-

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. . , . . , . .

-
-
( )

2014

 519.7(075)
21.173
81
:
1
()
. . . .
- , . .
81

, . ., , . ., , . .
:
/ . . , . . , . . .
I. . : , 2014. 243 .
ISBN 978-5-7417-0541-4 (. 1)

, ,
- ( ). : , , ,
, , , , .
,
, , .
,
.
519.7(075)
21.173
ISBN 978-5-7417-0541-4 (. 1)
ISBN 978-5-7417-0496-7

. ., . .,
. ., 2014



-
( ), 2014


...................................................................................................... 8
I. ............................................................. 9
I.1. ...................................................................................................... 9
I.2. . ................................ 9
I.3.
................................................................................................... 13
I.4. ........................................................................ 14
I.4.1. ......................................... 14
I.4.2. ......................................... 16
I.4.3. .................................... 17
I.5. ............................ 18
I.6. ......................................................................... 20
I.7. .......................................................................... 22
I.8. .............................................................................. 24
I.9. ................................................................................ 31
I.10. ........................................................ 32
II. ........................ 33
II.2. ................................ 33
II.2.1. ................ 34
II.2.2. Rn. ................... 35
II.3. . .............. 36
II.4. ().
......................................................... 36
................................................................... 37
II.4.1. ................................................................... 37
II.4.2. LU- ..................................................................................... 39
II.4.3. ( ) ................................... 40
II.5. ................................................ 41
3

II.5.1. ..................................................................... 41
II.5.2.
................................................................................................... 42
II.5.3. , , .................................. 43
II.6. ......................................................................... 45
II.7. ....................................................................... 47
II.8. ............................................................................... 53
II.9. ............................................................................. 57
II.10. ............................................................................ 65
II.11. ............................................ 71
II.12. ....................................................... 73
III. .............................................. 74
III.1.1.
............................................................................................... 74
III.2. .................... 75
III.3. ............................................ 77
III.4. ........................................................................... 79
III.5. ............................................................................. 81
III.6. ....................................................... 85
IV. ................ 86
IV.1. ................................................................................................ 86
IV.2. () ................................... 86
IV.3. , ............................................... 87
IV.4. ...................................................................... 89
IV.5. ..................................................................................... 90
IV.6. .......... 92
IV.7. ......................... 93
IV.8. .......................................................... 94
IV.9. ..................................................................... 95
IV.10. ............................................................................ 97
4

IV.11. ........................................................................ 103

IV.12. ......................................................................... 110
VI.13. ............................................................. 113
V. .................... 114
V.1. ................................................................................ 114
V.2. ..................................................................................... 116
V.3. ..................... 117
V.3.1. ( ) ..................... 117
V.3.2. .................................................................... 118
V.3.3. .................................................................................... 119
V.3.4. ................................................ 121
V.4. ................................ 123
V.4.1. ................................................................................... 123
V.4.1.1. .................................................... 123
V.4.2. .............................................................. 125
V.4.3. ........................................................... 126
V.4.4.
....................................................................... 129
V.4.5. ......................................................................... 130
V.5. .............................................................................. 133
V.6. ........................................................................... 136
V.7. ............................................................................ 137
V.8. ...................................................... 140
VI. .. 141
VI.1. ........................................................................... 141
VI.2. ........................................................... 142
VI.2.1.
............................................................ 142
VI.2.2. .
........................... 143

VI.2.3. .......... 144

VI.2.4. ................................. 145
VI.2.5. ......................................... 146
VI.3. .................................................. 147
VI.3.2. ................ 150
VI.4. - ....................... 150
VI.4.1. .
- ................................ 151
VI.4.2. () -
....................................................................................... 152
VI.4.3. - ....... 152
VI.5. - ........................................ 155
VI.5.1. ......................................................... 155
VI.5.2. ....................................................................... 157
VI.6. ............................................................................ 159
VI.7. ................................................................... 165
VI.8. ......................................................................... 168
VI.9. ........................................................................... 172
VI.10. ............................................................. 180
VII. .................................................. 181
VII.1. (
)...................................................................................................... 181
VII.1.1. ................................ 183
VII.1.2. ,
.......................................................................................... 186
VII.2. .
. ................................ 186
VII.3. ........................................................ 187
VII.3.1. ............................ 189
VII.4. ........................... 189
VII.5. ...... 193
6

VII.6. .................................................................. 194

VII.7. ........................................................................... 195
VII.8. ........................................................................ 202
VII.9. .......................................................................... 207
VII.9. .................................................... 210
VIII.
......................................... 211
VIII.1. . , ,
........................................................................................... 211
VIII.2. .............. 215
VIII.3. ....................................................................... 219
VIII.4. ................................... 220
VIII.5. ................................................................................. 222
VIII.6. .............................................................. 223
VIII.7. ................................................................. 224
VIII.8. .......................................................................... 226
VIII.9. ....................................................................... 230
VIII.10. ...................................................................... 236
VIII.11.
..................................................... 237
VIII.12. ................................................ 239
.............................................................................................. 240

!

.
, ,
.
.

1974 [1].
, , , [25].
[6].
, . 1974

,
. .
. , . , , .
. , , .

[1, 7, 8]. .

. . ,
. . ,
. . ,
. . ,
. . ,
. . ,
. . ,
. . ,
. .
.
!

I.

I.1.
,
.
.

.
, , .
.
,
, (
) , .

. ,
, .
,
. , .
.
.

I.2. .
, . a
, a* ,
a*
(a*), ,

| a* a | (a* ).
9

I.

(a*), ,
*

(a a )
a

(a * ).

.
y = f (x) x = t x
f, x y = f (x).
, . .
.
,
.
, .
.
f (x) , ,
sin x > 0:
(2.1)

sin ( x) f ( x) sin ( x) .

, x = t
, x = t*, , t

t* t t* ,

(2.2)

> 0 , ( , sin t (2.2) ).

y = f (t) y [a, b]
(. . 1.1), a = sin(t* ) , b = sin(t* + ) + . , ,
y = f (x) y*
[a, b], :

| y y* | | b a | .

(2.3)

10

I.2. .

. 1.1.

, y [a, b],
*
y * y

|ba |
2

* |
| y y

|ba |
2

(2.4)

, 0.5|b a| ( )
,
y*. (2.4) (2.3).
y*, y* [a, b]
,
y(t), , 0.5|b a|
(2.4) ()
|b a|.
,
. ,
.
.

11

I.

y* = sin t*. y*
[a, b] (. ), .
sin t :

sin t t

t3 t5
...
3! 5!

(2.5)

y* :

y * y1* t * ,
t
y * y 2* t *

y * y n*

k 0

*3

3!

( 1) k

(2.6)
t * ( 2k 1)
( 2k 1)!

y* (2.6),
.
|y* y*n| .
n
,
.
, ,
( ) .
n . , n
, , . .
,
- . ,
y*n (2.6)
~y n* .
| yn* ~yn* | .
.
.
.
12

I.3.

, , , . .

I.3.

y = sin t. sin t , :

sin t t

t3
3!

t5
5!

y :
y* y1* t * ,

y* y2* t *

y* yn*

*3

3!

(1)
k 0

* ( 2k 1)

( 2k 1)!

y ,
, n.
sin t ,
t, ,
. n ,
t

2n1

(2n 1)!

.
t ( )
- .
, t.
t > 1 t < 1. t < 1
13

I.

n. t > 1
( , t) , k = m ,
n . , , , am- ( )
, , ,

( am )

am
| am |

| am |

, |am|,
.
.
.

I.4.
f (x). x. .

I.4.1.
f '( x)

f ( x h) f ( x )
h

(4.1)

, |f ''()| M2,
h:
| r1 |

f '( x)

f ( x h) f ( x )
h

M2 h
2

(4.2)

f (x) (x),
|(x)| E. f, ,
. ,
1 1 . , f (x),
14

I.4.1.

E = M0, |f ()| M0. (4.1.1) r2,

| r2 |

2E
h

(4.3)

| r | | r1 | | r 2 | g (h)

M2 h
2

2E
h

(4.4)

, (4.2),
h, (4.4).
. 1.2 ,
h. h*
q(h): q(h) = 0, r1 = r2.

. 1.2.

:
dq( h )
dh

0,

h* 2

E
M2

(4.5)

(4.1)
,

15

I.

r*

E M2 ,

(4.6)

(4.4) h = h*.
, , ,
( M2 M0 1).
,
.

I.4.2.
f ( x h) f ( x h)

f '( x)

2h

(4.7)

, |f '''()| < M3;

h:

| r1 |

f '( x)

f ( x h) f ( x h)

2h

M3 h

(4.8)

f (x) (x),
|(x)| E. (4.7)
|r2|,
| r2 |

E
h

(4.9)

r :

| r | | r 1 | | r 2 | q( h )

M 3 h2
6

E
h

(4.10)

, (4.8),
h, (4.10).
. 1.3 ,
h. h q(h): q(h) = 0.

h* 3

3E
M3

(4.11)

16

I.4.3.

. 1.3.

, (4.7) ,

r* 3

9 E2 M 3
.
8

(4.12)

I.4.3.
f '

f ( x 2 h) 8 f ( x h ) 8 f ( x h ) f ( x 2h )
12h

(4.13)

, |f v()| M5;
h:
| r1 |

f '

f ( x 2 h) 8 f ( x h) 8 f ( x 2 h) f ( x 2 h)
12h

M 5 h4
30

. (4.14)

f (x) (x),
|(x)| E. (4.13)
|r2|,

| r2 |

3E
2h

(4.15)

r
17

I.

| r | | r 1 | | r 2 | q( h )

M5 h4
30

3E
2h

(4.16)

,
(4.14), h, (4.16).
. 1.4 , h.

. 1.4.
h* q(h):
q(h) = 0.

h* 5

45 E
4M 5

(4.17)

, (4.13)
,

r*

15 5 4 E 4 M 5
.
8
15

I.5.

1985 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE-.

18

I.5.

, . ,
(Infinity) (NaN) Not a number Non-arithmetical number.
, . , 176,243 1,76243102.
.
32 , s, 23
8 :
s
1

f
23

e
8

, (1)s (1 + f 223) 2(e 127). ,

.
, :
OFL (Over Flow Limit) , ,
. OFL = (1,11112)
2127 = (2 223) 2127 1038.
UFL (Under Flow Limit) ,
, , :
UFL = 1 2126 1038.
,

1 + = 1.
= 0.5 223 6 108.
,
s
1

f
52

e
11

(1)s (1 + f 252) 2(e 1023).

19

I.

OFL = (1,11112) 21023 21024 10 308,

UFL = 1 21022 10 308,
= 0.5 252 10 16.
.
223 2126 1045, 252 2
1022
5 10324.
IEEE- .

I.6.
I.6.1. ,
.
I.6.2. ,

.
I.6.3. y* f (y) = 0.

y y*

f ( y*)
.
f ( y*)

I.6.4. , ln x
x:

ln (1 x ) x

x2
2

x3
3

x4
4

( 1) k 1

xk
k

()

1 + x 1 + x = 2m z, z [0,5; 1],

1 z
1 z

y3
y 2 k 1
ln x m ln 2 2 y

.
3
2k 1

20

()

I.6.

()?
?
I.6.5.
, p
? (: 2 p.)
: :
ap
a p 1
a

a
a sign a 2 q 1 2

,
2
p
p

1
2
2
2 2

al 0 1, :
ap
a
a
a sign a 2 q 1 2
2p
2 22

I.6.6. f(x) :
x0< x1 < x2 << xN ( h) f0, f1, , fN.
f (x ) x0 xN O(h2) O(h3) . .
. , ,
f ( x ) 1 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x 2 )
f ( x0 ) 0 0
.
h

0, 1 2 ,
O(h2). ,
?
I.6.7.

f ( x )

f ( x h) 2 f ( x) f ( x h)
h2

21

I.

f ( x)

f ( x 2h) 2 f ( x h) 2 f ( x h) f ( x 2h)
2h

.
.

I.7.
I.7.1. , , u = t10, t* = 1, u* t* = 10 1.
.
b sup ut (t ) sup 10 t 9 10 (1,1)9 23,58 .
t 1 0,1

t 1 0.1

D(u*) sup t10 1 (1.1)10 1 1,5

t 1 0,1

u :
D1(u*) = b(t*) = 2, 3; D2(u*) = |(0)|(t*) = 1.
I.7.2. (u, t1, t2, , tn) = 0, {t1*, , tn*},
u*
t1*, , tn*.
. tj,
u

0,
u t j t j

1
u

.

t j u
t j

{t1*, , tn*}, u*
(u, t1, t2, , tn) = 0,

22

I.7.

1
b j (0)

t j u

(u*,t1* ,

,
,tn* )

D2(u*).
I.7.3.

u = xy2z3 u xy 2 z 3 , * = 37.1, * = 9.87, z* = 6.052, * = 0.3,

* = 0.11, z* = 0.016.

:

x

0.3

0.8110 , y

0,11

37.1

9,87

1,12 102 , z

0, 016
6, 052

0, 26 102 ,

(u) ( x* ) 2( y*) 3( z*) 3.8 102.

I.7.4.
(u, t1, t2) = u2 + t1u + t2 = 0, t1*, t2*, (t1*), (t2*).
u*

u*2 t1*u* t2* 0.

d d 1
b j (0)

dt j du

(u*,t1* ,

,
,tn* )

:
b1 (0)

du
u*

,
dt1 (t* ,t* )
2u* t1*
1 2

b2 (0)

du
1

.
*
*
dt2 (t* ,t* )
2
u

t
1
1 2

,
D2 (u*)

u* (t1* ) (t2* )
2u* t1*

23

I.

I.8.
I.8.1. y* k y2 + by + c = 0
b*, c* b*
c*. , O(1/k), b2* c2* .
I.8.2. lg 2,
x2 2x +lg 2 = 0 c ?
I.8.3. a = 3,14, .
I.8.4. ,
u = sin t, u = 1/(t2 5t + 6).
t = t* t.
I.8.5. u t , t* = 4, u* t* = 0.1.
I.8.6. u t 5 , t 2 , u*
t* = 0.1.
I.8.7. , 0.02 ,
8 . .
I.8.8. a 5 b 6 . (
), S (S) = 12.
I.8.9. u = sin t,
t* = /4, u*
t* = 0.05.
I.8.10. u = t 2, t* = 2, u* t* = 0.1.

24

I.8.

I.8.11. u = ln t,
t* = 1, u* t* = 0.1.
I.8.12.
u = xy2, x* = 9.87, y* = 37.1, x 0.11 , y 0.1 .
I.8.13.
u(x, y, z) = x2y2/z4, x* = 37.1, y* = 9.87, z* = 6.052,
(x*) = 0.1, (y*) = 0.05, (z*) = 0.02.
I.8.14. 1 . , 1 2?
I.8.15. y y = f(x), x , ,
x.
y, x*,
x,
|y*y| < y; y* = f(x*); y = f(x).
,
y = f (x*) x y
a) f (x) = sin x; ) f (x) = ln x ) f (x) = 1 / (x2 5x + 6).
I.8.16. z = f(x, y), x* x = 103.
z .
y?
) z = x + 10y; ) z = xy + xy2; ) z = x/y.
I.8.17. IEEE- :
S = { b0, b1b22a}, a, b1 , b2 0,1 , b0 = 1 ,
, a = b1 = b2 = 0, b0 0,1 .

) S . ?
) , UFL, OFL ?
I.8.18. IEEE- :
25

I.

S = {b0, b1b2b32a}, a, b1 , b2 , b3 0,1 , b0 = 1 -

, , a = b1 = b2 = b3 = 0, b0 0,1 .
) S . ?
) , UFL, OFL ?
I.8.19. u = f (t)

u (t ) u (0)

u (0)
t
1!

u (n) (0) n
t ,
n!

t = 103.
n , u(t)
t. t [0, 1],
t [10, 11].
u(t) = sin t, u(t) = e t t [10, 11].
I.8.20. x
x = 103. y = f (x)
y f (0)

f '(0)
f ( n ) (0) n
x ...
x
1!
n!

) n, f (x)
?
f (x) = sin x 0< x <1 10< x <11.
)
f (k)(0)xk /k!,
sin x. 0 x 1 10 x 11.
) sin x 10 x 11
, .
I.8.21. ay3 + d = 0,
a = 1 d = 8 (a) = 10-3 (d) = 10-3.
I.8.22. ay3 + cy + d = 0, a = 1, c = 2 d = 3 (a) = 10-3 (c) = 10-3 (d) = 10-3.

26

I.8.

I.8.23. ay3 + by2 + d = 0, a = 1, b = 2 d = 3 (a) = 10-2 (b) = 10-2 (d) = 10-2.

I.8.24. ay3 + cy = 0, a = 1 c = -4
(a) = 10-2 (c) = 10-2.
I.8.25. f (x)
x. , |f (x)| 1 x.

f '( x)

f * ( x h) f * ( x ) ,
h

f *(x) f (x), 10-4.

, f (x)
? h.
I.8.26. , u(t),
u (t )

f (t ) f (t )
,

u (t )

f (t ) f (t )
,
2

103. , |u(t)| 1, |u(t)| 1 t.

I.8.27. (. . )
f (x) h = 0,002, . , max |f (2)(x)| M2 = 1 max |f (3)(x)| M3 = 1. f (x) = (i
1)*h. i
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
f(x) .100001 .100001 .1000001 .100001 .100001 .100001 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9998

) i = 3 ) i = 5 ) i = 7.
I.8.28. {fi} h f (x). :

27

I.

f x0

11 f0 18 f1 9 f 2 2 f3
.
6h

?
,
.
I.8.29. {fi} h f (x). :
f 6 f1 3 f 2 2 f3
.
f x2 0
6h

?
,
.
I.8.30. {fi} h f (x). |f (x)| 1.
f (x0) .
. .
I.8.31 ; hi = xi+1 xi, hi1 = xi xi1.
xi,
.
hi1 = 2hi. ?
I.8.32.

u (t )

u (t 2) 8u (t ) 8u (t ) u (t 2)
,
12

, , , |u(5)(t)| M5,
.
I.8.33. f (x) f (x + kh), k = 1, 2, 3.
f '(x) x .
,
.

28

I.8.

: ,
1.
I.8.34. f (x) x + h
f ( x 2 h) f ( x 2 h)

.
4h
) ?
) .
) f (x) = cos(x + /4) IEEE- .
I.8.35. f (x) x - h
f ( x 2 h) f ( x 2 h)

.
4h
) ?
) .
) f (x) = cos(x + 2/3) IEEE- .
I.8.36. f (x) x + h
f ( x 2h ) 2 f ( x ) f ( x 2 h )

.
4h 2
) ?
) .
) f (x) = cos(x /6) IEEE- .
I.8.37. f (x) x - h
f ( x 2h ) 2 f ( x ) f ( x 2 h )

.
4h 2
) ?
) .
) f (x) = cos(x - 7/8) IEEE- .
I.8.38. f (x) f (x + kh),
) k = 0, 1, 2.
f (2)(x) x .
29

I.

) k = 1, 0, +1.
f (1)(x) x .
) k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
f (1)(x) x .
) k = 1, 0, 1, 2.
f (1)(x) x .
, .
. ,
1.
I.8.39. ,
x
f

1
0,5

2
0,25

3
0,25

5
0,2

7
0,1

x = 3
. .
I.8.40. ,
x
f

1
0,5

2
0,25

3
0,25

5
0,2

7
0,1

x = 7
. .
I.8.41. , ,
x = 0, ,
3
d f

dx3

5.
0

0
2

2
8

4
3

104. . .
.

30

I.9.

I.8.42. , [1, 3],

= 3,
3
, d f

dx3

x
f

4
3

1
3

2
6

3
2

104. .
.
.

I.9.
I.9.1. exp(x), :
SUM = 1, I TERM = TERM * X / I,
SUM + TERM SUM, ,
, SUM = SUM + TERM . SUM x :

x 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25

. . .
N

I.9.2. p( x) a j x j ,
j 0

:
p = aN // for j = N 1 to 0 // p = xp + aj // end for // write x, p
p(x) = (x 2)9 [1.92, 2.08] 104. . .
p(x) = (x 2)9.
?
I.9.3.

31

I.

n 1

lim ln n
n
k
k 0

1010.
I.9.4*. ,
. (?) :
G=0
FOR I = 1 TO N
G = G + XI2
ENDFOR
G = SQRT(G)

:
1) , ..
, ||x||
() .
2)
, .
3) , ,
, , IEEE-.
, , ||x||
() .
,
. :
- .

I.10.

[2, 5, 9]. [10].

32

II.

.
, (), , (,
),
(, , ).
.
. .
, , , . .

,
.
,
, [1115]. , , , , .

II.2.
. n-
A m(A),
. ( ).
1. m(A) 0 A 0.

, .
2. m(A) = ||m(A).
33

II.

3. m(A + B) m(A) + m(B) ( ).

,
.

II.2.1.
n- :
: || u ||1 max | ui |,

(2.1)

1 i n

u 2 ui ,

(2.1)

i 1

( ):
1

2
1
n
2
u 3 ui (u,u) 2 .
(2.1)

i 1

, . .
v = Au v, u RN (RN N-
). ,

sup

u 0

Au
u

(2.2)

.
.
:
||A + B|| ||A|| + ||B||,
||A|| = || ||A||,
||AB|| ||A||||B||,
||A|| = 0 , = 0.
, u,

34

II.2.2. Rn.

||Au|| ||A|| ||u||.

