +1/2
+
+ + =
0
0
= Spin -1/2
1
Heisenberg and Dirac showed that the 4 spin states above are eigenstates
of operator S1 S 2
Hamiltonian of interaction can be written as (called exchange energy):
H ex = 2 JSi S j
Superexchange
magnetic atoms are separated by non-magnetic ions (oxygen)
Indirect interactions through Oxygen
b4
E = E E
d p
hybridization
Strong AF coupling:
Weak AF:
Weak F:
Weak F:
Double exchange
Double exchange leads to ferromagnetism/ferrimagnetism: the transfer of the
minority spin can occur only if majority spins are aligned parallel
Indirect Exchange
Rare Earths
Band overlap is small in f electron atoms weak exchange
field.
At low temperatures, exchange occurs between the f
electrons and nearly free electrons that gives rise to FM in
these materials.
Indirect exchange occurs:
If f electrons around one atom are spin down, then an exchange
interaction will lower the energies of nearby spin up free electrons.
These free electrons then move to other atoms, where exchange
tends to lower the energy of spin down f electrons.
RKKY Interaction
Indirect exchange interaction between RE ions mediated by the
conduction electrons
It is called also RKKY (Ruderman, Kittel, Kasuya and Yoshida) interaction
Let us consider a localized spin S located at r =0 interacting with the spin of the
conduction electron si located at r =ri
H int
= J S si (ri )
i
H int
J
H eff =
S (r )
g B
= g B H eff si
i
This field induces the electron spin density at the point r that can be expressed
through the spin susceptibility.
J
3
M (r ) = d r (r r )H eff =
(r )S
g B
Since: M (r ) g B s (r )
J
s (r ) =
(r )S
2
(g B )
JRKKY
cos 2k F r
r3