,

,
|| Au || || Au ||

|| A || sup
Au A u .
|| u ||
||u|| 0 || u ||
:
n

A 1 max aij ,

(2.3)

1i n j 1

A 2 max aij ,
1 j n i 1

(2.3)

A 3 max i ( A * A) .
1i n

(2.3)

II.2.2. Rn.
1/ m

n
m
: x(x) xi .
i 1

, m x(x)
( (2.2) m ,
(2.2) m = 1 (2.2) m = 2. ||x||m ,
. ,
. .
. ||||a ||||b, 1, 2 , 1||x||a ||x||b 2||x||a . 1 2
.

.

, .
, ,
.

35

II.

II.3. .

, . , ,
Au = f

(3.1)

(A + A)(u + u) = f + f.
1.
(3.1) Au = f, u R n , f R n , f A . 1
||A|| 0, ||A||/||A|| < 1, = ||A||||A-1||. ||u||/||u||
u
u

f
A

.
A
f

A 0

u
u

f
f

, .
= ||A||||A-1||, A. .
, 1. ,
1 = ||E|| = ||A-1A|| ||A-1|| ||A|| = .

II.4.
().
Au = f, (detA 0) n n, u = {u1, ,un}T - ,
f = {f1,,fn}T - .
36

, = det A 0,
(2.1) .

( , . . )
. , , {uk},
k ( , , k ).

[16],
,
.
(. [4]).
, , , ..
, . . .

II.4.1.
.
, a11 0 u1 ,
, ,
a21/a11 = 21, , a31/a11 = 31,
. . , :
aij1 = aij i1a1j; fi1 = fi i1f1; i, j = 2, , n.
, a221 0.
,
.
u2 (n 2) .
, aij2 a1ij i 2 a12 j ; fi2 fi1 i 2 f 21 ; i, j = 3, , n.

37

II.

, .. ui (i = k + 1, , n), n 1 .

. un; , un 1. , un 2, un 3,, u1.

( n1)
,
un f n(n1) / ann

1
uk
( f ( k 1) ak( k,k1)1uk 1
( k 1) k
akk

k n 1, n 2, ,1,

1
u1
( f1 a12u2
a11

( k 1)
akn
un ),

a1nun ).

, a11 0,
a22 0, 2/3n3,
n2.

( ) . : u1 max ai1 .
i

i = k.
k ( ) .
(1)
max ai 2 ,
i
.
: u1 max a .
j kj
i = k, u1 uk ,
11, ..
.

, .

38

II.4.2. LU-

aii

aij

i = 1, , n, , ,

j 1
j i

, . , .

II.4.2. LU-
LU- , ,
( ).
LU,
(LU)u = f.
, v,
:
Lv = f, Uu = v.

. Lv = f:
v1 f1 ,

l21v1 v2 f 2 ,

ln1v1 ln 2 v2 ln,n 1vn 1 vn f n ,

vk
k 1

vk f k lkj v j ; k 2,

,n.

j 1

, Uu = v
d11u1 d 2u2 d1n un v1 ,

d 22u2 d 2 n un v2 ,

d nn un vn ,

39

II.

, .. k = n 1,,1
1
uk d kk
(vk

j k 1

d kj u j ).

.
2. , L = {lij} U = {dij} , = LU.
L .

II.4.3. ( )

, .. aij = aji, . = LLT,

l1n
0
l11 l12
l11 0

l
l
0
0
l
l
22
2n
.
LT
, L 12 22

0
lnn
lnn
0
l1n l2n
, LU-, u = f
Lv = f, LTu = v, 2n2
.

l11v1 f1,
l12v1 l22v2 f 2 ,

l1n v1 l2n v2 lnnvn f n ,

.
i

vi lii1 ( fi lki vk ), i = 1,, n.

k 1

l11u1 l12u2 l1nun v1,
l22u2 l2nun v2 ,

lnnun vn .
40

II.5.

ui

uk lii1 (vk

j k 1

lk j u j ).

lii lii (
).

II.5.
II.5.1.
Au = f.
.
,
u. ,
u = Ru + F,
R = E A, F = f. R .
. u(0)
. .
, .
r(0) = f Au(0).
, ,
u(1) = u(0) + r (0).
, . u(k+1) = u(k) + r(k), r(k) = f Au(k). , , . Au = f
{u(0), u(1), u(2), } ,
u(k + 1) = Ru(k) + F,
u(0) = 0 ( ). , .
,
41

II.

u(k 1) (E A)u(k ) f .

3. ( ). u(k+1) = Ru(k) + F, U
Au = F
: ||R|| q < 1.
. U .
AU = f u(k+1) = Ru(k) + F, u(k)
U = R(u(k 1) U). (k) = u(k) U, (k) = R(k1).
:
u( k ) U

(k )

R (k 1) q (k 1)

q k (0) q k u(0) U ,

0 < q ||R||. , q < 1 lim u(k ) U.

k

||(k) || qk||(0)||
, , ..

||u(k) U|| = ||(k)|| k ln

/ ln q.
|| 0 ||

4. ( ).
. u(k+1) = Ru(k) + F ,
R
.

II.5.2.

Bk 1

u(k 1) u(k )
Au(k ) f .
k 1

Bk = E, k = . Bk = E, k = {k, k = 1, , n} n-
, Bk = B', k = 1
. , B E,
42

II.5.3. , ,

( , , ) .

II.5.3. , ,

= L + D + U,
L U , D .
:
Lu + Du + Uu = f.

Lu(k) + Du(k+1)+ Uu(k) = f

Lu(k+1)+ Du(k+1)+ Uu(k) = f,

, ,
u(k+1) = D1(L+U)u(k) + D1f

u(k+1) = (L+D)1Uu(k) + (L+D)1f.

,
u(k+1) = Ru(k) + F,
R = D1(L+U), F = D1f

R = (L+D)1U, F = (L+D)1f
.

.

5 . ( ).

,

43

II.

aii

j 1, j i

aij , i = 1,,n.

6. ( ).
,
a11 a12
a21 a22

a1n
a2n

an1

ann

an 2

7. ( ).

,
a11 a12
a21 a22

a1n
a2n

an1

ann

an 2

8. ( ).
, ,
. .
. , , :

ui(k 1) ui(k ) zi(k 1) ui(k ) ,

(k )

zi i- , .
.

(Lu(k 1) Du(k 1) ) ( 1)Du(k ) Uu(k ) f .

44

II.6.

.
u(k+1)
u( k 1) (D L)1 ( 1)D L u( k ) (D L)1 f .

( ) , , 1 < < 2.

SR Successive over relaxation.
1 < < 2. 0 < < 1
.
,
P, A T:
T12
D
T PAPT 1
,
T21 D2
D1, D2 ,
(RJ), RJ =D1(L + U)
2

.
1 1 2 ( R J )
P ,
,
.

II.6.

.
. ,
. . ,
.
.
, . u(0)

u(k+1) = Au(k).
45

II.

,
( Au( k ) , u( k ) ) (u( k 1) , u( k ) )

(u(k ) , u(k ) )
(u(k ) , u(k ) )

O(N / N 1)k. N / N 1
.
.
A
T,
= T'AT,
.

. ,
.
T AT , Tij
A
ij
ij
(ui, uj) .
A ( i j).
,
:
2
1
akl2 akl2 2aij2 (a jj aii )sin 2 2aij cos 2 .
2
k l
k l

. ,

aij max akl ,

k l

0 (a jj aii )sin 2 2aij cos 2 .

tg 2

2aij

.
4

aii a jj
. ,

46

II.7.

off A
( )

a 2jk ,

1 j k n

N = n(n 1)/2, , , :
off(Ai+N) = O(off2(Ai)).
, . . , ().
, , , , . [11].
,
. . Au = u. a.
(A aE)u = ( a)u. (A aE) - 1 u = u/( - a).
, a,
(A aE)-1 1/( a)
. , , ,
uk = (A aE)uk+1. , .
a, .
., , [3].

II.7.
II.7.1.
min(|x1| + 5|x2|, 5|x1| + |x2|)
x R2?
II.7.2. ||||I ||||II ,
x R n ,
x:
||x||I ||x||II ||x||I .
47

II.

,
.
II.7.3. , C
, (Cx, x) x. , .
II.7.4. (2.3), (2.3), (2.3).
II.7.5. ,
.
II.7.6. , 2

: A 3 A 1 A 2 .
II.7.7. , x = (x1,x2) h > 0
||x||h = max(|x1|, |x2 x1|/h) . , .
1/ 2

II.7.8. N ( A) aij2 . i , j 1
, , .. N(AB) N(A) N(B)
,
, . , .
II.7.9. Max ( A) max aij . ,
i, j

,
M(A) = n(A) . M(A)
, . , M(A) .
II.7.10. dk > 0, k = 1, ..., n. , max(dk |xk|)
x. , .
II.7.11. dk > 0, k = 1, ..., n. ,

d
k 1

xk

x. , .

48

II.7.

II.7.12. dk > 0, k = 1, ..., n. ,

d
k 1

xk2

x. , .
II.7.13. , max
1 i n

x
k 1

x. -

, .
II.7.14. , x

1/ p

N
| xi | p

i 1

, p 1 -

CN . ,
x CN ||x||p c (||Re x||p + ||Im x||p), c = const.
c0, c0 (||Re x||2 + ||Im x||2) ||x||2,
x CN.
II.7.15. |||| RN. ,
x * max (x, y ) y RN, y 0

||||.
II.7.16. B , |||| N. , ||x||* = ||Bx|| .
||x||* ?
II.7.17.

inf Ax
x0

x .

II.7.18. ||A||3 ||A||1/2||AT||1/2 A,

- .

II.7.19. , A = AT, A 3 max ( Ax, x) x

y 0

2
3

II.7.20. |||| ,
. , ..
||AB|| ||A|| ||B||.
II.7.21. A = AT > 0 ||x||A = (Ax, x)1/2. , pm(t) m 0 ||pm(A)||A = ||pm(A)||3.

49

II.

II.7.22. ,
.
II.7.23. A = AT > 0 F(x) = 0.5(Ax,x) (b,x) . , :
1) F (x) 1/ 2 x x*

2
A

1/ 2 x* , x*

Ax = b;
2) F (x* ) minn F (x) ,
xR

x* Ax = b;
3) F(x) F (x) Ax b .
II.7.23. , max M ( A) n max aij
1 i , j n

1/ 2

N ( A) aij2
i , j 1

II.7.24. , ,
?
II.7.25. : (AB) (A)(B) , ,
(A, B ).

1 2
3 1
A
.
; B
1 3
2 1
II.7.26. , A (ATA = AAT), :
||A|| = R(A), R(A) .
10
1

A
100
1001

.
II.7.27. ,
, .
II.7.28. .
II.7.29.

50

II.7.

(k 1)

(k )

(k 1)
(k )
z i
u i ,

zi(k) i- , ,

ui

ui

(Lu(k 1) Du(k 1) ) ( 1)Du(k ) Uu(k ) f .

II.7.30. f = (f1, f2) (f),

f : ||u|| (f)||f||.
f, (f),
(f) : ||||1, ||||2, ||||3.
u 3u2
f1
u u f1
u 0.99u2 f1
. ) 1 2
) 1
. ) 1
.

u
u
f
1 2
0.99u1 u2 f 2
2
3u1 u2 f 2
II.7.31. Ax = f,
A = A*> 0 f, = ||f|| / ||f||
||x|| / ||x|| ||f|| / ||f||. .
.
II.7.32. ,
(f),
(f) = ||f||||A1|| / ||u||,
Au = f, uk, A. max min,
umax umin .
u1 u2 f1
u 0.99u2 f1
)
) 1
u1 u2 f 2
0.99u1 u2 f 2
II.7.33. , (x(0), y(0), z(0))T (x1(k), y1(k), z1(k))T (x2(k), y2(k), z2(k))T,

x( k 1) x( k ) 0.2 y1( k ) 3,
1

y1( k 1)
z1( k 1)

0.2 x1( k ) 0.1y1( k ) 0.1z1( k ) 2,

0.3x1( k ) 0.2 z1( k ) 1

51

II.

x ( k 1) (2 y ( k ) 30) / 9,
2

y2( k 1)
z2( k 1)

(2 x2( k ) z2( k ) 20) / 11,

(3x2( k ) 10) / 8

, (x*, y*, z*)T. ,

.
= 10 6 (
), ?
II.7.34. , (A) 1 .
II.7.35. ,
, , = > 0.
II.7.36. A = AT > 0, A [m, M] A E. , (A + E)
> 0.
II.7.37.
:
0
0
0
0
) , ) 0 0 , ) 0 , ) .
0
0
0
0 0

II.7.38. , max kA
Au = f k
.
min kA
k

II.7.39. ,
(n = 2) .
II.7.40. , ,
, .
II.7.41. , ,
, .

52

II.8.

II.8.
18 6 7 x1 13
II.8.1. 6 6 0 x2 6 .

7 0
x 6
6

.
. (, !)

1

18 6 7
36 36 42
6 6 0 1 36 108 42 .

138
7 0 6

42
42
108

31192/138 43.

(18 )(6 )2 49(6 ) 36(6 ) 0

6, 1, 23
23.

II.8.2.
Ax = f,
2 1
3
A
, f
0 2
1
. . ,
10 3 , x0 = (0, 0)T.
. , . ,
.
Bx = g,

4 2
6
B
, f .

2 5
5

B 9 17

2.

xn+1 = (E B)xn + f. 2/9.

17 9 ,

53

II.

17 9

61 103.

II.8.3.
.
. , , f, f (f , f )

u
f

u
f

f
f

f,

(f ) sup
f

sup
f

sup

u f

A 1f
f

A 1 .

.
f
Au
sup A1
A1 sup
A1 A ( A),
u
u
f
f
,
inf (f ) inf A
f

f
u

inf A
f

u
sup
f f

sup
f

A f
f

1.

(f), ,
. (f ) A 1

f
u

1 (f ) . ,

A 1 A .
II.8.4. - . , .
. . r1 = f Au1 , (u1 )
. , 1 = u u1
A1 = r1 A1 = Au Au1 = f Au1.
, 1, :
54

II.8.

u2 = u1 + 1.
,
.
II.8.5.
.
. .
A1
a1n
a11 a12 a13

1
1
a12 n
0 a22 a23
1
1 T

1 0
a132 a133
a13n , f1 { f1, f 2 , , fn } .

1
1
0 a1
a
a
n2
n3
nn

0
0
0
1

1
0
0
21
0
1
0 .
N1 31

0
0
1
n1

A1 = N1A, f1 = N1f. , A2u = f2, A2 = N2A1, f2 = N2f1,

a11 a12

1
0 a22

A1 0
0

0
0

0
1

1
0

32
0
N2

0
n 2

a13
a123
2
a33

an23

0
0
1
0

a1n

a12 n

a32n ,

2
ann

0
0 , f2 f1 , f 21 , f32 ,

55

, f n2

II.

n1

An1u fn1, An1 Nn1 An2 ,

fn1 Nn1fn2 ,
a11

A n 1 0

0
N n 1

0
0

fn1 { f1 , f 21, f32 ,

a12

a13

a122
0

a123
2
a33

0
1

0
0

0
0

1
n,n 1

a1n

a12n

a32n ,

( n 1)
ann

0
,

0
1

, f nn1}T .

N2 N1f , A N11N21

f (n1) Nn1

N 21

0
1
N n 1

0
0

1
0
0

0
1
32

0
0
1

n 2

An1 Nn1

Nn11 An1 .

0
0
0

0
1

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
1

n,n 1

U An1, L N11N21

56

N2 N1A ,

Nn11,

II.9.

0
1

1
21

L 31 32

n1 n 2
A = LU.

0
0
1
n3

0
0
0

II.9.
II.9.1. Ax = b:
101 110
312
) A
; b
;
110 122
342
101 110
92
) A
;
; b

110
122
98

82 90
254
) A
;
; b
281
90 101

101 90
112
) A
.
; b
98
90 82

xk+1) = (E A)x(k) + b .
.
0< < . .
x0, ,
? , x0.

II.9.2. Ax = b:
) ||x||/||x||
.
b, .
b ||x||/||x|| ? .
101 110
312 b 1
) A
0.01 ; x 1 max xi ,
; b
;
b1
i
110 122
342

57

II.

101 110
92 b 2
) A
0.01 ; x
;
; b
b2
98
110 122

101 90
112 b 2
) A
0.01 ; x
;
; b
b2
98
90 82

65 72
137 b 3
) A
0.01 ; x 3 (x, x) ,
; b
;
b3
72 82
154

50 70
120 b 3
) A
0.01 ; x 3 (x, x) ,
; b
;
b3
70 101
171
) RQI , .

II.9.3. Ax = b:
65 80
145
) A
; b
;
80 101
181
65
) A
72
50
) A
70

72
137
; b
;
82
154
70
120
; b

.
101
171

, xk+1 = (E A)xk + b . .
< < max. .
x0, ,
? , x0.
II.9.4.
p q
x = Rx + g, R =
.
q p
II.9.5.
10 x y z 1,

x 20 y 3z 2,
2 x 3 y 10 z 1.

58

II.9.

,
. , ?
II.9.6. , n x n
x = Rx + c , ||R|| 0.5,
10 6. , ||x(1) x(0)|| 1. , ?
II.9.7.
103 u1 u2 f1

u1 u2 f 2

.
) ,
u ||u|| = max{|u1|, |u2|}?
)
f = (f1, f2)T, 102?
) f1 = 2, f2 = 1. , {u1, u2}
?
.
II.9.8. :
4
4
u 3v
u 3v
(),
()

3.00001
v

4.00001
u

2.9999
v
4.00001

.
II.9.9.
10u1 u2
u 10u u
2
3
1

u2 10u3 u4

u98 10u99 u100

u
1 2 u99 u100

1,
2,
3,

99,
A,

59

II.

A ,
A =100. ,
A.
6 2
II.9.10. A

4 0

LU
.
II.9.11. ,

xk + 1 = (E A)xk + f
,

Re{(A)} > 0.
II.9.12.
5 x1 2 x2 x3 x4 9,
x 4x
2 x4 10,
1
2

2 x1 3x2 9 x3 x4 10,
3x1
x3 6 x4 5.
,

?
II.9.13.
.
, 10 4

3x z 6,
)
x y z 2,
3 y z 3.

2 x 2 y 2,
) 1
1
x 3 y z 12,
2
2
1

4 z 2 y 6.

x0 = (0, 0, 0)T .
II.9.14. Ax = f,
0,5 0,5 0,5

A 1
2
1 , f = (0, 3, 2)T
0,5 0,5 3,5

60

II.9.

xn+1 = (E 2/5A)xn + 2/5 f, . , 104

. 30 .
.
.
II.9.15. Ax = f ,
3 1 1
T

A 2 6 2 , f = (3, 6, 3) ,
1 1 9

,
.
) ?
) 50 ?
)
?
)
.
II.9.16. ,
,
2,
x1 x2

x1 2 x2 x3 4,

x2 2 x3 3.

II.9.17.
bixi - 1 + ci xi + ai xi+1 = fi, i = 1, 2, , n; b1 = an = 0
k . k n,
?
II.9.18.
10 x1 2 x2 3 x3 4 x4 1,

6,
2 x1 5 x2 x3

3x1 x2 10 x3 x4 7,

x3 10 x4 6,
4 x1

61

II.

.
?
II.9.19. ) , 1
n- . ?
)

, 1 = 2, 2
...
3
n , i R?
) ,
A .
II.9.20.
4 2 1

A 2 4 1
1 1 3

II.9.21.
2 3
A
.
1 6
II.9.22.
xk+1 = (E A)xk + b

3 8
Ax = b A
.
2 9
II.9.23. (. . ) = f
18 6 7 x1 13

0 x2 6 .
6 6

x 6
6
3
7 0

1. xk+1 = (E A)xk + f = 0.02.

2. .

62

II.9.

3. (17, 2, 12); = 0.02,

.
4.
.
5. .
II.9.24. , ( ) SAST

0
0
1

S 0 1 / 5 2 / 5 .
0 2 / 5 1/ 5

II.9.25. b b, , || x ||3
|| b ||3


|| x ||3
|| b ||3
Ax = b, x 3 (x, x) , ?
b1
6 8
A
; b .

8
6

b2

II.9.26.
xk+1 = (E A)xk + b
3 8
Ax = b A
?
2 9
II.9.27. a, , ,
a a 1
1
1

x , x0
2 a 2
1
0
.
II.9.28. Ax = f

63

II.

5 1 2
8

A 1 4 1 , f 4
1 1 1
4

. , . .

II.9.29. (. . ) Ax = b A . ||x||/||x|| ,
.

x(k+1) = (E A)x(k) + b.
.
18 6 7
13
) A 6 6 0 b 6 ,
7 0 6
6

||b||1/||b||1 = 0.01 (||x||1 = maxi|xi|), = 0.02.

4 3 0
4
) A 3 16 6 b 3 ,
0 6 4
4

||b||2/||b||2 = 0.01 (||x||2 = i|xi|), = 0.01
18 6 7
1
) A 6 6 0 b 6
7 0 6
6

||b||2/||b||2 = 0.01 (||x||2 = i|xi|), = 0.03.

II.9.30.
2 3
A
.
4 5
II.9.31. (. . ) , .

64

II.10.

, . .
18 x 6 y 7 z 5,

) 6 x 6 y
0, )
7 x 6 z 1.

7,
9 x 7 y 5 z 4,
4 x 3 y

7 x 8 y 9 z 7, ) 3x 16 y 6 z 13,
5 x 9 y 8 z 19.

6 y 4 z 2.

: ) = 1.36847, = 1.4, x, y z, ) = 1.29461, = 1.3, y, x z.

II.9.32. A m Ax = f, x={xi}, i = 1,, m ,

min max .
||y|| = (y12 + y22 + + ym2)1/2.
) ,
xn+1 = xn (Axn f), n = 0, 1, 2,
x0 , n = xn x*, x* -, .
) 1, 2 ,

z x( n) Ax( n) f
1

(0)
n 0,1,... , x .

(
n

1)

z 2 ( Az f )
x

n .
) min = 1, max = 10.
?
II.9.33.
,
.
?
?

II.10.
II.10.1. , -

65

II.

= 0.1:
7 4 5
)
= 4 6 9 , )
5 9 8

,
8 2 1
) = 2 5 8 , ) =
1 8 5

9 7 5
= 7 8 9 , )
5 9 8

5 5 3
= 5 4 1
3 1 2

0 7 7

7 9 5 .
7 5 1

II.10.2.
10 x1 x2 2 x3 10,

x1 5 x2 x3 10,
3x x 2 x 5.
2
3
1
, ?
II.10.3. Ax = f
5 1 2
8

A 1 4 1 , f 4
1 1 1
4

. , . .
II.10.4.

5 2 3

A 4 5 4 ,
6 4 4

.
II.10.5. Ax = f
1) ,
, .
2) , , , .
x = (0,0)T.
66

II.10.

3)
,
x = (1,0)T.
6 1
4
) A
,
f

.
1 6
11
4
) A
3
3
) A
1

3
,
4
1
,
2

10 6
) A
,
6 10

1
f .
1
1
f .
5
4
f .
4

II.10.6. (.. ) , min,

max, = ||A||||A 1||.
. .
b1 x1 c1 x2
f1

a2 x1 b2 x2 c2 x3
f2

a3 x2 b3 x3 c3 x4
f3
,
)

an xn 1 bn xn cn xn 1 f n

p
x

p
x

p
x
f n 1
1 1
2 2
n 1 n 1 pn xn pn 1 xn 1
n = 99, ai = ci = 1, bi = 10, pi = 1, fi = i.
) . )
n = 9, b1 = 1, c1 = 0, f1 = 1,
ai = ci = 1, bi = 2, pi = 2, fi = 2 / i2, i = 2, 3, , n 1,
fn + 1 = n / 3, p1 = pn +1 = 1.
) . )
n = 19, b1 = 1, c1 = 0, f1 = 1,
ai = ci = 1, bi = 2, pi = 2, fi = 2 / i2, i = 2, 3, , n 1,
fn + 1 = n / 3, p1 = pn +1 = 1.

67

II.

x1 x2 x98 x99 x100

x 10 x x
2
3
1

x2 10 x3 x4
)

x98 10 x99 x100

x99 x100

100
99
98
2
1

) a = 10,
ax1 x2 x3 x4 x5
1

x1 ax2 x3 x4 x5 x6
2

x1 x2 ax3 x4 x5 x6 x7 3

x1 x2 x3 ax4 x5 x6 x7 x8
4

x1 x2 x3 x4 ax5 x6 x7 x8 x9
5

x2 x3 x4 x5 ax6 x7 x8 x9 x10 6

x x x x ax x x x x

k 3
k 2
k 1
k
k 1
k 2
k 3
k 4
k 4

x93 x94 x95 x96 ax97 x98 x99 x100 97

x94 x95 x96 x97 ax98 x99 x100 98

x95 x96 x97 x98 ax99 x100 99

x96 x97 x98 x99 ax100 100

ax1 b1,2 x2

b2,1 x1 ax2 b2,3 x3

b3,1 x1 b3,2 x2 ax3 b3,4 x4

)

b99,1 x1 b99,2 x2 b99,98 x98 ax99 b99,100 x100

b100,1 x1 b100,2 x2 b100,98 x98 b100,99 x99 ax100

a = 10, bij = 1 / i, fi = i.

) . ) a = 20.

68

f1
f2
f3
f 99
f100

II.10.

ax1 b1,2 x2
f1

b2,1 x1 ax2 b2,3 x3

f2

b3,1 x1 b3,2 x2 ax3 b3,4 x4

f3
)

b99,1 x1 b99,2 x2 b99,98 x98 ax99 b99,100 x100 f 99

b100,1 x1 b100,2 x 2 b100,98 x98 b100,99 x99 ax100 f 100

a = 10, bij = 1 / i, fi = i.

) . )
a = 100, bij = i / j, fi = i.
a11 x1 a12 x2

)
a x a x
n1 1 n 2 2

a1n xn

f1

ann xn

fn

n = 10, aii = 1, aij = 1/(i + j) i j

, fi = 1/i.

) . )
n = 20, aii = 10, aij = 1/(i + j) i j

, fi = 1/i.

f1
c1 x1 d1 x2 e1 x3
b x c x d x e x
f2
2 3
2 4
2 1 2 2
a3 x1 b3 x2 c3 x3 d 3 x4 e3 x5
f3

a
x

b
x

c
x

d
x

e
x
f4
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
6
)

am xm 2 bm xm 1 cm xm d m xm 1 em xm 2 f m

an 1 xn 3 bn 1 xn 2 cn 1 xn 1 d n 1 xn f n 1

an xn 2 bn xn 1 cn xn
fn

n = 20, ci = 10, fi = i, i = 1, 2, , n
b i +1 = di = 1, i = 1, 2, , n 1
ai+2 = ei = 0.1, i = 1, 2, , n 2.

) . )
n = 20, ci = 10, fi = i, i = 1, 2, , n
b i +1 = di = 1, i = 1, 2, , n 1
69

II.

ai+2 = ei = 0, i = 1, 2, , n 2.
ax1 x2 x3 / b
x ax x x / b
2
3
4
1

x2 ax3 x4 x5 / b

)
xm 1 axm xm 1 xm 2 / b

xn 2 axn 1 xn

xn 1 axn

n = 100, a = b = 10.

1
2
3

n 1

b1 x1 c1 x2
f1

a2 x1 b2 x2 c2 x3
f2

a3 x2 b3 x3 c3 x4
f3
)

an xn 1 bn xn cn xn 1 f n

p1 x1 p2 x2 pn 1 xn 1 pn xn pn 1 xn 1 f n 1
n = 99, ai = ci = 1, b = 10 + i, p1 = pn + 1 = 1,
pi = 2, fi = i / n .
) . )
n = 49, ai = ci = 1, b = 5, pi = 1, fi = i.
) . ) a = 30.
) . )
a = 10, bij = j / (i + j), fi = i + 2.
a11 x1 a12 x2

)
a x a x
n1 1 n 2 2

a1n xn

f1

ann xn

fn

n = 12, aij = 1, aij = 1 / (i + j) i j , fi = 1 / i.

2

70

II.11.

II.11.
II.11.1. , 10 3
2
6
1

x .
6 1
1

x0 = (0, 0)T.

.

II.11.2.
2 1
A

1 2
SP- y0 = (1, 1)T. ? .
II.11.3. Ax = f , . , N , .
3 1 1
) A 2 6 2 , f = (0, 3, 7)T, N = 100,
1 1 9

3 5
T
) A
, f = (8, 24) , N = 104.
7 9
,
.
II.11.4.
7 x1 5 x2 x3 2.2,

5 x1 8 x2 2 x3 2.4,
x1 2 x2 4 x3 1.6.
, .
?
,
.
II.11.5.
71

II.

3x1 2 x2 x3 3,

2 x1 2 x2 x3 3,
x x 2 x 6.
2
3
1

II.11.6.
0.1 0.6 0.9
1 2 3

A 1 1 2 U(0) 0.4 0.9 0.6 .

0.1 0.4 0.1

2 1 1

) R(0) = E AU0,
A1 - .
) A1
A1.
) , A1 - .
II.11.7.
10 3 1

A 0.5 5 2
0.1 1 10

,
.
II.11.8.
30 12 53
A 42 19 78 .
28 12 51

) A . ,
1 = 5, ,
2 .
)
{3, e3} A. , 3 = + 1,
A 1E?
II.11.9. A:

72

II.12.

6 2 2
) A 2 5 0 .
2 0 7

n x n
, :
) ;
) ( );
) .

2 1
) A
,
1 2

II.11.10.
LU
UTU ( LLT) .
:
0
6 1
5 1

) A
,
)
B
1
5
2 .

1
2

0 2 1

B ?
II.11.11. , 103
2
6
1

x .
6 1
1

x0 = (0, 0)T.
.

II.12.
, [2, 4, 5]. , [11
15]. , , [17, 18]. , .
,
. [1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 1921].

73

III.

..
.-. . ,
.

III.1.1.

:
a11b1

a1s bs f1 ,

......................................
an1b1

n > s.

(1.1)

ans bs f n ,

Rs Rn,
b = (b1, , bs)T, f = (f1, , fn)T

s n > s -

. (1.1):

a11
a21

a1s
a2 s

an1

ans

(1.2)

(1.1)

bRs,

Ab f ,

f Rn .

(1.3)

R ,
n

(f , g)( n) f k g k .

(1.4)

k 1

Rn . , -

74

III.2.

B = B* > 0, . . (Bf, f) > 0, f 0

(f , g) B (Bf , g);

f , g R n.

(1.5)

, R (1.5), B = B* > 0.
(1.1), , , . .
b1, , bs, n
(1.1) .
. B = B* > 0, : Rn Rn. b R s ,
n

(1.6)

(b) (Ab f , Ab f )B .

(1.1) b R s , (1.6).
. B = B* > 0 .
, (1.1)
(b1, b2, , bs).
1. , . .
s. b (1.1). (1.1)

A*BA b A*B f ,

(1.7)

s s
b1, b2, , bs .

C A *BA.

III.2.
Ab = f, A = ||aij||, 1 i n, 1 j s,
n > s, :
b1V1 b2 V2 bs Vs f ,

75

III.

Vi R n i- A, f ( f1 , f 2 , , f n ) R n ,

b (b1 , b2 ,

, bs ) R s .

b1, b2, , bs
b1V1 + b2V2 + + bsVs , f:

f bkVk

min.

R s (V) R n s Rn, V1, , Vs.

b1, b2, , bs -

. bkVk ( , )B f R n
Rs(V), Rs(V)

A 1V1

Rs.

1Vs Rs (V),

f bkVk Rs(V),
AbB , bB (1.7)
().
(AbB f, A)B = (B(AbB f), A)(n) = 0 f AbB A R s (V).
Rs V1, , Vs -
V1, , Vs, (1.7)
(2.1)

Cb f

C = ||cij||, cij = (Vi, Vj)B, i, j = 1, 2, , s, ,

i- fi = (f, Vi)B.
bB (1.7) bB (2.1), f Rs .
f R s R n ,
V1, V2, , Vs , . Rs
, (1.7)
.

76

III.3.

III.3.
, ,
x
y

x0
y0

x1
y1

xn
yn

, ..
,
(xi, yi). yi ,
.
, y = f(x)
. y (x)
- m-
(x, a1, a2, , am), , :

( xi , a1 , a2, ..., am )

( xi , a1, a2, ..., am ) yi min .

i 0

(3.1)

f(x) . n > m.
(xi, a1, a2, , am) :
n

( xi , a1 , a2, ..., am ) yi
0,
a1 i 0
a1

...

(3.2)

( xi , a1 , a2, ..., am ) yi
0.
an i 0
an
n

(x, a1, a2, , am) a1, a2, , am, (3.2) .

,
.

:
77

III.

y = ax + b,

y = a + b lnx, (y = a + b lgx);

y=ax,

y = a ebx , (y = a 10bx);

y = 1/ (a + bx), y = x / (a + bx);

y = a + b/x,
2

y = ax + bx + c, y = a xb + c, y = a ebx + c.
.
y = ax + b
n

axi b yi xi 0,

i 0
n

axi b yi 1 0.

i 0

(n 1) xk yk xk yk
(n 1) xk2

xk2

yk xk2 xk yk xk .
2
(n 1) xk2 xk2

( x, a1 , a2, ..., am ) ai i ( x) ,
i 1

(1 , 1 )a1 (1 , 2 )a2 ...(1 , n )an (1 , y)

...
,
(n , 1 )a1 (n , 2 )a2 ...(n , n )an (n , y)

(l , k )

l ( xi ) k ( xi ).

(3.3)

i 0

78

III.4.

,
, , .
- - (,
), (3.1)

k rk2 min, rk ( xi , a1, a2, ..., am ) yi .

i 0

k
B .

(3.3)
xn

(l , k ) l ( x) k ( x) dx.

(3.4)

x0

III.4.
III.4.1. (.. )
.
III.4.2. H B B = H / (a + bH). a b:
H
B

8
13.0

10
14.0

15
15.4

20
16.3

30
17.2

40
17.8

60
18.5

80
18.8

.
,
, , .
III.4.3. : A1 = 545, A2 = 501, A3 = 766.
A1 + A2 + A3 =18012 12,
. ,
.
79

III.

III.4.4. , 2 y = f (x)
xk = k2/N, k = 0, 1, , N 1; yk = f(xk). N .

Pm(x) = Cme imx + Cm + 1 e i (m 1)x + + Cm e imx,
y = f (x) N = 5; m = 0, 1, 2.
III.4.5. y 1 sin 2 ( x 1)
P2(x) = a + a1 sin x + b1 cos x + a2 sin 2x + b2 cos 2x,

,
x0, x1, , x9.
) a, a1, a2, b1, b2.
) (!) ,
xk = k2/10, k = 0, 1, , 9.
III.4.6.

(1 2k )

y = f(x)

, k = 0, 1, , n, 2(n 1)
Tn+1(x), .
xk cos

x
y

X0
Y0

x1
y1

xn 1
yn 1

xn
yn

k 0 k n
Pk (x), (
) .

. Pk(x) Pk ( x)

C T ( x)
j j

j 0

, : Tk(x), k = 0, 1, , n+1 x0, x1, , xn.

) n = 3
x
y

x0
2

x1
1

x2
3

80

x3
0

III.5.

III.5.
III.5.1.
)
i
xi
yi
)
i
xi
yi

0
1.0
0.5

1
0.0
0.0

0
1.0
0.86603

2
1.0
0.5
1
0.0
1.0

3
2.0
0.86603
2
1.0
0.86603

4
3.0
1.0
3
2.0
0.50

5
4.0
0.86603
4
3.0
0.0

5
4.0
0.50

III.5.2. yx a bx3 .
y 1 .
2
8

X
Y

1
1

0
15

1
1

2
8

III.5.3.

y(x) = a + bx + cx2. a, b, c
.
3
10

x
y

2
5

1
2

0
0

1
2

2
5

3
10

3 /2
5

7 /4
0

III.5.4. ,
x
y

0
1

/4
0

/2
5

3/4
2

5 /4
2

P4 ( x)

C e
n

inx

n 2

III.5.5. ,
{xk} T6(x),
y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 (ai, i = 0, , 3 )
81

III.

X
Y

x0
0

x1
1

x2
0

x3
0

x4
1

x5
0

III.5.6.
x + y = 3.0; 2x y = 0.2; x + 3y = 7.0; 3x + y = 5.0;
III.5.7. III.4.6
x = x* [ 1, 1] n
y0, y1, , yn.
III.5.8. , J t : J = e pt . J, , J t:
0
2.010

t
J

1
1.210

2
0.740

3
0.450

p .
III.5.9. R t:
R = a0 + a1t. a0 a1.
19.1
76.3

t
R

25.0
77.8

30.1
79.75

36.0
80.80

40.0
82.35

45.1
83.90

50.0
85.10

III.5.10.

)
X
Y

0.2
2.229

0.3
2.180

0.7
1.972

0.8
1.887

1.2
1.696

1.4
1.590

1.8
1.332

5.0
14.13

6.0
22.80

y x = 0.578; x = 0.882; x = 1.356.

x
y

)
1.0
1.88

2.0
0.96

2.5
0.13

3.0
2.08

4.0
6.72

4.5
10.67

y x = 1.326; x = 3.712; x = 4.698.

82

III.5.

)
x
y

0.0
2.354

0.5
2.307

1.0
2.915

2.0
5.457

2.2
6.300

2.8
8.893

3.0
10.062

0.8
3.149

1.0
3.985

y x = 0.87; 2.54; 2.17; 2.91.

)
x
y

0.5
3.241

0.3
2.563

0.1
2.138

0.2
1.914

0.6
2.514

x = 0, 0.378, 0.521, 0.435.

III.5.11.
) f (x) = x 1/2 x [0; 1];
) f (x) = 1/x x [1; 2];
) f (x) = ln (1 + x) x [0; 1];
) f (x) = sin x x [0; ];
) f (x) = x2 x [0; 1];
) f (x) = e x x [0; 1];
) f (x) = sin x x [0; /2].
III.5.12. :
1910 92 228 496 ,
1920 106 021 537,
1930 123 202 624,
1940 132 164 569,
1950 151 325 798,
1960 179 323 175,
1970 203 211 926,
1980 226 545 805,
1990 248 709 873,
2000 281 421 906.
N = 2, 3, 4, 5,
.
:

83

III.

) f ( x)
) f ( x)

n 0

n 0

cn x n ) f ( x) cn ( x 1910)n ,
N

n 0

n 0

n
cn ( x 1955)n ) f ( x) cn ( x 1955) / 45 .

?
2010 308
745 538 .
III.5.13. (
) 2045
:
20
431

21
409

22
429

23
422

24
530

25
505

26
459

27
499

28
526

29
563

30
587

31
595

32
647

33
669

34
746

35
760

36
778

37
828

38
846

39
836

40
916

41
956

42
1014

43
1076

44
1134

45
1024

1) . ?
2) , [20, 28], [28, 39] [39, 45]
. .
3) , 2),
28 39.
, .
, 28 39 , 6
2 = 4 ,
, . 3.1.

84

III.6.

20

28

39

45

20

28

20

28

39

45

20

28

39

45

39

45

. 3.1. III.5.13

[20, 45],
.

. : 1), 2) 3)
?

III.6.
[2]. [1]. [22].

85

IV.

IV.1.

,
. , .. ( , ), , . , ..
.
.
. (
) ,
x* xn
n, . .
.
:
, (
), -
( ). . , , ,
, () .

IV.2. ()
F(x), , , . .
x [a, b] F(x) ,
..
86

IV.3. ,

F(a) F(b) < 0.

= (a + b) / 2.
F(a) F() < 0, [a1, b1] = [a, c], [a1, b1] = [c, b].
, , .. [an, bn]
:
| an bn | < .
:
| an bn | = 2n | a0 b0 |.
, , . , .

IV.3. ,
1. ,
. .
(. ) ,
.

.
, x [a, b] .

F (b) F (a)
y yn
( x a) ,
ba

(. 4.1):
aF (b) bF (a)
c
.
F (b) F (a)
. 4.1.

87

IV.

[a, c], [c, b], .

. .
(xn 1, F(xn 1))
n
(x , F(xn)) . ,
, xn +1 (. 4.2).
. 4.2.

, F(xn).
,
O(),
O(2), .. .
1,5. , :
.
2. . , ..

xn, xn 1, xn 2. ,
x ,
.
3. : , ,
, .
, . , ,
.
1 a b, :
c

aF (b) bF (a)
.
F (b) F (a)

88

IV.4.

2 . , F(a) F(c) > 0.

a c:

cF (a) aF (c)
.
F ( a ) F (c )

, :
1)
d > (b + c)/2,
d = (b + c)/2.
2)
d > + , , d = + .
c,
+ .
. 4.3
F(c) F(d) < 0, .. [c,d].
. - d
F(c) F(d) > 0, [d,b] .
.
F(a) F(c) < 0, F(b) F(c) > 0, a b:

cF (a) aF (c)
,
F ( a ) F (c )

d < (b + c)/2, d = (b + c)/2

d > , d =

F(c) F(d) < 0, . [c,d]

F(c) F(d) > 0, . [a,d]

IV.4.
, x* F(x) = 0
Y = {x| a < x < b}. F(x) = 0
x = f (x).

(4.1)
*

x , Y, x0,
xn

89

IV.

x n 1 f ( x n ),

n = 0, 1, 2,

(4.2)

,
. (4.2) ().

1. f(x)
q < 1:
| f(x) f(y)| < q |x y| ,
(4.2)
|xk + 1 x*| < qk |x0 x*|
|xk + 1 x*| < qk/(1 - q) |x1 x0|.
(4.1) . , ,
f(x) = x + F(x),

(4.3)

= const. .
1 |1 + F(x)| < 1, ..
2 < F(x) < 0.
F(x) < 0
0 < m < |F(x)| < M, < 2/M.

= 2/(M + m).

(4.4)

IV.5.
, .. . xn x* F(x) = 0
.
F ( x) F ( x n ) Fx ( x x n ),
(5.1)
xn x*.
F(x) = 0
F ( x n ) Fx ( x n ) ( x x n ) 0.
xn +1:

90

IV.5.

x n1 x n [ Fx ( x n )] 1 F ( x n ),

n = 0, 1, 2,

(5.2)

(. 4.4). F(x)
(xn, F(xn)). xn +1 .
(5.2)

. 4.4.

f (x) = x [F'x]1 F(x). x* F(x) = 0

f 'x = F(x*) F''(x*)/F '2(x*) = 0,
|f 'x| < q q .
,
n = |x* xn|
.
.
2. F (x)
a r x a r,
r 0
:
1) F(x) ;
2) F'(x) 0
M1 sup | [ F ( x)]1 |,
M 2 sup | F ( x) |, M 2 0;
3) F(x) = 0 x* :

a r x*

2
M

x* x*

2
M

a r,

M = M1M2. x0:

x*

2
M

x 0 x*

2
M

x* ,

M
| x x |
2
n

2n 1

| x0 x* |2 .

91

IV.

,
.
.
3. F(x)
|x x0| < r (r > 0). F(x0) 0,
F'(x) 0, M = sup|[F'(x0)] 1F''(x)| > 0

2M

F (x 0 )

1,

F ( x 0 )

F (x 0 )

F ( x 0 )

r.

x*,

F ( x0 )
| x n x* |
2
M
0
F ( x )

2n M

2n

.
xn 1 f ( xn ) .

x* = f(x*).
xn 1 x* f ( xn ) f ( x* )
x*:
f ( x* ) n
f ( x* ) n
x n 1 x* f ( x* )( x n x* )
( x x* ) 2
( x x* )3 ...
2
6
x* F(x) = 0
(xn x*), (xn x*)2,
.
,
.

IV.6.

92

IV.7.

F(u) = 0.

(6.1)

(6.2)

u = f(u),

un + 1 = f(un).
v = f(u)
R N , q, 0 < q < 1 ,

(f (u1 ), f (u 2 )) q(u1 , u 2 )
u1 , u 2 .
4. v = f(u) , (6.2)
u*
qn a
(u n , u* )
, a (u1 , u 0 ) .
1 q

5. ( ). R N , fi(u) - f(u) = (f1,,

fn(u)) .

f1
f1
u ... u
1
n
df

(6.3)
J
...
du

f n ... f n
u
un
1
q, 0 < q < 1, .. J q u ,
v = f(u) .

IV.7.
(6.1)
. (6.1)
F(uk+1) F(uk)+ J(uk+1 uk) = 0.
93

IV.

uk+1 uk + J-1F(uk)

J ( (6.3)!)
F1
u
1
dF
J
...
du
Fn
u
1

F1
un
.

Fn
...
un

, . , .
...

IV.8.
, ,
> 0 :
| an bn | < ,
.
()

|| x* x n || .

(8.1)

x* ,
. .
||xn xn 1||, . , :

|| xn xn 1 || .

(8.2)

, (8.2)
.
(8.1)
:
94

IV.9.

|| xn x* || || xn x || || xn xn 1 xn 1 xn 2 xn 2 xn 3 ... x ||
|| xn xn 1 || || xn 1 xn 2 || || xn 2 xn 3 || ...
|| x n x n 1 || (1 q q 2 ...) || x n x n 1 ||

(8.3)

1 q

, , (8.1)
:

|| xn xn 1 || (1 q) ,
(8.4)
q, ,

(8.2).
q (8.4) :

q || xn xn 1 || / || xn 1 xn 2 || .

(8.5)

q (8.4)
(1 q) (8.2).
(8.2)
. (8.4).
.
, ,
||F(xn)|| < .
.

IV.9.
IV.9.1. (4.4).
IV.9.2. , x(n+1) = (x(n))
x0 R:
) (x) = cos (x);
) (x) = a sin2x + b cos2x +c, |a b| < 1;
) (x) = a exp( bx2) + c, b 0, 2a 2b e .

95

IV.

IV.9.3. x2 = a,
a > 0. , x0 > 0, xk, k 1, , a .
IV.9.4. , F(x) = 0
x . F(x) > 0, F(x) > 0. ,
, x0 = .
,
x0 = .
IV.9.5. , F(x) = 0
x . x0,
:
x F x 0 , F x 0 ,
x F x 0 , F x 0 ,
x F x 0 , F x 0 .
IV.9.6. , x + 0,5 sin x + a = 0
a. = 10- 3
a = 1, 2, 3.
IV.9.7. x = (x), (x) = x/2 4/5, x0 = 0, [1, 1], ?
?
IV.9.8. f(x) = 0 [a, b] z
p, f (x) .
) ,
(p 1)/p.
) , .
.
f ( x(n) )
( n 1)
,
x
x( n)
f ( x ( n ) )
.
IV.9.9. z f ( x) C 4

x( n 1) 0.5(u ( n 1) v( n 1) ) ,
96

IV.10.

f ( x( n) )
g ( x( n) )
f ( x)
( n 1)
(n)
,
v

, g ( x)
.
f ( x)
f ( x( n ) )
g ( x ( n ) )
, , .
u ( n 1) x ( n )

IV.9.10. f (x) = 0
[a, b].
, . (1),
. ,
.

IV.10.
IV.10.1. (.. ) y = x e x , x > 0 = 10 2.

. :

y' = e x x e x x = 1, ymax = e 1 (. 4.5).

. 4.5 IV.10.1

, , :
x e x = 0.5e.

(10.1)

(10.1) :
1 . xk + 1 = 0.5exp(xk 1), f(x) = 0.5exp(xk 1).
|f (x)| < 1:
97

IV.

f (x) = 0.5exp(xk 1),

x < 1 + ln2 1.7.
(10.1).
2 . xk + 1 = ln(2exk), f (x) = 1/x, |f (x)| < 1 x > 1.

(10.1).
/2.
(8.4) ,
:

x0 = 1.
x1 = 1.69314
x2 = 2.21973
x3 = 2.49053
x4 = 2.60564
x5 = 2.65083
x6 = 2.66802
x7 = 2.67448
x8 = 2.67690
x9 = 2.67780
x10 = 2.67814

x0 = 1.
x1 = 0.5
x2 = 0.30326
x3 = 0.24910
x4 = 0.23597
x5 = 0.23289
x6 = 0.23217

, 1/2 x2 x1 2.678 0.232 2.446 .

IV.10.2. sinx + x 2 1 = 0 = 10 4.

. . ,

sin x 1 x 2 [0, 1].

sin x x:
x 2 + x 1 = 0, x = 0.5(1 + 5 ) 0.618.
[/6, /4]
x0 0,7.

98

IV.10.

M1

F ( x)
( F ( x))1 inf
/6 x/4

/6 x /4
sup

inf
2 x cos x
/6 x/4

M 2 sup F ( x)
/6 x/4

1
0.4063 .
/ 3 cos / 4
sup 2 sin x 2 sin / 4 1.2929

/6 x/4

q = 0.5 M1M2 = 0.2626.
2

| xn x* | q

2n 1

| x0 x* |2 .

|x0 x*| 0,5,

0.5 0.26262

2 , 0.1313

2n 1

2 104 , n 3 .

x0 0.7, :
x1 0.63801, x2 0.63673, x3 0.63673.
IV.10.3. ,
x n 1 x n

F ( xn )
Fx ( x n )

F ( x n ) F 2 ( x n )

2 Fx ( x n )

, .

.
xn+1 = f(xn)
f ( x) x

F ( x) F ( x) F 2 ( x)
.

Fx ( x) 2 F ( x) 3
x

F(x*) = 0:

99

IV.

f ( x) 1

F 2 FF
F 2

F F 2 F 2F F 2 F 3F 2 F 2 F 2
2 F 4

f ( x)

FF
F 2

F F 2
2 F 3

F F 2 F 2 F F 2 F 3F 2 F 2

2 F 4
F 3F 2
3F 2 F 2

F2

2 F 3 2 F 4
2 F 4

F 2
f (x) , .
x = x* F2 . , . ,
, .. , .
IV.10.4. XIX
uk, k . uk+1 k , ,
(uk 1):
uk 1 uk (1 uk ), u0 a

. uk [0,1] , [0, 4] . .

0 1 6.
.

uk 1 uk (1 uk ), u0 a.
, f (0) = f (1) = 0 max f (u) = f (0,5) = /4,
0 < <4 = [0, 1] , u X.
0 < <1. = [0, 1] ( ) x = 0. -

100

IV.10.

, { f k (u0 )}
k 0
x = 0. ,
, .
, -

{uk }
n 0 , |fu| 1.
. 0 < <1 x = 0 - .
( ) . 4.6.

. 4.6. 0

1 < < 3.
|fu| > 1 . , > 1, u = 0 , |f (0)| > 1,
[0, 1] u1 = 1 - 1. = (0, 1).
|f (u1)| = |2 - | < 1.
u1 1 < 3 .
, 1 < 2 f (u1) > 0 { f k (u0 )}
k 1
u1 (. 4.7); 2 < 3 f (u1) < 0
u1 ,
, .

101

IV.

. 4.7.

= 3 u1 , : |f (u1)| = 1.
= 1 = 3

,
, .
( ) .
3 1 6. u3, u4 f 2(u) = u, 2u2 - (+1)u + (+1) = 0.
u1 f(u) = u,
f 2(u) = u. ,
f 2(u1) = f(f(u1)) = f(u1) = u1 u1 , f 2(u) = u. ,
f 2(u) = u, u3, u4
,
u3,4

1 2 32 3 .
2

f (u3) = u4, f (u4) = u3.
, 2,
P2. , ,
2 102

IV.11.

.
. 4.8. , () 1.

. 4.8. 2

IV.11.
IV.11.1. a, b c,
x(n+1) = (x(n))
x0 R :
) (x) = a sin x + b cos x +c;
) (x) = a cos(bx)+c;
) (x) = a sin2x + b cos2x +c;
) (x) = a arctg (bx) + c;
) (x) = a exp( b2x2) + c.

: )

a 2 b2 1 , c ; ) |ab| < 1, c ;
) |a b| < 1, c ; ) |ab| < 1, c ; ) ab e / 2 , c .
IV.11.2. F x 0.001x3 x2 x 0.24 0 0 x 1
.
, ,
. = 10 6.
103

IV.

: F x 0 .

IV.11.3. 1/a ,
. a > 0.
IV.11.4. x ln x 2 .
, x(n+1)=ln(x(n) + 2), x(0) .
x(0),
, ,
x( n 1) ln x( n ) 2 , x(0) , ?
.
IV.11.5. f(x) = 0 [a,b] z p > 1, f(x) .
) .
) .
f ( x)
. z g ( x)
.
f ( x)
IV.11.6. f(x) = 0 [a,b] z p > 1, f(x) .
) .
. z g(x) = f(x)/f (x).
) .
IV.11.7.
f(x) = 0

x ( n 1) x ( n )

(n)
(n)
(n)
f ( x ( n ) ) f x f ( x ) f ( x )

.
f ( x ( n ) )
f ( x ( n ) )

: .
IV.11.8. tg x + ex = 0.
, x
(5/2, 7/2), . -

104

IV.11.

, ,
= 0,01 .
IV.11.9.
xy x2 = 1.03,
2x 3 + y 2 = 1.98
x0 = 1, y0 = 2.
,
xk 1 3 ( yk 2 1,98) / 2 , yk 1 xk 1, 03/ xk .

, 104.

IV.11.10.

F(x) = f (x) g(x) = 0,

f (x) g(x) . x0. , x1
y = f (x) y = g(x),
x = x0.
IV.11.11.

x(n),
n = 0, 1,

e x = cos x . ,
xk+1 = xk F(xk)/F'(xk), F(x) = e x cos x
x(n), x0(n) x0(n) = n/2.
. .
IV.11.12. , x = 0.5 cos x
,
xn +1 = 0.5 cos xn, x0 0 . x0 = 0. n,
xn 10 6.
IV.11.13. ,
x0 x0 > 0:
) ex = 1/x,
) e x + x2 2 = 0,
) ln x 1/x = 0.
IV.11.14. .
.

105

IV.

1. xn 1 (1 xn2 ) / ln( xn 2),

2. xn 1 exp(1 / xn xn ) 2,
2
x ln( x 2) x 1 0,
3. xn 1 1 xn ln( xn 2),
4. x 1 / x ln( x 1).
n
n
n 1
IV.11.15. .
.
1. xn 1 ln xn ,
2. x exp( x ),
n
x ln x 0, n 1
3. xn 1 ( xn exp( xn )) / 2,

4. xn 1 (3xn 5exp( xn )) / 8.
IV.11.16. .
.
6

1. xn 1 ( xn 2) / 5,
4
5
2. x
n 1 5 / xn 2 / xn ,
x 6 5 x 2 0,
3. xn 1 6 5 xn 2,

3
4
4. x
n 1 5 / xn 2 / xn .

IV.11.17. .
.
1. xn 1 ln( xn 1) 1 / 2 ,

2
2. x
2
n 1 exp(2 xn 1) 1,
ln( x 1) 2 x 1 0,
3. xn 1 ln( xn 1) 1 / (2 xn ) ,

2
4. xn 1 xn ln( xn 1) 2 xn 1,
IV.11.18. .
.

106

IV.11.

1. xn 1 arcsin( xn2 1),

2. xn 1 sin xn 1,
2
sin x x 1 0,
3. xn 1 (sin xn 1) / xn ,
2
4. x
n 1 xn 0.1 (sin xn x n 1).

IV.11.19. .
.
1. xn 1 ln 1 / xn xn ,

2. xn 1 1 xn e xn ,
xe x x 2 1 0,
3. xn 1 (1 xn2 )e xn ,

x
4. xn 1 1 / xn e n .
IV.11.20.
2x2 xy 5x + 1 = 0,
x + 3 lgx y2 = 0
x0 = 3.5, y0 = 2.2. ,
:
xk 1 (( xk ( yk 5) 1) / 2, yk 1 ( xk 3lg xk ) .

, 104.
IV.11.21.
x3 + y3 6x + 3 = 0,
x3 + y3 6y + 2 = 0
x0 = y0 = 0.5 ,
:
xk 1 ( x3k y3k ) / 6 1/ 2,

yk 1 ( x3k y3k ) / 6 1/ 3 .
, 104.
IV.11.22.
)16x5 + 24x3 2x2 11 = 0;
) 24x5 + 16x3 3x2 10 = 0;
) 8x5 + 8x3 x2 9 = 0;
107

IV.

) 8x5 + 16x3 x2 10 = 0;
) 8x5 + 24x3 x2 11 = 0;
) 16x5 + 8x3 2x2 9 = 0;
) 24x5 + 8x3 3x2 9 = 0.
.
. , , . .
IV.11.23.
2
2

x y 25 0,

x 1 y 1 0.
, . , .
IV.11.24.
2
2
2
2
) x y 9 0,
) x y 25 0,

3
3

y 1 x 1 0.
x 1 y 1 0.
, .
,
.
IV.11.25.
tg x = x.

: x(k 1) arctg x(k ) l , l .

IV.11.26.
.
. , = 0.001.
) x3 x + 1 = 0;
) sin x x2 + 1 = 0;
) tg x 5x2 + 1 = 0, x [ 1, 1];
) x3 x + 1 = 0.
IV.11.27. . . ,
= 0.00001.
a) ln(x + 2) x2 = 0;
) ex 2x 2 = 0;
108

IV.11.

) ln(x + 2) x2 = 0.
) exp x 2x 2 = 0.
IV.11.28. ,
) x2 + x + 2y2 3 = 0, 2x2 + y xy 7 = 0;
) x2 x + y2 1 = 0, y tg x = 0;
) 2x cos y = 0, 2y ex = 0;
) exy + x 4 = 0, x2 4y 1 = 0;
) 2x cos y = 0,2y exp x = 0;
.
.
IV.11.29.

) x2 + y2 = 25, (x + 3)y = 1,
) x tg y = 0, (x 1) y =7.
IV.11.30.
. M?
) x y3 = 1, (x + 3)(y 1) = 5, M = (0, 0).
) x2 y3 = 1, 4x2 + 25y2 = 225, M = (1, 1).
IV.11.31. ( ) ;
) x [0, + ) y(x) = 2xe-x
) x [0, + ) y(x) = x/(4 + x)3
) x [0, + ) y(x) = x exp( (x + 1)2)
IV.11.32.
x = e2x 1.
IV.11.33.
x = a
xn+1 = xn (11xn4 4xn2a + a) (xn2 a)/16 xn5.
IV.11.34. , ,
,

8x4 + 4x3 14x2 x + 2 = 0.

109

IV.

IV.11.35.* t, t = 0
. ( ) t t = 0 t = 1.
) tx3 + x2 1 = 0.
, t
.
) tx4 + x2 5x + 6 = 0.
IV.11.36. 0.01 sin(x/2) + x2 1 = 0
,
.
IV.11.37.
x3 + 1.5x2 0.5 = 0:
5
2
1
1
1

x( n 1) x( n ) ( n )
9
9 4x
72( x( n ) )2 72( x ( n ) )3

: x = 0.5

x = 1.

IV.12.
IV.12.1.
0.001x5 + x2 1 = 0
) 0.1; ) 106
. , . .
IV.12.2.

tg(y x) + xy = 0,3,
x2 + y2 = 1,5
106.
IV.12.3.

x x3 + 0.1 = 0.
,
= 10 3.
IV.12.4. ,

110

IV.12.

) 2x2 + 5x 3 = 0,

) 3x + 4x3 12x2 5 = 0,

) (0.5)x + 1 = (x 1)2,

) (x 3)cos x = 1, 2 x 2,

) arctg(x 1) + 2x = 0,

e) x2 20sin x = 0,

) 2tg x x/2 + 1 = 0,

) 2lg x x/2 + 1 = 0,

) x e /5 = 0,

) ln x + (x 1)3 = 0,

) x 2x = 1,

) (x + 1)0.5 = 1/x.

IV.12.5. = 10 3

) sin(x + 1) y = 1.2,
2x + cos y = 2;
) tg(xy + 0.4) = x2,
0.6 x2 + 2y2 = 1;
) cos(x 1) + y = 0.5,
x cos y = 3;
) sin(x + 2) y = 1.5,
x + cos(y 2) = 0.5.
IV.12.6. , t. t = 0 ,
t t = 0 t = 1.
) x + y + 0.01 t x3y3 = 1,
x y 10 3t cos(x2y) = 2;
) x + 2y + 10 3t e xy = 1,
2x + y + 10 2t x 2y 3 = 1;
) 2x y + 10 2tsin(xy 2) = 5,
5x + y + 10 2 t x 4y 2 = 2.
. , .
[3].
IV.12.7. = 10 5 :
) 2x2 xy 5x + 1 = 0,
x + 3lg x y2 = 0;
) (x 1.4)2 (y 0.6)2 = 1,
4.2x2 + 8.8y2 = 1.42;
) x2y2 3x3 + 6y3 + 8 = 0,
x4 9y + 2 = 0;
) sin x y = 1.32,
cos y x = 0.85;
111

IV.

) x7 5x2y4 + 1510 = 0,
y3 3x4y 105 = 0.
IV.12.8. (. . )
103:
a) f ( x) x exp 1/( x 2) , 0 x 2 ;
b) f ( x) x exp( x2 ), x 0 ;
c) f ( x) ln x / x2 , x 1 ;
d) f ( x) ln x / x, x 1 ;
e) f ( x) x exp( x), x 0 .

a) . Max xmax 1, fmax 1/ e,

f ( x) fmax / 2 : x1 0.335, x2 1.528, 1/2 x2 x1 1.193 .
b) . Max xmax 1/ 2, f max 1/ 2 exp(1/ 2),
f ( x) fmax / 2 : x1 0.226, x2 1.359, 1/2 x2 x1 1.133 .
c) . Max xmax e , f max 1/ (2e),
f ( x) fmax / 2 : x1 1.123, x2 3.816, 1/2 x2 x1 2.693 .
d) . Max xmax e, fmax 1/ e,
f ( x) fmax / 2 : x1 1.261, x2 14.561, 1/2 x2 x1 13.300 .
e) . Max xmax 1/ 2, fmax 1/ 2 exp(1/ 2),
f ( x) fmax / 2 : x1 0.051, x2 1.846, 1/2 x2 x1 1.795 .
IV.12.9. (. . )

f (t ) (t / tm )2n exp(n(t / tm )2 ) ,
tm (
) . , 400 .
n, ,
, , ,
320 .
. n = 1 tm = 277 , n = 2 tm = 388 , n = 3
tm = 474 . n = 2.

112

VI.13.

VI.13.

.

[26].
. [23].
[24]. [8, 20, 22].

113

V.

V.1.
. U, u
,
(u).
1. , (u) u*,
,
(u*) (u),
2.

u u* .

(1.1)

(u) U u* (,
),

(u*) inf (u ) .

(1.2)

. U , , U n- , n
, U ,
, (
).
(1.1) (1.2)
uk uk uk , k = 1, , K,

(1.3)

Fi i (u) Fi , i = 1, , I,

(1.4)

uk , Fi , a i , , ,
. ,
i (u) ,
,
, .

114

V.1.

.
, , (1.3 1.4), , . , ,
.., ,
.
, , [25, 26], .
, (u)
(u).
(u) .
() .

U Ln f1 (u1,

, un ) 0,

f n (u1,

(1.5)
, un ) 0.

(u1,

, un ) f k2 (u1,
k 1

, un ).

(1.6)

U (u) 0,
(u) u = u*, u* . (u) U. (u)
, .
,
(u), .

(u1 , , un )
0,
u1

(1.7)

115

V.

(u1 , , un )
0.
un
, , . .
.
. (u) . ,
u* ,
2

2
u1

G (u*)
2

um u1

u1um

2

um2

, (u) , .

V.2.
U = [a, b], .. . n ui = a + i (b a) / n ; i = 0, , n.
(u) , ,
u*,

(u*) min (ui ).

0i n

: u* umin , * (u*). u*

ba
.
n

(2.1)

, , . ,
U = {0 ui 1, 1 i 10} (
) 10 , 10 6
116

V.3.

107 ( 4 ) min (u ) ,
U

, , (u)
. , , [xi, xi+1],
;
.


, : ( )
.

V.3.
,
[a,b]. , , -,
(1.2).
, ,
, ..
( ).

V.3.1. ( )
[a, b] 3 u1, u2, .
, [a, u2], (u1) (u2) [u1, b],
(u1) (u2). .
,
, u1, u2 u1 = (b + a )/2,
u2 = (b + a + )/2, .
u2 a
b u1
1/2,
,
ba
ba
.
117

V.

u*
. n

ba 1
1

n
n
n 1
2
2
2

1
ba
1

1 ,
n
2
2
2n

.. u* n = n /2.
n n , , :
n log 2

ba
.
2

(3.1)

n b a 2n1 .

(3.2)

V.3.2.
,
,
, , . u1, u2 [a, b], [0, 1] , .
u1, u2
(. 5.1):
0

u1

0 ,5

u2

1
u 1

u2

. 5.1

u
1

u2 = , u1 = 1 .

118

V.3.3.

u1 [0, 1] u12 1
[0, ]. [0, 1] [0, ]
u2 = u12 1
1

, 2 1 0,

.. u 1 1 3 5

5 1 2 0,61803

2, u2

5 1 2.

[a, b]

u1 a 3 5 (b a) 2; u2 a
1.

2.

5 1 (b a) 2

u1, u2 :
[a, b] ,

. , , , .

5 1 2,

(3.3)

n n (b a).

(3.4)
*

, n u n

n n 2

5 1 2

(b a) / 2;

(3.5)

n .

V.3.3.
, ,
, 119

V.

.
. , (u) ,
u*. , ,
, (u)
.
u*
, .

,
( ) ( ) .

.
u1,u2, u3, ,
u1 u2 u3 u1 u* u3 .

( ) :
P2 (u) 0 1 (u u1 ) 2 (u u1 )(u u2 ),
(u1, (u1 )), (u2 , (u2 )), (u3 , (u3 )).

k , k = 1, 2, 3,

P2 (u1 ) (u1 ), P2 (u2 ) (u2 ), P2 (u3 ) (u3 ),

0 (u1 ), 1

(u2 ) (u1 )
,
u2 u1

1 (u3 ) (u2 ) (u2 ) (u1 )

.
u3 u1
u3 u2
u2 u1

u P2(u)
:
2

u u1 u2 1 2 2 .
: u* u ( ).
, uk, k = 1, 2, 3. -

120

V.3.4.

, u2
u , , u2, u [u1, u3 ].
, . u1 = u(s) + h, u2 = u(s), u3 = u(s) h ,

h
(u ( s ) h) (u ( s ) h)
u ( s 1) u ( s )
.
2 (u ( s ) h) 2 (u ( s ) ) (u ( s ) h)

: , , . , .

V.3.4.
, ,
.
, ,
[a,d],
: a < b < c < d,
a > b,

c < d.

,
P1 = (a, (a)), P2 = (b, (b)), P4 = (d , (d )) ,
P1 = (a, (a)), P3 = (c, (c)), P4 = (d , (d )) . f, e (. ). f e , .
1 . , :

ab
3c d
e
,
2
4

a 3b
cd
f
.
4
2

.
2 . , |f e | > ,
. ,
f = e + e = f + .
121

V.

3 . a, b, c, d, e, f ,
,
i > i+1,

i+2 < i+3.

,
2.
, ,
. 5.1 :
U(r) = 4 ( (d/r)12 (d/r)6).
d .
, rmin = 21/6 d.

. 5.1.
a = d, b = 1.5d, c = 2d, d = 2.5d

.
(u) = 0
.
:
1
(u ) (u*) (u*)(u u*)2 ,
2
.. u u*, (u u*)2.

122

V.4.

V.4.
V.4.1.
, ,
u(0) {u1(0) ,

, un(0) } u(1) {u1(1) , , un(1) } , .

. , .

V.4.1.1.
. u(0) U
(u).
(u) = (u1,,un) u1
u2(0) , , un(0)
min (u1 , u2(0) ,

u U
1

, un(0) ).

u1, (u1), u1(1) ;

(u1(1) , u2(0) ,

, un(0) ) (u1(0) ,

, un(0) ).

, u1(1) , u3(0) ,
min (u1(1) , u2 , u3(0) ,

u2U

, un(0)

, un(0) ) ,

u2; u2 u2(1) ;
(u1(1) , u2(1) , u3(0)

, un(0) ) (u1(1) , u2(0) ,

123

, un(0) ).

V.

;
(u1(1) ,

, un(1) ) (u1(1) ,

, un(0) ).

, n u(0) u(1). ,
, :

(u ( s 1) ) (u ( s ) ) ,
> 0 - .

1.
(u) u12 u22 .
,
u0 = (2, 2), ,
(. 5.2).

(u1(1),
u2(0))

(u1(0),
u2(0))

(u1(1),
u2(1))

. 5.2. (u) u1 u2 .
,

2. , ,
(u) 5u12 5u22 8u1u2 ,
124

V.4.2.

45

u1

v1 v2

; u2

(v1 v2 )

2
2
(v) v12 9v22 , v12 / 9 v22 2 ,
(. 5.3).

u1

(u1(1), u2(0))

(u1(0), u2(0))

(u1(1), u2(1))

u2

2
. 5.3.

(u) 5u12 5u22 8u1u2 , .

,

V.4.2.
,

grad (u)
, ,

un
1
, ,
(u) . grad (u) = 0.

125

V.

, .. grad . :

u( s 1) u( s) grad ( s) , u(0) a ,
(
). , ,
grad (u( s1) ) , 0.

.
(u1 , u2 ) u12 4 u22 .

u1( s 1) u1( s )

u1( s )
,
2

u2( s 1) u2( s ) 2u2( s ) .

u(0) {1;1} ;

0,1 ;

0,95; 0,80; u 0,9025; 0,6400 ; u 0,8574;0,5120 ;

(u(0)) = 1,25; (u(3)) = 0,446. = 2, u(1) = {0, - 3}
(1)
(u ) = 9, min (u) 0 . u

(1)

(2)

(3)

, .

V.4.3.
()
, .. grad .
, (u)
:

(u( s 1) ) min (u( s ) grad (u( s ) )) min (, u( s ) ) .

126

V.4.3.

u(0)

1
2
1 / 2 (1 2 )2 ,
4
10 9,
( , u(0) )

u (0)
1
(u ) (, u ) u1(0) 1 (u2(0) 2u2(0) )2
4
2
(1)

(0)

1 / 2 4 (1 2)2 ,
2

u1(0) u2(0) 1.
ui( s ) , s > 0, i = 1, 2.
, ,
.
. Ln , .
,
.
. (u),
U Ln, , u, v U
[0, 1]

u (1 )v (u) (1 )(v).
. (u) ,
[0, 1]

u (1 )v (u) (1 )(v).
:
(u) , u, v, ,
{u,(u)} {v,(v)}.

127

V.

. 5.4.

(u) u (u ) .
. (u) U, u U. U .
(u)
U .
. , .. u0 , u* (u) U, u* u0 (u0) > (u*).
(u)

u * (1 )u0 (u*) (1 )(u0 ) (u0 ).

+0 u = u* + (1 )u0
u0. (u) < (u0) , u0 ( ).
u(1), u(2) .
(u) , [0, 1]

u (1) (1 )u (2) (u (1) ) (1 )(u (2) ) * min (u),

, u(1), u(2) .
128

V.4.4.

V.4.4.

:
n

F(x) = 0 (x ) ( fi (x ))2 (F(x ), F(x )) min.

i 1

x( s 1) x( s) grad ( s) , x(0) a ,
, ..
:

x( s ) (x( s ) ) 0 .

W () x( s ) (x( s ) ) .
, ,

x( s ) x( s ) 0,

, , , .

s.
W ( )

, . W():

W () x( s ) (x( s ) ) fi2 x( s ) (x( s ) )

i 1

i 1
n

fi (x( s ) ) fi (x( s ) ) (x( s ) ) .

129

V.
n

W ( ) 2 fi (x( s ) ) fi (x( s ) ) (x( s ) ) fi (x( s ) ) (x( s ) ) 0.

i 1

, ,
f (x( s ) ) fi (x( s ) ) (x( s ) )

(F, J) ,
i 1 i
s

2
n
(
J
, J)
i 1 fi (x( s) ) (x( s) )
n

f
J i
x j

- F.

n
f (x)

fi (x) 2 2 fi (x) i ,

x j x j i 1
x j
i 1

2JT F.

1 (F, JJT F)( s )

,
2 (JJT F, JJT F)( s )

x( s 1) x( s ) 2s JT (x( s) ) F(x( s) ) .

V.4.5.

.

du
grad (u) 0, grad (u)
.
dt
ui
u t
(u) (u). (u) .

d
du
grad (u), grad (u),grad (u) 0 .
dt
dt
130

(4.1)

V.4.5.

, (u),

d 2u
dt

u
grad (u) 0 , > 0.
t

(4.2)

d 1 du du
du d 2u
du
, (u) , 2 grad (u),
dt 2 dt dt
dt
dt dt

du du
, 0.
dt dt

(4.3)

1 du du
, (u)
2 dt dt
.
(4.1) (4.3) ,
.
u
(u)

t
(u).

.
:
(u)

( x ) a 2 x 2 / 2 .
(x)
x x a 2 x 0

(4.4)

2
2 a 2 0 1,2
a2 .
2
4
(4.4) x c1e1t c2e2t .

() max(Re 1 , Re 2 ) .

131

V.

2a

Re 1 Re 2 () / 2 a .

> 2a

2/4 a2 0,
1

2
2

Re 1 / 2 / 4 a Re 2 / 2 / 4 a .

2
a2
a2
( ) Re 1
a2

a .
2
4
/2
/ 2 2 / 4 a2
() . 5.5.
, :
1.

<< 2a, , .

2.

>> 2a, , ..
.

3.

-
(x).
(4.2) (
VIII).
.
, ,
= 0,995.
( ) : x(0), v(0) = 0.
1 . v1/2
n v n 1 (xn 1 ) .
2 .

v n v1/2
n .

1/2
v n v1/2
n v n , .. 1 .

3 . xn xn 1 v n .

. , . . ,
132

V.5.

, , .. .
:
, 0.995
0.8 ( , ).

.5.5.

V.5.
V.5.1.
2 uv

u 5 10 e 0,

2 (u v ) 0

v 5 10 e
= {|u 0,1| 0,1; |v 0,1| 0,1}.

(u, v) (u 5 102 euv )2 (u 5 102 e(u v) )2 .

V.5.2.

(u, v) = u4 + v4 u2 v2 > {|u| 1; |v| 1} .

133

V.

. (u,v)

0,
0.
u
v

V.5.3. {x, y}, f ( x, y) x3 y3 3xy.

f f
,
x y
.
3x2 3 y 0, 3x 3 y 2 0.
{0, 0}, {1, 1}. , .

V.5.4. f (x) = x3 + e - x - x [0, 1] = 10

2
.

. a0 = 0, b0 = 1
/2 = = 10 3.

f 0.5 (a0 b0 ) 0, 2324 f 0.5 (a0 b0 ) 0,2307.

, (a1,b1) = (0.4990,1).
,
(a3,b3) = (0.6238,0.7505), (a4,b4) = (0.6861,0.7505),
(a5,b5) = (0.6861,0.7191), (a6,b6) = (0.7016,0.7191),
(a7,b7) =( 0.7101,0.7198).
V.5.5.
F (t ) sin t cos t , t0 = 0,5.

. F(t) F(t) = 0. :

t ( n 1) t ( n)

F (t ( n) ) (0)
, t = 0,5.
F (t ( n) )

134

V.5.

t(0) = 0,5

F (t (0) ) cos t sin t 0,3982,

0,3982
0,7934. 0,1357
0,7854 .

F (t (0) ) sin t (0) cos t (0) 1,3570, t (1) t (0)

t (2) 0,7854, t (3)

V.5.6.

x x 2 2 yz 0.1,

2
y y 3xz 0.2,

z z 2 xy 0.3,
.

. : u(0) = (0,0,0)T.
F(u) = 0,
x x 2 2 yz 0.1
2 y
1 2 x 2 z

2
F y y 3xz 0.2 , J 3z
1 2 y
3x .

2y
2x
1 2 z
z z 2 2 xy 0.3

0.1
1 0 0

F (0) 0.2 , J (0) 0 1 0 E .

0.3
0 0 1

1 (F(0) , J (0) J (0)T F(0) )

1 (F(0) , F(0) ) 1

,
(0) (0)T (0)
T (0)
2 (J J F , JJ F ) 2 (F(0) , F(0) ) 2

1
u(1) u(0) 20 JT (u(0) ) F(u(0) ) u(0) 2 EF(0) (0.1, 0.2,0.3)T .
2
:
F

(1)

0.13
1.2 0.6 0.4

(1)
0.05 , J 0.9 1.4 0.3 ,
0.05
0.4 0.2 1.6

135

V.

(1)T

(2)

(1)

0.181
0.2748

(1) (1)T (1)

0.002 , J J F 0.2098 .
0.147
0.1632

1 (F(1) , J (1) J (1)T F(1) )

1
0.3719 ,
(1) (1)T (1)
T (1)
2 (J J F , JJ F ) 2

(1)

21 J

(1)T

(1)

0.1
0.181 0.0327

0.2 0.379 0.002 0.2007 .

0.3
0.147 0.2453

:
F

(2)

0.032

0.017 .
0.007

V.6.
V.6.1. f (x), U R
: ) f (x) ; ) f (x) , f (x) U ; ) f (x) U, .
V.6.2. , ,
[a, b] f (x) = x + , 0
x = a x = b.
V.6.3. , x2, x2, ln x,
cos x .
V.6.4. :
) [a,b];
) [a,b]
c, d a, b ;
) f (x) Q[a, b] a x1 < x2 b; f (x1) f (x2), x*
[a, x2], f (x1) > f (x2), x* [x1, b], x* [a, b].
136

V.7.

V.6.5. , f (x) [a, b] [a, b], [a, b] . ?

V.6.6. , .
V.6.7. f (x) U = R f (x) ~
x . ,
lim f ( x) , ~
x f (x) U.
x

V.6.8. f (x) [a,b]

, |f (x)| M. (N) f * N f (x).
V.6.9.
x*, f (x) ?
.
V.6.10. x*,
N f (x), f (x)?
V.6.11. 1 = 0,02.
10 f (x).
?
V.6.12. , .
V.6.13. x* f (x)
, x*. g (x) .

?

V.7.
V.7.1.
,
:
) f ( x) 2 x2 ln x,

137

V.

) f (t ) t 3 / 3 t 2 ,
) f (t ) t 4 / 4 2t 2 ,
2
) f (t ) tet /2 ,

) f (t ) 3t 4 8t 3 6t 2 ,
) f (t ) (t 5)et ,
) f (t ) (t 2 3) / (t 2).
V.7.2. y = x4 + e - x, x [0, 1] .
V.7.3. y = xx .
V.7.4. f (x) :
) f ( x) 10 x (2 ln x)2
x
x1 = 6.
x2 = 7.
x3 = 8.
x4 = 9.
f(x) 2.60185 0.20480 0.50488 3.50078.
) f ( x) 1 x e x
x
x1 = 0.5
f(x)
3.64872

x2 = 0.75
3.45033

x3 = 1.0
3.71828

x4 = 1.25
4.29034

) f ( x) 1 x cos x 2
x
x1=1.0
f(x)
1.54030

x2=1.5
0.03849

x3=2.0
0.15364

x4=2.5
1.39945

x3=0.9
3.67853

x4=1.3
4.10087

) f ( x) 1 x 4ln( x 1)
x
x1=0.1
f(x)
10.38124

x2=0.5
3.62186

) f ( x) x sin x
x
x1=3.5
f(x)
1.52005

x2=4.0
1.24320

x3=4.5
1.14379

x4=5.
1.27715

) f ( x) ( x 1)2 arctg x
x
x1=0.
f(x)
1

x2=0.5
0.71365

x3=1.0
0.78540

x4=1.5
1.23279

138

V.7.

) 124 x5 = 7.38888,
y5 = =4.197108, 134 x6 = 7.38752, y6 = 3.193106.
2653.
) 124 x5 = 0.74530,
134 x6 = 0.72572. 5 6 ,
y5 = 3.448815, y6 = 3.44416.
1652.
) 124 x5 = 1.76613,
134 x6 = 2.06572. 5 6 ,
y5 = 0.43354, y6 = 0.05346.
2536.
) 124 x5 = 0.87947,
134 x6 = 1.03285. 5 6 ,
y5 = 3.66101, y6 = 3.80595.
1253.
) 124 x5 = 4.36467,
134 x6 = 4.43883. 5 6 ,
y5 = 1.14903, y6 = 1.14404.
5634.
) 124 x5 = =0.64340,
134 x6 = 0.64508. 5 6 ,
y5 = 0.69888, y6 = 0.69887.
2563.
V.7.5.
) f ( x, y) ( x2 y 11)2 ( x y 2 7)2 ,
) f ( x, y) ( x2 y 2 1)2 ( y x sin x)2 ,
) f ( x, y) x3 8 y3 6 xy 1,
) f ( x, y) ( x 3)2 ( y 2)2 ( x y 4)2 ,
) f ( x, y) 2 x3 xy 2 5x 2 y 2 .
V.7.6. :
) f ( x, y) 3x2 2 x y y 8x 8,
) f ( x, y) x3 8 y3 6 xy 1,
139

V.

) f ( x, y) x2 y 2 xy x y 1,
) f ( x, y) 2 x3 xy 2 5x2 y 2 .

V.8.

[3, 5, 19, 27].

, , ,
[2830]. [31, 32].

140

VI.

VI.1.

n

Pn ( x) ck k ( x),

(1.1)

k 0

k(x) ,
:
Pn ( xk ) f k ,

k 0, 1,

, n.

(1.2)

xj [a, b], a x0 <x1<< xn b,

f (xj), . xj
.
,
xj + 1 xj = h = const, j = 0, 1, , n 1; a = x0, b = xn.
k(x) = xk, , k ,
.
(1.1)
[a, b],
.
, - .
f (x) xj [a, b],
a x0 <x1<< xn b, , f(x) .

141

VI.

VI.2.
1. n + 1 x0, x1, , xn,
, f(x0), f(x1), , f(xn).

Pn(x) = Pn(x, f, x0, x1, , xn) n, xk

f (xk).
(
)
x ( ) .
VI.2.1.

n
(2.1)
a0, , an .
n + 1 :
Pn ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ... an x n ,

a0 a1 x0 a2 x02

an x0n f ( x0 ),

a0 a1 x1 a2 x12

an x1n f ( x1 ),

................................................................
a0 a1 xn a2 xn2

(2.2)

an xnn f ( xn ).

(2.2) , . , 1, , .
. ,
1, x, x2, , xn
0 < x < 1. ,
Ay = b
(2.3)

|| A || || A1 || .

b:

142

VI.2.2. .

|| y ||
|| y ||

|| b ||
|| b ||

(2.4)

VI.2.2. .

lk

( x x0 ) ( x xk 1)( x xk 1) ( x xn )
.
k x0 ) ( xk xk 1)( xk xk 1) ( xk xn )

(x

(2.5)

Pn(x),
Pn ( x) Pn ( x, f , x0 , x1 ,

f ( x1 ) l1 ( x)

, xn ) f ( x0 ) l0 ( x)

(2.6)

f ( xn ) ln ( x),

.
. .
.
f (xk) f (x)
xk
f(xk) = f(xk).
f(xk, xt) f (x)
xk, xt
:
f ( x k , xt )

f ( xt ) f ( x k )
xt x k

(2.7)

f (x0, x1, ,xn) n n 1,

f ( x0 , x1 ,

, xn )

f ( x1 ,

, xn ) f ( x0 ,
xn x0

, xn 1 )

(2.8)

Pn(x, x0, x1, , xn)

:
Pn ( x, f , x0 , x1 ,

, xn ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )( x x0 )

143

VI.

f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )( x x0 )( x x1 )

f (x0 , x1 ,

, xn )(x x0 )

(x xn1 ) .

(2.9)

x0 < x1 < <xn,

; x0 > x1 > > xn .
2. .

VI.2.3.
Rs(x) = f(x) Ps(x, f), xk < x <xk+1,
f (x) Ps(x, f).
.
3. f (t) , < t < s + 1
.
t0, t1, , ts
[, ], f (t0), f (t1), , f (ts) f (t) ;
Ps(t) s,
. Rs(t) = f (t) Ps(t)

Rs (t )

f ( s 1) ( z )
( s 1)!

(t t0 )(t t1 )

(t t s ),

(2.10)

z = z(t) [, ].
, (2.10),
, . ,

, .
(2.10)
Rs (t )

( s 1)

(t )

( s 1)!

(t t0 )(t t1 )

(t ts ) ,

(2.11)

.
144

VI.2.4.

(t) = (t t0)( t t1)... ( t ts)
.
[1,1]
(. ).

VI.2.4.
a b
x11
x12 , x22
x13 , x23 , x33

..............................
x ,x ,x ,
n
1

n
2

n
3

(2.12)

,x

n
n

..............................
Pn(x, f), f (x),
.

4. (). , f, .
5. f, , ,
f.
6. , .
7. f
, , , f.
.
- .
145

VI.

VI.2.5.

n

Pn ( x) ck k ( x),

(2.13)

k 0

k(x) , ck
,
n

Pn (x) f k lk ( x),

(2.14)

k 0

lk(xi) = 0, k i, lk(xk) = 1; k, i = 0, 1, , n. lk(x)

.
f (xj) f (xj). Pn(x, f) Pn(x, f + f).
Pn(x, f + f) = Pn(x, f) + Pn(x, f) (2.14) f,
Pn(x, f), ,
Pn ( x, f ) f ( x)

| l ( x) | .
k 0

(2.15)

, (2.11),
.
lk(x) f.
n

Ln ( x) | lk ( x) |.
k 0

f Ln,
f
(2.16)

max | Pn ( x, f ) | Ln f ( x) .
a x b

Ln = Ln, a = x0, x1, , xn = b,

. n. , L n max Ln ( x).
a x b

(k(x) = xk)

146

VI.3.

2 n 3

(n 3/ 2) n 1

Ln 2n1 , n 4 ,

. .
n. ,
.
,
Ln

ln n 1 n , 0 n 1/ 4 ,

. . n . ,
.
.
.

VI.3.
()

2 ( x x0 )
2 ( x x0 )

, sin
Qn cos

L
L

k 0

a k cos

2k ( x x 0 )
L

k 1

bk sin

2k ( x x 0 )
L

(3.1)

k n , [x0, xn] , L = xn
x0 ( ), ak bk .
8. ( ).
N = 2n + 1, n .
fm, L,

xm

Lm
N

L
2N

m = 0, 1, , N 1

147

VI.

2 x
2 x

Qn cos
, sin
, f
L
L

2kx

k 0

ak cos

n 1

2kx

k 1

bk sin

(3.2)

Qn(xm) = fm,

m = 0, , N 1.

(3.3)

a0

m0

N 1

ak
bk

N 1

m 0

N 1

N
m 1

fm ,

bn 1

N 1

(1)
N

m0

2m
,
f m cos k
N
N

fm ,

k 1, 2, , n,

2m
f m sin k
,
N
N

(3.4)

k 1, 2, , n.

9. (B ).
N = 2n. fm,
L,
xm

Lm
N

m = 0, 1, , (n 1)

2x
2x

Qn cos
, sin
, f
L
L

2kx

k 0

ak cos

n 1

2kx

k 1

bk sin

(3.5)

Qn(xm) = fm, m = 0, 1, 2, , (n 1).

a0
ak

f
n
m 0

N 1

m0

f m cos

2km
N

k 1, 2,

148

, n 1.

(3.6)

VI.3.

bk
an

N 1

m 1

N 1

f m sin

(1)

m0

2km
N

k 1, 2,

, n 1.

fm ,

10. (
). fi: i = 1, , N, L f(x) N = 2n xi:
i = 1, , N, [a, b], b a = L, f(a) = f1 = fN = f(b).

2 ( x a )
2 ( x a )

N 1
, sin
, f f k lk ( x ),
Qn cos
L
L

k 0

lk ( x )

sin

( x x1 a )

L
( xk x1 a )
sin
L

sin

( x xi a )

( x x N 1 a )

sin

L
( xk xi a )
sin
L

(3.7)

L
( xk xN 1 a )
sin
L

(3.8)

, i = k,
lk(xk) = 1.
, xm.
-, N
2x
2x

R N ( x, f ) f ( x) Q cos
, sin
, f
L
L

, f (x) , f (x), . . (r + 1) :
ln N

max | RN ( x) | O M r 1 r ,
N
x

M r 1 max
x

d r 1 f ( x)
dx r 1

(3.9)

-, fm
.

149

VI.

, , , .

VI.3.1.
fm . f = [fm] f + f = {fm + fm}.
2x
2x

Qn Qn cos
, sin
, f ,
L
L

(3.10)

, , f Ln, (. 2.16):

max | Qn | Ln max | f m | .
x

(3.11)

11. Ln 2n.

n.
VI.4. -
,
( . ),
, ,
, ,
.
. - .
f (x) .
, 150

VI.4.1. .
-

, , , , . .
-,
- . .
, ,
, . ( -) .

VI.4.1. .
-
f (x) [0, ]
xk = k/n, k = 0, 1, , n.
f (x0), f (x1), , f (xn) f (x) ,
xk, k = 1, , n, . . .
, ,
x xk, k = 0, 1, , n,
.
f (x) ,
s + 1,

max | f ( s 1) ( x) | M s const.

(4.1)

f ( I) ( x )

sin nx
n s 1

f (II) ( x)

sin nx
n s 1

(4.2)

f(I)(xk) = f(II)(xk), k = 0, 1, , n, ( ).
hs + 1:
max | f (I)( x) f (II)( x) | 2 max
x

sin nx

s 1

2h s 1 .

(4.3)

, s + 1 ,
, ,
O(hs + 1). .
151

VI.

VI.4.2. ()
-
f (x) [a, b],
f(xk) xk, k = 0, 1, , n; h = (b a)/n.
- s ( Ps(x, fkj) xk x xk+1)
, [a, b] f (s+1)(x),
O(hs+1).
f (x) ,
q, q < s, O(hq+1). ,
Ps(x, fkj) O(hq+1) .
f (x) q + 1, q > s,
Ps(x, fkj) O(hs+1), . .
, s + 1 , f (x). -
().

VI.4.3. -
.
xk x xk+1, k = 0, 1,, n 1,
P3(x, k) , a x b -
s = 2.

. , ,
, , , . , .
1 .
, 4n . 2n ,

2(n 1) , 4n 2 4n .
.
:
152

VI.4.3. -

1) ,
, ,
:
d 2 P3 ( x, 0)
dx2

d 2 P3 ( x, n)
dx2

0;

(4.4)

2)
d 3P3 ( x, 0)
dx3

d 3c0

,
dx3

d 3P3 ( x, n)
dx3

d 3cn
.
dx3

(4.5)

c0(x), cn(x) ,

;
3) , ;
4) ,
.

12. S(x)
1, (4.44.5),
.
xn xn - 1 = hn 1, xn + 1 xn = hn. mn
xn ( !).
[xn, xn + 1] -

S xx

1
hn

mn

( xn1 x) mn1 ( x xn ) .

, . , [ xn , xn 1 ]
S x

1
hn

( xn1 x)2
( x xn )2
mn
mn 1
2
2

An .

An .
,

153

VI.

S ( x)

1
6hn

mn ( xn1 x)3 mn1( x xn )3 An x Bn .

An + Bn = (n - n)x + nxn+1 - nxn,

An, Bn , .

S ( x)

1
6hn

mn ( xn1 x)3 mn1( x xn )3

n ( xn 1 x) n ( x xn ).

S(xn) = fn, S(xn + 1) = fn + 1

f
m h
m h2
f n n n n hn n n n n .
6
hn
6
f n 1

f
m h
mn 1hn2
n hn n n 1 n 1 n .
hn
6
6

f
f
(m
mn )hn
An n1 n n1
.
hn
6
, , Sx'(xn + 0) = Sx'(xn - 0), :
mn hn 1 mn 1hn 1 f n f n 1 (mn mn 1 )hn 1

2
2
hn 1
6

mn 1hn mn hn f n 1 f n (mn 1 mn )hn

.
2
2
hn
6

(4.6)

. m0 mN 0.
mn
. , ,
, , , . , . , 154

VI.5. -

.
.
mi .
13. S3(x) 1, a = < x0 < x1 < < xn = b
[a, b] f (x).
n c 0 : x [a, b]
f ( x) S3 ( x) c4 ,

max hi .

i 0,...,n 1

VI.5. -
VI.5.1.
,
. ,
.
f (x1), , f (xn) f(x)
R( x)

a0 a1 x ... a p x p
b0 b1 x ... bq x q

, n p q 1.

(5.1)

ai, bi
R(xj) = f (xj), j = 1,...,n,
p

k 0

k 0

ak xkj f ( x j ) bk xkj 0,

j 1,..., n.

(5.2)

(5.2) n
n + 1 . , ..
.
R(x) , n p = q n p = q + 1.
:
n R1,0 = 0 R2,1 = 0

Rn,n 1 = 0,
155

VI.

n R1,1 = f1 R2,2 = f2

Rn,n = fn.

Ri,k Ri 1,k

Ri 1,k Ri ,k 1
x xi

x xk

Ri 1,k Ri ,k 1

1
1
Ri 1,k Ri 1,k 1

(5.3)

R1,2, R2,3

n 1 R1,2, R2,3

Rn 1,n,

Rn 1,n

R1,n

R2,n,

R1,n,

.
(5.3)
, , x = xk (5.3)
.
,
R1,n R1,n 1 R2,n .
.
f(x) = arctg x 0 x < .
f (+) = / 2. , (5.10) p = q.
, x 0 f(x) x x.
,
f (x), :
f 2(x) = arctg2 x Pp(x2) / Qp(x2).

a0 = 0, a1/b0 = 1,

ap = (/2)2, bp = 1.

2p 2 . [0, +]. p = 1
,

156

VI.5.2.

arctg x

1 (2 x / )2

12%.
(
).

VI.5.2.

f ( z ) ck z k ,

(5.3)

k 0

f (z).

L / M

a0 a1 z ... aL z L
b0 b1 z ... bM z M

(5.4)

( ) (5.3) , . , L + M + 2 . b0 = 1. L + M + 1 .
, [L / M] 1, z, z2,..., zL + M
(5.3). ,

a a z ... aL z L

ck z k 10 b z1 ... b

k 0

Mz

O( z L M 1 ).

(5.5)

(5.3) f (z) | z | < R, 0 R , (5.4) .

. , , .

157

VI.

f ( z)

1 z / 2
3
39
1 z z 2 ...
1 2z
4
32

(5.6)

[1 / 1] (5.5):

a0 a1 z
3
39
1 z z 2 O( z 3 ) ,
1 b1 z
4
32
, ,
39 2
3
a0 a1 z O( z 3 ) (1 b1 z ) 1 z
z .
32
4

z,
-.
z2 ,
b1= 13/8. a0 = 1. , ,
z a1 = 7/8. ,

1/ 1

1 7z / 8
.
1 13z / 8

. 6.1 f (z),
[1 / 1](z) z 0 . ,
7
f () 0.5, 1/1 () 0.54...
13

. 6.1. (5.6),
[1 / 1]

158

VI.6.

, , .
1 - , ,
.
exp(z)
L

1 .
2

1
1

1 z
1

1 z z2 / 2
1

1
1 z

1 z / 2
1 z / 2

1 2z / 3 z2 / 6
1 z / 3

1 z / 3
2

1 z z / 2

1 2z / 3 z / 6

1 z / 2 z 2 /12
1 z / 2 z 2 /12

VI.6.
VI.6.1.
.
. [xk, xk+1]
S3 ( x, k ) ak bk ( x xk ) ck ( x xk )2 dk ( x xk )3 .

4n , n
, [a, b].
[xk, xk+1]
h k = xk + 1 xk

ak = f(xk), k = 0,1,, n 1,
2

(6.1)

ak + bkhk + ckhk + dkhk = f(xk + 1), k = 0,1,, n 1 .

(6.2)

xk

159

VI.

bk 1 + 2ck 1hk 1 + dk 1h2k 1 = bk, k = 1,2,, n 1.

(6.3)

2ck 1+ 6dk 1hk 1= 2ck ,

k = 1,, n 1.

(6.4)

2c0 = 0,

(6.5)

2cn 1 + 6dn 1hn 1 = 0.

(6.6)

n- , cn, ,
cn = 0,

(6.7)

(6.6) (6.4).
(6.4)
dk = (ck + 1 ck) / (3hk).

(6.8)

(6.8) (6.1) (6.2)

f(xk) + bkhk + ckhk2 + hk3(ck + 1 ck) / (3hk) = f(xk + 1),
bk = (fk + 1 fk) / hk hk (ck + 1 + 2ck) / 3.

(6.9)

(6.3) (6.9)
,
ck:
hk 1 ck 1 + 2(hk 1+ hk) ck + hk ck + 1 =
= 3 ((fk + 1 fk) / hk (fk fk 1) / hk + 1).

(6.10)

(6.5) (6.7), .

. ck
(6.1), (6.9), (6.8).
VI.6.2. (. . )
10 . .
t,
C,
/

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

700

370

160

130

220

220

220

160

VI.6.

. ,
.

. tn = 15 + n, = 10, n = 0, 1, , 6
:
N
C
(C)n = Cn Cn-1
(2C)n = (C)n+1 (C)n
(3C)n = (2C)n+1 (2C)n

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
700 370 160 130 220 220 220
330 210 30 90 0
0
120 180 120 90 0
60 60 210 90

.
( , ,
).
. ,
. .

Stt(t ) mn (tn 1 t ) mn 1 (t tn ), t [tn , tn 1 ]

:
Stt(t0 ) Stt(t6 ) 0 .

mn

m0 m6 0,
mn 1 4mn mn 1
n 1,

6
6
(Cn 1 2Cn Cn 1 ) 2 ( 2C )n ,
2

, 5.

m0 m6 0,
4m1 m2 7, 2,
m1 4m2 m3 10,8,

161

VI.

m2 4m3 m4 7, 2,

m3 4m4 m5 5,4,
m4 4m5 0.

,
m0 m6 0, m1
m2

1
m2 1,8,
4

4
4
m3 (10,8 1,8),
15
15

52
4
26
m3 7, 2 (9 5, 4)
3, 6,
15
15
15
m4

1
4
4
m5 (5, 4), m5 m4 .
4
15
15

,
0
0

mn

1
1,32

2
1,92

3
1,8

4
5
1,92 0,48

6
0

C
700
370 160 130 220 220 220
330 210 30
90
0
0
(C )n Cn Cn 1
S(t), St(t ) . , Stt(t )
[t0, t3], mn 0 n = 0, 1, 2, 3. , St(t )
[t0, t3]. St(t3 ) St(t2 ) :
St(t3 )

m3 (t3 t2 )2 m2 (t3 t3 )2 C3 C2 m3 m2
( C )3 2m3 m2

,
2

St(t2 )

m3 (t2 t2 )2 m2 (t2 t3 )2 C3 C2 m3 m2
( C )3 m3 2m2

,
2

St(t3 )

30 36 19, 2

3 6 3, 2 6, 2 0 ,
10
6

162

VI.6.

30 18 38, 4

3 3 6, 4 12, 4 0 .
10
6

St(t2 )

, [t0, t2], St(t) ,

[t2, t3], . St(t) [t3, t4]:
St(t )

C C3 m4 m3
1
(m4 (t t3 )2 m3 (t t4 )2 ) 4

m (t t4 )2 m4 (t t3 )2
( C )4 m4 m3

6
2
1,8(t t4 )2 1,92(t t3 )2
1,92 100
15,2
15,2 9,6 5,6 0.
20
20

15,2

, [t3, t4] St(t) .

[t4, t5]:

St(t )

C C4 m5 m4
1
(m5 (t t4 )2 m4 (t5 t )2 ) 5

,
2
6

St(t5 )

C C4 m5 m4
1
(m5 (t5 t4 )2 m4 (t5 t5 )2 ) 5

2
6

4,8 19, 2 0, 48(t5 t4 )2 1,92(t5 t5 ) 2

6
20

4,8 19, 2 48

0 4 2, 4 1,6 0.
6
20

[t5, t6] Stt(t ) , , St(t) ,

St(t) > St(t5) > 11.4 > 0. , ( S(t)) [t2, t3], [t5, t6],
.
St(t) = 0.
C C2 m3 m2
1
(m3 (t t2 )2 m2 (t t3 )2 ) 3

0,
2

6
1
30 18 19, 2
(180 z 2 192( z 1) 2 )

0,
20
10
6

t t2

. ,

163

VI.

3z 2 96 z 62 0 .
, 0 z 1:

z 16

1
186
186
31
482 186 16 1 1 2 16
.
2
3
38
48
2 48

, t * t2 z t2
:
S (t * )

31
S(t).
38

1
C m
(m3 (t * t2 )3 m2 (t3 t * )3 ) 2 2 (t3 t * )
6
6

C m
3 3 (t * t2 )
6

m 2
m 2
2
(m3 z 3 m2 (1 z )3 ) C2 2 (1 z ) C3 3 z
6
6
6

1
31
17
180 192
6
48

48
3

192 17
180 31

160
130

6
48
6 48

6
1
178433 1319
(5 313 6 173 ) 128 17 3100

48
2304 8 12
483
9, 68 109,92 119, 6.

.
C C5 m6 m5
1
(m6 (t t5 )2 m5 (t t6 )2 ) 6

0,
2

1
4,8
( 48( z 1)2 ) 0
0,
20
6

z 1 10 3. :
S (t ** )

1
C m
C
m5 (t6 t * )3 5 5 (t6 t * ) 6 (t * t5 )
6
6

164

VI.7.
3

4,8 0, 48 10 10
220

209.
6
60 3

: 119,6 /.

VI.6.3. - f (x) = tg x 0 x < /2.

. x = /2,
f (x) (/2 1) 1; x 0 f (x) x x. . 5.1 f 2(x).
f 2 ( x) tg 2 ( x)

x2

1 4 x

Pp ( x 2 )

2
2
/ 2 Qq ( x )

p q 1.

Pp (0)
Qq (0)

Pp (2 / 4)

1,

Qq ( / 4)

64
.
4

,
P1 ( x 2 ) 1 4 / 2 256 / 6 x 2 , Q0 ( x 2 ) 1.

0,2% .

VI.7.
VI.7.1. ,
n + 1

n

Pn ( x, f ) ak Tk ( x),
k 0

a0

n 1

m0

f mT0 ( xm ),

ak

n 1

n + 1 .

165

m0

f mTk ( xm ) .

VI.

VI.7.2. ,
n

Pn ( x, f ) ak Tk ( x),
k 0

a0
ak
an

1
2n
1
n
1
n

( f0 f n )

n 1

n
m 1

( f 0 (1) k f n )
( f 0 (1) n f n )

f mT0 ( xm ),
n 1

n
m 1

n 1

n
m 1

f mTk ( xm ),
f m (1) m Tn ( xm ).

n + 1 .
VI.7.3. , c, ,
x .
VI.7.4. f (x) h x k = 0, 1, 2, :

0 f x f x ,
k f x k 1 f x h k 1 f x , k = 1, 2,
,
f x f x h f x ,

2 f x f x 2h 2 f x h f x ,
.........
k

k f x 1
j 0

k j

Ckj f x jh

166

VI.7.

VI.7.5. f (x) n. , k f (x) k n n k. ,

n = k n f (x) = const.
. 0 f (x) = f (x), k f (x) = k1 f (x + h) k1 f (x), k = 1, 2, ...
VI.7.6. n h f(x) 1 n

,
f x .
hn
P2(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + + an n
d n Pn x
1
n: n n Pn x
a0 n ! .,,
h
dx n
VI.7.7. n- f (x0,x1,,xn) = 0
a = x0 < x1 < < xn = b. , f (x) [a, b]
n.
VI.7.8. ,
n- f(x0,x1,,xn)
n
f ( xk )
.
f ( x0 ,x1 ,..., xn )=
k 0 ( xk x j )
j k

VI.7.9. e [0, 1] 3 :
2k 1 , k = 14.
1 1
xk cos
2 2
8
, 103.
x

VI.7.10. n- x = (a + b)/2

n 1

Pn 1 ( x)

k 0

f ( k ) ( a b) / 2
k!

x ( a b) / 2 k .

, 2(n 1) (?) .
VI.7.11. ,
n+1(x) = (x x0)( x x1)... ( x xn),
167

VI.

n 1 ( x) n!hn 1 , h ( xn x0 ) / n .

VI.7.12. , f [a, b] ( f

,
),
q > 0 A(q) > 0, , ||f (x) Pn(x0,,xn,f)|| Aqn.
.
f (n+1)().
VI.7.13. , [1, 1] 1
, R( x)
,
1 25 x 2
.

. ,

.

[0, 2]?

?
VI.7.14. ,
,
.
VI.7.15. , ,
, .

VI.8.
VI.8.1.
y = f (x),
10 3:
) f (x) = sin x, ) f (x) = ln x, x 1, ) f (x) = e x, 0 x 1?
VI.8.2.
y = f (x), 10 3
) f (x)=sin x;

) f (x) = ln x, x 1

) f (x) = e x, 0 x 1?
168

VI.8.

.
VI.8.3. sin5o sin 0o, sin 30o, sin 45o, sin 60o, : ) , ) , ) ?
VI.8.4.

T2(x) = a0 + a1 cosx + b1 sinx + a2 cos2x + b2 sin2x,

T2(0) = 0, T2(/4) = 1, T2(/2) = 1, T2(3/4) = 1, T2() = 1.
VI.8.5. xi a b a i 1 ,

i = 1 n. ||n(x)||

n 1

n = 2, 3, 4.
n

: x x xi .
i 1

VI.8.6.
f (x) = sin x [0, 1], h = 0.1
?
VI.8.7. 1200,
f x 3 x x0=103, x1=113=1331,
x2=123=1728?
VI.8.8. e x L2(x), x0 = 0.0,
x1 = 0.1, x2 = 0.2 ) x = 0.05, ) x = 0.15.
1
[4,1]
A2 x
x0 = 4, x1 = 3, x2 = 2, x3 = 1. A
10 5?

VI.8.9. f x

VI.8.10. y = sin x x0 < x1 < x2 < < xn,

maxj(xj+1 xj) = h = const.
) h sin x
104 ?
) .

169

VI.

) , , .. 2 104?
, xj+1 xj = h
.
VI.8.11.
x
sin(x)

0
0

/6
0.5

/4
0.71

/3
0.87

x = /5,
, ,
102?
VI.8.12.
x
cos(x)

0
1

/6
0.87

/4
0.71

/3
0.5

x = /5,
, ,
102?
VI.8.13.
x
sin(x)

0
0

/6
0.5

/4
0.71

/3
0.87

x = 7/24,
, ,
102?
VI.8.14.
x
cos(x)

0
1

/6
0.87

/4
0.71

/3
0.5

x = 7/24,
, ,
102?
VI.8.15. f (t) t1, t2, t3.

()
F(t) = (a0 + a1t)/(d0 + t), f (ti) = F(ti), i = 1, 2, 3.

170

VI.8.

VI.8.16. f (t0), f (t1) f '(t0), f '(t1) : t0, t1.

3

) p3 t ai t i , 0

: f (t0) = p(t0), f '(t0) = p'(t0), f (t1) = p(t1), f '(t1) = p'(t1),

) ?
VI.8.17. ). L, M, N: {1, 1}, {3, 3} {2, 4}
fi = f (xi, yi), i = 1, 2, 3 ( ).
- F(x, y) ,
.
). F(t),
f (t) = {fn,m, fn + 1,m, fn,m + 1, fn + 1,m + 1}
{xn, ym}, {xn + 1, ym},
{xn, ym + 1}, {xn + 1, ym + 1}?
VI.8.18.
) f (x) = x exp( x);
) f (x) = x2 exp( x);
) f (x) = x2 exp( x2).
VI.8.19.
W ( x1 , x2 ,

1
1
1

, x2n 1 )

sin x1
sin x2

cos x1
cos x2

sin 2 x1
sin 2 x2

cos 2 x1
cos 2 x2

cos nx1
cos nx2

sin x2 n 1 cos x2 n 1 sin 2 x2 n 1 cos 2 x2 n 1

cos nx2 n 1

. eix = cos x + isin x.

: W ( x1 , x2 , , x2 n 1 ) 22 n

sin

x j xi

2
VI.8.19.
t [t0, tN]? .
t [tN, tN + ], t [tN + , tN + 2], t [tN + 2, tN + 3]..
: t tN , tN RN (t ) N 1 max f ( N 1) () ,
1 i j 2 n 1

[ t0 , tN ]

171

VI.

t tN , tN 2 RN (t ) ( N 2) N 1
t tN 2, t 3 RN (t )

max

[t0 , tN 2]

( N 2)( N 3)
2!

N 1

f ( N 1) () ,
max

[t0 , t N 3]

f ( N 1) () .

VI.9.
VI.9.1.
, . .
)
)

)
)
)
)

x2 ln x 4 0

x
f(x)

x1=1.5
1.345

x2=1.6
0.970

x3=1.9
0.252

x4=2
0.693

ex
0
2

x
f(x)

x1=0.2
0.029

x2=0.25
0.080

x3=0.27
0.122

x4=0.3
0.185

( x 1)2

x1=0
1

x
f(x)

4 x cos x 0

4 x2 e x 0

x
f(x)

x2=0.1
0. 595

x1=0.5
0.288

x3=0.3
0.245

x2=0.6
0.086

x4=0.5
1.122

x3=0.7
0.135

x cos x 0

x
f(x)

x1=0.5
0.378

x2=0.6
0.225

x3=0.8
0.103

x2 sin x 0

x
f(x)

x1=0.5
0.229

x2=0.6
0.205

x3=0.8
0.077

x4=0.8
0.392

x4=1
0.460
x4=1
0.159

: ) x = 1.850; ) x = 0.213; ) x = 0.243; ) x = 0.651; ) x = 0.731;

) x = 0.877.
VI.9.2. , , , .
a)
x1=0
x2=1
x3=3
x4=4
x5=5
f (5) ? x
f(x)
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1

172

VI.9.

b)
f (0.3) ?
c)
f (3.) ?
d)
f (2.) ?
e)
f (3.) ?

x1=0
5

x2=0.1
2.5

x3=0.2
3

x4=0.3
2.5

x5=0.4
0.2

x
f(x)

x1=0.
4

x2=1.
2.5

x3=2.
1

x4=3.
1

x5=4.
2

x
f(x)

x1=0.
1

x2=1.
0.5

x3=2.
0.3

x4=5.
0.2

x5=7.
0.1

x
f(x)

x
x1=0.
x2=2.
x3=3.
x4=5.
x5=7.
f(x)
1
0
2
3
5
: a) f (5) 0.085 , b) f (0.3) 58. , c) f (3) 23/12 1.9 ,
d) f (2) 2.18 , e) f (3) 1.6 .
VI.9.3. y(x)
3
7

x
y

0
2

1
4

5
7

x, y(x) = 1.
VI.9.4. y(x)
x
y

5
22

3
4

2
6

6
50

x, y(x) = 10.

[2, 5]

-
x 3,5
y ( x)
x 3 3,5
.
.
VI.9.5.

[2, 5]

-
x 3,5
y ( x)
x 3 3,5

. .

VI.9.6.

173

VI.

VI.9.7. f (x) = arcos(x)

4 .
?
VI.9.8. , ,
0
1

x
f

1/4
0

1/6
2

1/2
5

1
1

5/4
0

7/6
2

3/2
5

VI.9.9. T = 1, ,
1/8
1

x
f

1/6
2

1/3
2

VI.9.10. f(x) = arcsin(x)

5 .
?
VI.9.11. ,
3
0,25

x
f

4
0,2

5
0,1

f (x) = 0
. . .
VI.9.12. .
, :
)

x
f (x)

0.1
0.9

0.2
0.6

0.3
0.3

0.4
0.6

x
f (x)

1
0.3

0
0.1

1
0.1

2
0.2

. .
VI.9.13. , x = 1
1. x = 2 0, 3.
[1, 2].

174

VI.9.

VI.9.14. , x = 1
1. x = 0 5, 3.
[0, 1].
VI.9.15. sin(x), 0; /6, /4, /3,
/2, ,
sin 20 c = 102,
.
VI.9.16. 3x3 a2x2 + a1x + a0 , [0,2].
VI.9.17. y(x). , ,
P4(x) = a0x4 + a1x3 + a4:
)

x
y

3
16

2
7

1
4

0
1

x
y

1
7

2
19

0
3

2
5

VI.9.18. y = f (x)
1
3

x
y

2
7

3
13

4
21

5
31

6
43

7
57

f (x), , x:
) x = 2.1; ) x = 2.9; ) x = 3.1; ) x = 3.8; ) x = 5.8.
VI.9.19. Tn + 1(x), .. xk = cos(( + 2k)/(2n + 2)), k = 0, 1, 2, , n.
)
x
y

x0
y0

x1
y1

xn 1
yn 1

xn
yn
n

Pn(x) Pn ( x) ck Tk ( x) ,
.. ck.

175

k 0

VI.

n

) Pn ( x) ck Tk ( x)
Pn(x) = a0xn + a1xn 1+ an n = 2
x
y

x0
2

x1
1

k 0

x2
3

(. ): T0(x) = 1;
T1(x) = x;
Ti + 1(x) = 2x Ti(x) Ti 1(x),
i = 1,2,
Tk(x), k = 1, 2, , n, , x0, x1, , xn
Tn + 1(x).
VI.9.20. xk = k / (n + 1), k = 1, 2, , n, 1 y = f (x).
1 f(x) . ?
VI.9.21. y = f (x)
0.2050
0.20792

x
y

0.2052
0.20813

0.2065
0.20896

0.2069
0.20990

0.2075
0.21053

f (0.2062), ,
.
?
,
f ( n 1) ( )
Rn ( x)
( x x0 )( x x1 )...( x xn )
(n 1)!
max f ( k ) ( x) k ! max f ( x j , x j 1 ,..., x j k 1 ) ,
x

xj

f (xj, xj+1, , xj+k+1) k.

VI.9.22.
5 , .
t
A

7
83.7

12
72.9

17
63.2

22
54.7

27
47.5

32
41.4

27
36.3

25
.

176

VI.9.

. . -

, . .
VI.9.23.
1
6

x
y

2
1

2.5
15.6

3
16

x, y = 0.
VI.9.24. y = sh x
2.2
4.457

x
y

2.4
5.466

2.6
6.695

2.8
8.198

3.0
10.019

x, sh x = 5.
VI.9.25. y = lg x,
x
y

20
1.3010

25
1.3979

30
1.4771

x, lg x = 1.35.
VI.9.26. z7 + 28z4 480 = 0
.
. y = z7 + 28z4 480 z = 1.90, 1.91, 1.92,
1.93, 1.94. , 1.92 1.93.
VI.9.27. (D)
20 25 .
22.7 .
t
D

20 oC
0.998230

21 oC
0.998019

22 oC
0.997797

23 oC
0.997565

24 oC
0.997323

25 oC
0.997071

: , ,

. , .
VI.9.28. f (x) . , ,
x = x0 x = x4. x*. -

177

VI.

x4

f ( x) sin100 pxdx .

x0

) x*=1.5
x0 = 0
0.00000

x1 = 1
0.50000

x2 = 2
0.86603

x3 = 3
1.00000

x4 = 4
0.86603

x1=0.5
0.69315

x2=0.9
0.10536

x3=1.3
0.26236

x4=1.7
0.53063

x1 = 1.7
1.3038

x2 = 3.4
1.8439

x3 = 5.1
2.2583

x4 = 6.8
2.6077

) x*=0.8
x0=0.1
2.3026
) x*=3.0
x0 = 0
0.00000
) x*=0.1
x0 = 0.4
1.9823

x1 = 0.1
1.6710

x2 = 0.2
1.3694

x3 = 0.5
1.0472

x4 = 0.8
0.64350

) x*=1.5
x0 = 0
1.00000

x1 = 1
1.5403

x2 = 2.0
1.5839

x3 = 3.0
2.0100

x4 = 4.0
3.3464

) [1,2] a = 0.5 b = 0.451808 c = 0.0722874 d = 0.134956

f(x*) = 0.706145.
) [0.5,0.9]
a = 0.693147
b = 2.72502
c = 4.86964
d = 4.32685 f(x*) = 0.197082.
) [1.7,3.4]
a = 1.30384
b = 0.535474 c = 0.204257
d = 0.0447927 f(x*) = 1.75317.
) [0.1,0.2] a = 1.67096
b = 1.02012 c = 0885522
d=
0.128102 f(x*) = 1.46946.
) [1.,2.]
a = 1.54030
b = 0.252035
c = 0.432401
d = 0.223917 f(x*) = 1.58621.
VI.9.29. (. . )
10 178

VI.9.

. .
t,
C,/

10
10

20
340

30
550

40
580

50
490

60
490

70
490

. ,
.
VI.9.30. (. . )
2 . .
t,
T,

5
296

7
520

9
744

11
982

13
1248

15
1570

17
2256

19
2256

21
2256

t*, dT/dt .
VI.9.31. (. . ) .
.
t, 1
1,5
2,0
2,3
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
T, 37,3 37,58 37,86 38,21 38,70 39,26 40,17 40,17 40,17
t*, dT/dt .
VI.9.32. :
1910 92 228 496 ,
1920 106 021 537,
1930 123 202 624,
1940 132 164 569,
1950 151 325 798,
1960 179 323 175,
1970 203 211 926,
1980 226 545 805,
1990 248 709 873,
2000 281 421 906.
) .
2010 308 745 538 .
179

VI.

) -, 2010 , .
?
) ?

VI.10.
. [2, 7, 21].
[31, 32]. .
[33], VI.7.12.
-.
. [22]. - . [34].

180

VII.

-.

( , ,
).
,
. (
).
. .
,
. , .

VII.1.
)

(-

f ( x)dx.

(1.1)

[a,b]:
a = x0 < x1< <xn = b.

(1.2)

n1

(x

k 1

xk ) f ( k ), xk k xk 1 .

(1.3)

k 0

k ,
(xk + 1 - xk) .
181

VII.

(3) , f (x) (.. ). ,

k = 0.5(xk + 1 + xk),
(3)
. (3)
.
(1)
, -
(1):

n1

2 ( f (x
hk

k 1 )

f ( xk )), hk xk 1 xk .

(1.4)

k 0

xi, xi +1/2, xi +1
f(x) P2(x) = f(xk) + f(xk, xk + 1)(x - xk) +
+ f(xk, xk + 1, xk + 1/2) (x - xk) (x - xk+1),

(1.5)

n1

6 ( f (x
hk

k 1 ) 4 f

( xk 1/ 2 ) f ( xk )), hk xk 1 xk .

(1.6)

k 0

[ n / 2]

h2k
( f ( x2k ) 4 f ( x2k 1 ) f ( x2k 2 )).
3
k 0

(1.7)

,
, (1.1) 3/8:

182

VII.1.1.
n 1

hk
(1.8)
f ( xk ) 3 f ( xk 1/3 ) 3 f ( xk 2/3 ) f ( xk 1 ) .
i 0 8

. , , .. .
: . , . ,
I

lim nk ,

(1.9)

k 0

k 0

nk

ba .

(1.10)

nk ,
f (x) n.
.

VII.1.1.

.
1.
:
xk 1

max

xk x xk 1

f ' ( x)

xk

dx

1
max f ' ( x) ( xk 1 xk ) 2
x

2 k x xk 1

1
max f ' ( x) hk2 ,
x

2 k x xk 1

(1.11)

hk b a :
k

183

VII.

1
max f ' ( x) (b a)h .
2a xb

(1.12)

, ,
.
,

1
k
max f ' ' ( x)
2 xk x xk 1

xk 1

(x x

k 1/ 2 )

dx

xk

1
max f ' ' ( x) hk3 ,
24 xk x xk 1

(1.13)

1
max f ' ' ( x) (b a)h 2 .
24 a x b

(1.14)

2.

:

1
max f ' ' ( x)
2 xk x xk 1

xk 1

( x x )( x x
k

xk

k 1 )

dx

1
max f ' ' ( x) hk3 .
12 xk x xk 1

(1.15)

1
max f ' ' ( x) (b a)h 2 .
12 a x b

(1.16)

,
,
.
3. ,
, ,
,
(5), , , :
184

VII.1.1.

P3(x) = P2(x) + f (xk, xk + 1, xk + 1/2)(x - xk)(x - xk + 1)(x - xk + 1/2),

(1.17)

f ( xk , xk 1 , xk 1/ 2 , xk 1/ 2 ) lim f ( xk , xk 1 , xk 1/ 2 , xk 1/ 2 ).
0

.
P2(x)
,
[xk, xk + 1] ,
:

1
k
max f IV ( x)
24 xk x xk 1

xk 1

( x x )( x x
k

k 1 / 2 )

( x xk 1 ) dx

(1.18)

xk

1
max f IV ( x) hk5
x

2880 k x xk 1

ba
max f IV ( x) h 4 .
2880 xk x xk 1

(1.19)

, (7) :

ba
max f IV ( x) h 4 .
180 xk x xk 1

(1.20)

4. 3/8
, , ,
.
:

ba
max f IV ( x) h 4 .
6480 xk x xk 1

(1.21)

185

VII.

VII.1.2. ,


[xk h, xk + h] , ,

I kII yk 2h ,
I kT (2h)

(1.22)

1
( yk 1 yk 1 ) 2h ( yk 1 yk 1 ) h ,
2

(1.23)

I kT (h )

h
( y 2 y k y k 1 ) ,
2 k 1

(1.24)

I kC (h)

h
( yk 1 4 yk yk 1 ) .
3

(1.25)

(1.22) (1.23) (1.24), ..

1
(1.26)
I kT (h) I k (2h) I kT (2h) .
2
, (1.22) (1.23)
1
(1.27)
I kC (h) 2 I k (2h) I kT (2h) .
3
, :
1
(1.28)
I kC (h) I kT (h) I kT (h) I kT (2h) .
3
.

VII.2. . .
I
p-
I p . p ,
c,
I I p (h) c h p .
(2.1)

p
(2.2)
I I p (h / 2) c1 h / 2 .
186

VII.3.

h c c1 (
O(h) ),
I p (h) c h p I p (h / 2) c1 h / 2 I p (h / 2) c h / 2 .
p

c c1 I p (h / 2) I p (h)

h / 2

:
I I p (h / 2) I p (h / 2) I p (h) 2 p 1 .

(2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)

(2.5) :
1) ( ):
(2.6)
I I p (h / 2) I p (h / 2) I p (h) 2 p 1 .
,

2 p I p (h / 2) I p (h) I p (h) I p (2h) 1 0.1

(2.7)

2) ( ):
(2.8)
I I p (h / 2) I p (h / 2) I p (h) 2 p 1 O(h p 1 ) .
(. (1.28)), , , ,
.
.
,
:
(2.9)
I I 4 (h / 2) I 4 (h / 2) I 4 (h) 15 O(h6 ) .
,
.
. ,
h,
h2.

VII.3.
, :

187

VII.

. ,
xk
ck, 2n
1

f ( x)dx ci f ( xi )

(3.1)

i 1

. ,
.

. (38)
qn(x): qn(xi) = 0, i = 1, , n,
li(x) n 1,
1
( x x1 )( x x2 )...( x xi 1 )( x xi 1 )...( x xn )
ci
dx ,
(3.2)
( xi x1 )( xi x2 )...( xi xi 1 )( xi xi 1 )...( xi xn )
1
(38) f (x) 2n 1.

:

n 2, x1 3 / 3, x2 3 / 3, c1 c2 1;
n 3, x1 x3 3 / 5, x2 0, c1 c3 5 / 9, c2 8 / 9,
n 4, x1 x4 0.861136, x2 x3 0.339981,
c1 c4 0.347855, c2 c3 0.652145.
[a,b]
:
ba ba
(3.3)
t [1,1] x

t , x [ a, b] .
2
2


(b a) 2 n 1 (n !) 4 (2 n )
rn
f ( ), [a, b] .
(3.4)
(2n 1)[(2n)!]3

[1,1]:
188

VII.3.1.

1 (4)
1
f ( ), r3
f (6) ( ),
135
15750
(3.5)
2
13
r4
f (8) ( ), r5
f (10) ( ),...
3472875
1237732650
.
r2

VII.3.1.

b

p(x):

f ( x) p( x)dx . a

f ( x) p( x)dx ci f ( xi ) .

(3.6)

i 1

. (3.6)
2n 1, xi
Qn(x) , (a, b) p(x),

1
( x x1 )( x x2 )...( x xi 1 )( x xi 1 )...( x xn )
ci
p( x)dx .
(3.7)
(
x
i x1 )( xi x2 )...( xi xi 1 )( xi xi 1 )...( xi xn )
1
VII.4.
:
b

f ( x)dx,

f ( x) x a ( );

(4.1)

f ( x)dx, ( ).

(4.2)

. , ,
: t = 1/x.
.

189

VII.

,
(
x = a ).
,
,
( ).
, ,
1

cos x

dx.

) .
x = t2
1

I 2 cos t 2 dt ,
0

.
) ( ) :
1

cos x
x

dx 2 x cos x

1
0

x sin x dx.

, , x = 0
. , ,
.
) ,
.
:

I I1 I 2 , I1

cos x
x

dx, I 2

190

cos x
x

dx.

VII.4.

. .
,
(x = 0) x,
cos x :
1 x 2 x 4 (1)m x 2 m

I1

2!

4!

( 2m)!

1 2 9 / 2 (1) m
4! 9

dx 2 1 2 5 / 2
2! 5

1
1
2m1/ 2 .
(2m)! 2m1 2

,
. .
, m . ,
I1 , .
, ( m)
:
1
1
2m1/ 2
(2m)! 2m1/ 2
2

(4.3)

(/2 I2).
, (m )
, (4.3).
.
<< 1,
,
I2, hp ( p )
[, 1] p- ,
x = (p + 0.5).
, I2
f (x) ( ), ( ). f () -

191

VII.

( f () ~ 1 /

||

), f ()
.
,
(, = 0.1), m (4.3).
. ,
,
.
(4.3) .
.
( ),
. .
:
1

f (t )

dt ,

f (t) . ,
1

f (t )
dt f (t ) (t ) t 1/2dt (t )t 1/2dt .
t
0
0

(t) , . , .
, (t)
f (t) t = 0.
1

f (t ) f (0) tf '(0)

dt f (0)

dt f '(0) tdt.
0

, f (t) = cos t,
1

1/2
1/2
(cos t 1)t dt t dt.

192

VII.5.

2, : 0.5, 1.807967, 0.25,

1.808850. . ,
( ).
:

e x dx.

, , .
.
, . :
I = I1 + I2, I1 [a, A]; I2
[A, ]. I1 A .
A ,
, . . , |I2| / 2.
, , A 1

e x dx

2
2
x e x dx 1 e A ,

,
1 e A2 1 ,
2
2

| ln |.

VII.5.

.
1

sin kt dt

k, , k = 100.

193

VII.
1

f (t ) sin kt dt ,
0

f (t) ,
. ,
.
, , ,
: , .
,
, (
), (), .
:
f (t)
f *(t), , f *(t) sin kt .
,

f (t )sin kt dt f * (t )sin kt dt f (t ) f * (t ) sin kt dt.

. , , |f (t)
f *(t)| , .. , (
) ,

. .
, ,
. , , |f f *|
f. f (t) = e t .

VII.6.
VII.6.1. , f '' > 0 .

194

VII.7.

VII.6.2. , f '' > 0 .

VII.6.3. ,

b
b
1
ba
(
)
(
)
(
)
( x a)( x b) f ( x) dx.
f
x
dx

f
a

f
b

a
2
2 a
VII.6.4. , .
?
a

VII.6.5.

f ( x) p( x)dx

p(x)
xn 1 k xk , k 1,..., n . , ,
, : cn 1 k ck , k 1,..., n .
VII.6.6. , (2.8)
I p 1 I p (h / 2) ( I p (h / 2) I p (h)) / (2 p 1)
, .. Ip(h/2) Ip(h) Ip+1 Ip(h/2) Ip(h).
b

VII.6.7. Cq f (q) ( x) dx , q 4 . a

R4 ( f ) k Cq hq , k , h .

VII.7.
1

VII.7.1. I

0 1

x2

dx

,
:
x 0. 0.125
0.25
0.375
0.5 0.625
0.75
f(x) 1.0 0.984615 0.941176 0.876712 0.8 0.719101 0.64

195

0.875
1
0.566372 0.5

VII.

. . Ih = 0.784747, I2h = 0.782794.

,
I Ih

I h I 2h
22 1

0.784747 0.782794
0.000651 .
3

IR = 0.785398. , I = /4 = 0.785398,
.
1

VII.7.2. I

0 1 sin

x2

dx

, , .
.
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1
x 0. 0.125
f(x) 1.0 0.984616 0.941213 0.877068 0.801665 0.724235 0.652187 0.590671 0.543044

. Ih = 0.792891, I2h = 0.791647,

I Ih

I h I 2h
2

2 1

0.792891

0.792891 0.791647
0.793306 .
3

.


:
I xi , xi 1

xi 1

xi

f ( x ) dx

h
h2
f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) f ( xi 1 ) f ( xi ) O(h5 ).
2
12

196

VII.7.

h
h2
f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) f (b) f (a) O(h5 ),
12
i 0 2

I f ( x) dx
a

xi a (b a) i / N .
:

1
2 x cos x 2

,
f ( x)

2
(1 sin x 2 )2
1 sin x
f (0) = 0, f (1) = 0.318667,

I Ih

h2
(0.125)2
(0.318667 0) 0.793306 ,
f (1) f (0) 0.792891
12
12

, .

.
VII.7.3. .

1 x2

1.1 x dx

x 0.
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.625
0.75
0.875
1
f(x) 0.909091 1.007266 1.139113 1.278655 1.443376 1.643421 1.889822 2.151657 0.00

, ( x = 1/1.1)
. . ,
0.42
0.1
1
I ex 1.1 1
arctg
arctg
1.485130 .
0.21
0.21
0.21
Ih = 1.375982, I2h = 1.231714, 197

VII.

IS = IR = 1.424071. , ..
,
.
, .
.
h2,
, h, h2.


:
h2
(0.5) = 0.25

I
0.948961

(0.25)2 = 0.0625

1.231714

(0.125)2 = 0.015625

1.375982

1.508016
3.0777173

6.697392

I = 1.430612,
(3,67%).

:
h2
(0.5) = 0.25

I
1.113765833

(0.25)2 = 0.0625

1.32596525

(0.125)2 = 0.015625

1.424072

1
1.131730222
2.092944

2
4.1011788

, ( ) I = 1.430612,

198

VII.7.

, .

( ) I = 1.460779,
(1,64%), .
, :
h2
(0.25)2 = 0.0625

I
1
2
3
1.32596525
2.092944
79.845679
(0.125)2 = 0.015625
1.424072
23.7507015
3.48458(6)
(0.0625)2 = 0.00390625 1.464907

I = 1.479968, 0,35%.
I = 1.480273,
0,33%. ,
1.36%.
, :
h2
(0.1) = 0.01

I
1.442913

(0.05)2 = 0.0025

1.470921

1
3.7344000
5.02613333

2
137.78488888

(0.025)2 = 0.000625 1.480345

I = 1.483702 (0,096%).
1

VII.7.4.

ln 1 x

/ 3 dx

= 103.
. :
1

ln 1 x 2 / 3 dx 2 ln 1 x 2 / 3 dx .

199

VII.

, .

f (x) = ln(1 + x2/3):

f ( x)

2x
3 x

x 3i x 3i
( x 3i)( x 3i)

1
x 3i

1
x 3i

x 3i ,
3
3
f ( x) 2 x 3i 2 x 3i ,
4
4
f ( x) 6 x 3i 6 x 3i ,
4
4 4
max f ( x) 6 3 6 3 ,
3
[0,1]
f ( x) x 3i

(3.4) (3.5)
1 1 (4)
1 4
(7.1)
r2 5
f ( )
3 104 .
4320 3
2 135
,
[0, 1]:
1

ln 1 x

/ 3 dx 2 c1 ln 1 x12 / 3 c2 ln 1 x22 / 3 .

(7.2)

c1 c2 [0, 1]:, x1 x2
.
[1, 1] c1 c2 1, t1 t2 3 3 . (3.3), :
c1 = c2 = 1/2, x1,2 = 1/2 3 /6. (7.2),
2
2

1
1 1 3
1
1 1 3
ln 1 x 2 / 3 dx 2 ln 1 ln 1
2 3 2 6 2 3 2 6
1

73

ln 1
0.2031928.
36
9

200

VII.7.

4
2 3
2ln 4
0.2029629 , ,
3
3
(7.1) .
VII.7.5.

1 x5 dx
0

= 104.

. :

1 x5
0

dx

1 x5

dx

1 x5 dx

(7.3)

M , (7.3) ,
, , .
. M
, :

x5 dx 4M 4 .

(7.4)

M , :

1 x

dx
5

dx
5

x5 (1 x5 ) dx

x10 dx 9 M 9 2 2 10

M 2.3534 .
M = 2.5, (7.3) (7.4)
0,0064.
(7.3), ,
, . [0,2.5]:
201

VII.

f ( x)

f ( x)

5x4
(1 x5 )2

f ( x)

30 x8 20 x3
(1 x5 )3

30 x 2 (7 x10 16 x5 2)
(1 x5 )3

8 50
, 7
f ( x) 3.5 . x1,2 5

,
1 2
1
1
h 2.5 0 3.5 104 ,
24
2
2

h < 0,012.
,
,
h = 0,01.

xk k h, k 0,..., 250 ,
2.5

1 x5
0

dx

249

249

k 0

k 0 1 ( xk

h / 2)5

h f ( xk h / 2) 0.01

VII.8.
VII.8.1. ,
.
VII.8.2.
b

k 1

p x f x dx ck f xk ,
f xk .
VII.8.3. (x,y), M, N, K
. ,
1
f ( x, y )dxdy SABC f (M ) f ( N ) f ( K )

3
ABC

f ( x, y) a11 x2 a12 xy a22 y 2 b1 x b2 y c .

202

VII.8.

VII.8.4.

n1 k
f I ( f ) f ( x) dx
b

In ( f )

n k 0 n
a

n 1.
1

VII.8.5.

f x dx

. N, 10-3 :
1) f C 1 ,

2) f L
1

f x dx 1 .
0

: 7.6.3.
VII.8.6. .
VII.8.7. ,
xk 1
h
h2
x f ( x) dx 2 f ( xk 1 ) f ( xk ) 12 f ( xk 1 ) f ( xk ) , h xk 1 xk
k
.

?
VII.8.8. N ,
10-4:
1

) I e x dx ,
2

sin x dx .
2

VII.8.9. 2

| x 1|( x 1)

dx .

VII.8.10. ,

203

VII.
1

1
1
f

3
1
.

f t dt f

VII.8.11. ,
1
3
f x
3
1 1 x2 dx 3 f 2 f 0 f 2

VII.8.12.
:
) I ( f )

f ( x )dx,

) I ( f )

/2

cos x f ( x )dx,

) I ( f ) sin x f ( x )dx,

1 x2

) I ( f ) exp( x) f ( x)dx ,
0

) I

exp( x

) f ( x) dx ,

f ( x)dx

/2

) I ( f )

1 x 2 f ( x) dx .

VII.8.13.
:

p( x) f ( x) dx , p(x) 0

) p(x) = x;
) p(x) = exp(x);
) p(x) = 1 x;

) p(x) = sin x;
) p(x) = ln(1 + x);
) p(x) = exp(x).

VII.8.14. , :
1
4
xdx
) I sin x 2 dx ,
)
.
2
3
x
4
0
0

VII.8.15. ,

204

VII.8.
1

dx
x 1 x

10-5.
1

x sin xdx

VII.8.16.

5 10-5.
VII.8.17.

x (1 x)

dx -

10-4. .
VII.8.18.

cos x dx

5 10-5.
VII.8.19.
10-3. .

ln x
1 x

dx -

VII.8.20.
sin( x)
dx 104.

x
1
10 4.
VII.8.21. 1
dx

103.
x
x

1
0
10 3.
VII.8.22.

cos( x 2 )
4
1 x dx 10 .

10 4.

205

VII.

VII.8.23. 1/ 2
1
ln ln dx
x
0
-4
10 . 104.
VII.8.24.
. :
1

0
1

x (1 x)

ln x
1 x

sin

dx , = 104,

dx , = 103,

cos x dx , = 5 10

0
1

x sin x dx , = 5 10

1
dx , = 104.
x2

VII.8.25. , :

cos x

2x x

0.5

4 x 2 x3

dx ,
dx ,

sin

dx ,

x
3

x dx ,

3x 2 x3

x 2x2

2x x2

2 sin x

ex

1 ex
5x x2

e x
3

x 3 x

dx ,

dx ,

dx .

VII.8.26.
b

a f ( x) cos x dx,
f(x) [a,b].

206

VII.9.

VII.9.
VII.9.1. , ,
.
.
)
x

f(x) 1

0.75 0.5

0.25 0

0.14 0.032 0.01

0.25 0.5

0.75

0.002 0.003 0.0031 0.0029

)
x

0 0.25

0.5

f(x) 0 0.028 0.054

0.75

1.25

0.078

0.1 0.2

1.5

1.75

0.133 0.145 0.154

VII.9.2. , :
x

0 0.25

0.5

0.75

f(x) 0 0.004 0.015 0.034

1.25

0.059 0.089

1.5

1.75

0.123 0.3

2
0.2

, .
.
VII.9.3. , :
x
1
0.75 0.5
0.25 0 0.25 0.5
0.75 1
f(x) 0.333 0
0.125 0.056 0 0.046 0.083 0.115 0.143
.
.
VII.9.4. , :
x
f

0
0,5

0,5
0,25

1
0,25

1,5
0,1

2
0,1

.
.
VII.9.5. , , , . .
207

VII.

)
x
x1=0.
x2=0.25
x3=0.5
x4=0.75
x5=1.0
x6=1.25
x7=1.5
x8=1.75
x9=2.

f(x)
1.000000
0.989616
0.958851
0.908852
0.841471
0.759188
0.664997
0.562278
0.454649

)
x
x1=0.
x2=0.125
x3=0.25
x4=0.375
x5=0.5
x6=0.625
x7=0.75
x8=0.875
x9=1.

f(x)
0.000000
0.021470
0.293050
0.494105
0.541341
0.516855
0.468617
0.416531
0.367879

)
x
x1=0.
x2=0.25
x3=0.5
x4=0.75
x5=1.0
x6=1.25
x7=1.5
x8=1.75
x9=2.

f(x)
1.000000
0.979915
0.927295
0.858001
0.785398
0.716844
0.716844
0.716844
0.716844

)
x
x1=0.
x2=0.125
x3=0.25
x4=0.375
x5=0.5
x6=0.625
x7=0.75
x8=0.875
x9=1.

f(x)
0.000000
0.124670
0.247234
0.364902
0.473112
0.563209
0.616193
0.579699
0.000000

)
x
x1=0.
x2=0.15
x3=0.3
x4=0.45
x5=0.6
x6=0.75
x7=0.9
x8=1.05
x9=1.2

: )

f(x)
1.000000
1.007568
1.031121
1.073456
1.140228
1.242129
1.400176
1.660300
2.143460

sin x
dx , Ih=1.603144,
x
0

I2h=1.596321, IR = IS = 1.605418; )

e 1/ x
x2

dx ,

Ih = 0.3669885, I2h = 0.371737, IR = IS = 0.365406; )

1.2

tg x
dx , Ih = 1.519006, I2h = 1.5429765, IR = IS= 1.511016; )
x

IR= IS = 1.576014;

arctg x
dx ,
x
0

Ih = 1.575095,

Ih = 0.371127, I2h = 0.334135, IR = IS = 0.383458.

208

I2h = 1.572338,
1

tg x
0

1 x 2 dx ,

VII.9.

VII.9.6.
.
VII.9.7.
= 10-4.

ln 1 x

x x

VII.9.8.

dx -

sin x ln 1 x

dx x2 x
= 104.
0

VII.9.9.
104 :
1

) I e x dx ,

) I sin x 2 dx .
0

VII.9.10. 104:
1
1
1
cos x
sin x
dx
dx ,
dx ,
)
,
)
)
2
1
x
0
0 x
0 (1 x ) x
1

ln( x 2 1)

1.5

/4

arctg x
ex
dx , ) sin x 2 dx .
)
2
0 x
0 x 2 dx ,
x
0
0
.
)

dx ,

VII.9.11. 103:

2
(1 cos x)dx
dx
)
; ) e x sin x dx ; )
.
x x
1
0
1 (1 x ) x
VII.9.12. 106:
1
2
sin100 xdx
)
,
) cos100 x ln xdx .
1 x
0
1
VII.9.13. f(x) .
b

f ( x)sin kx dx f(x).

209

VII.

) k = 50
i
xi
fi

0
0
0.00000

1
1
0.50000

2
2
0.86603

3
3
1.00000

4
4
0.86603

1
0.5
0.69315

2
0.9
0.10536

3
1.3
0.26236

4
1.7
0.53063

1
1.7
1.3038

2
3.4
1.8439

3
5.1
2.2583

4
6.8
2.6077

1
0.1
1.6710

2
0.2
1.3694

3
0.5
1.0472

4
0.8
0.64360

1
1
1.5403

2
2
1.5839

3
3
2.0100

4
4
3.3464

) k = 80
i
xi
fi

0
0.1
2.3026
) k = 40

i
xi
fi

0
0
0
) k = 100

i
xi
fi

0
0.4
1.9823
) k = 30

i
xi
fi

0
0
1

VII.9.
. [2, 4, 5, 7, 21]. . [38]

210

VIII.

VIII.1. .
, ,

()
d u (t )
dt

f (t , u ),

t > 0, u(0) = u0,

(1.1)

d u(t )
dt

f (t , u), u(0) = u0,

u, f - .

( ) :
m

d u
dt
du
dt

m 1

du
d
u
, t > 0, u(0) = a0,
g t , u,
, ,
m 1
d
t
d
t

(0) a1 , ,

d m 1 u
d tm 1

(0) am1 ,

u1 = u, u2 = du1/dt, u3 = du2/dt, , um = dum 1/dt,
d um
dt

g (t , u1 , u 2 , , u m ),

ui (0) = ai 1, i =1, 2, , m.
t [0, T] ( )
{tn = n, n = 0, 1, , N}, . ( ),
211

VIII.

. . .
y,
, U .

(1.2)

L(u) F,

d u
0, t 0;
f (t , u ), t 0;
L( u ) d t
, F
u0 , t 0;
u(0),
t 0;

(1.3)

L ( y ) F ,

L , F F . , u y .
. (1.3) y 0 (1.2), y U 0 0.

y U C p , -

,
.
(1.2)

. , (1.3)

||r|| 0

0,

r L(U ) - F. r C1 , ,
q.
q

. (1.3) ,
L(y1) - F = L(y2) - F = c
y1 y 2 C2 ,

C2 C2().

. L
, Ly = F
212

VIII.1. .
, ,

F ||y|| C||F||, C .

1. (. . . . . ). (1.3) (1.2), (1.3) (1.2) ;

p,
p.
, :

yn 1 yn

yn 1 yn

f (tn , yn ),

0 n N 1,

f (tn1 , yn1 ),

0 n N 1,

yn 1 yn 1
2

f (tn , yn ),

1 n N 1.

( ),
( ).
( ), .
( ) un t0 t1.
( )
y1 y0

[ f (0, y0 ) f (, y1 )] .
2

( , ). ( )
.

(1.1),

213

VIII.

u (t ) u (t ) u (t ) d .
0

u(t)

u(t ) u(t ) u(t ) O(2 ),

u(t ) u(t ) f (t , u) O(2 ),

u(t) = f (t, u).
O(2) t = tn, t + = tn +1, u(t) = un,
u(t + ) = un +1, .
,

u (t ) u (t ) [u (t ) u (t )] O(3 ),
2

un1 un 0.5 [ f (tn , un ) f (tn1, un1 )].

.

. :
t

u (t ) u (t )

f (t , u ) dt.

t
u (t ) u (t ) 1
f (t , u ) dt.

t

.
:
u (t ) u (t )
(1.4)
(t , u ).

, , , 214

VIII.2.

. , , . , .

VIII.2.
,
.

(
):
yn + 1 = R yn + n.

(2.1)

R
.

( ).
Ly = f (2.1),

y0 C 2 f ,
n C2 f .

y n C2 f

(2.2)

, R

m
h

, ..
Rm C3 , m 1,..., N .

C (2.2)
C = (1 + T) C2C3.

(2.3)

y1 = R y0 + 0,

215

VIII.

y2 = R y1 + 1 = R2 y0 + (R 0 + 1),

yn = R yn 1 + n = Rn y0 + (R

max yn max Rn
n

n1

0 + R

n2

1 + + n 1)

N max n .
n

N = T
(2.2) C, (2.3).

(2.4)

Rm C3 , m 1,..., N

. .

R max i .
i

(2.4) ,
i 1 c ,
(2.5)
c .

1 c ecT , m 1,..., N .

(2.6)

(2.5) , ,
i 1 ,
(2.7)
. , t, - .
1.
u = f (t, u), u(0) = u0:
yn 1 yn
f (tn , yn ), y0 u0 .

yn 1 yn f (tn , yn ) .

(t),
216

VIII.2.

yn 1 yn f (tn , (t )) ( yn (t )) ,
u

f
f
yn 1 Rh yn n , Rh 1 , n f (tn , (t )) (t ) .
u
u
(2.5) ,
f
c,
u

:
f
1 1
1 , :
u
1

f
f
0, 2
.
u
u
2. u = f (t, u), u(0) = u0.

yn 1 yn
f (tn 1 , yn 1 ), y0 u0 .

yn 1 yn f (tn 1 , yn 1 ) .

(t),
f

yn 1 yn f (tn 1 , (t )) ( yn 1 (t )) ,
u

1`

f
f

yn 1 R yn n , R 1 , n f (tn 1 , (t )) (t ).
u
u

(2.5)
, ,

f
c,
u

217

VIII.

1

1 1 1 .
u

f
f

0 ,
0
u
u

1

f
.
u
,
, .
A- . .
3. u = f (t, u)
yn 1 yn 1
f (tn , yn ) .
2
,
, ..
yn + 1 yn, yn 1.
,
y1.
,

, . ,
, ,
( VIII.7.10).
. . .
. ,
.
. ,
(2.1)
. , ,
2

218

VIII.3.

yn + 1 = yn, yn = yn 1.

f
2 2 1 0 .
u
12 = 1, , D = 42(fu )2 + 4
.
f
1,2 1 c, c 2
, ..
u
.

VIII.3.
.
.
S-
(1.1):
k1 f (t n , yn ) ,
k 2 f (t n c2 , yn a21k1 ),

k3 f (t n c3 , yn (a31k1 a32k2 )), ...,

(3.1)

ks f (tn cs , yn (as1k1 ... ass1ks1 )),

yn1 yn (b1k1 ... bs ks ),
ki .
, ,
(. 1).

219

VIII.

1
0
c2
c3

cS

a21
a31

aS1
b1

a32

aS2
b2

aSS - 1
bS - 1

bS

, ,
:

cn anj .
j

VIII.4.

du
f (t , u), u(0) u0
dt
y n 1 y n
F(tn , y n ) ,

F(tn, yn) , , ,
.

1. C f(t, u), F(t, u) (3.1)

F(t, un ) F(t, vn ) C2 un vn ,

C2 C ci
i

i, j

ci aij 2C 2

220

i, j , k

ci aij a jk

VIII.4.

,
.
C2 CeC.
2. ( ).
f(t,u) u C:
|| f (t , u) f (t, v) || C || u v ||

( ). C2 << 1.
2 1. ,

yn vn e C2T y0 v0 2

eC2T
.
C2

,
{yn} , {vn}
, T .

. .

1

A(u) (fu (u) fu* (u))

2

, . . (A(u), ) a(, ) , u a > 0

(, , ). k- O(k) t > 0 a << 1.

k t > 0 O(k).
(Ay, y) 0 y.
().

k 2
t = O(1/).
,

, . . ,
221

VIII.

,
-, .

VIII.5.
.
.
.
: tn, tn - 1, , tn - m. f(t, u)
, :
f (t ) f (tn ) f (tn , tn1 ) (t tn )

(8.1)

f (tn , tn1, tn2 ) (t tn ) (t tn1)

f (tn , tn1, tn2 , tn3 )(t tn )(t tn1 )(t tn2 )

n + 1, :
un1 un

tn 1

f (t , u (t )) dt

tn

tn 1

(8.2)

f (t ) dt

tn

:
un 1 un n f (tn )

2n
6

2n
2

f (tn , tn 1 )

(2n 3n 1 ) f (tn , tn 1 , tn 2 )

2n
12

(2n2 8n n 1 (8.3)

4n n 2 62n 1 6n n 2 ) f (tn , tn 1 , tn 2 , tn 3 ).
n tn 1 tn , f (tn , tn 1 ), f (tn , tn 1 , tn 2 ) . .
.
(8.3) . ,
, , . n = const, :

222

VIII.6.

un 1 un f n

1 f n

5
12

3 2 f n 4 3 f n ,
8

k fn k- .
[tn, tn + 1] (8.1) ,
.
, ,

yn1 yn f n ,

1
3

yn1 yn f n f n 1 ,
2
2

16
5
23

yn1 yn
fn fn 1
f n 2 ,
12
12
12

59
37
9
55

yn 1 yn
fn
fn 1
fn 2
fn 3 .
24
24
24
24

c
:
k 1

un 1 un j j f j .
j 0

f(tn+1),
.
yn + 1.

VIII.6.
t u (t ).

y t 2, 2 y2 ( ).
y y

y y 2
2 p 1

u(t 2) p 1. ,
223

VIII.

VIII.7.
VIII.7.1. .
VIII.7.1. x 2 y, y 2 x, x(0) 0,
y(0) 1 :
0
1
1
.
12 12
, .

VIII.7.2.
x 2 y, y 2 x,
x(0) 1, y(0) 1
:
0
1

12

0 1
, .

VIII.7.3.

x(0) 0, y(0) 1

x 10 y, y 10 x,

y n1 y n f n1 f n

2
, (
, ).
VIII.7.4. (. . ) :
u v ,
v u,
u(0) v (0) 1.

224

VIII.7.

( ):
u2
2

v2
2

1.

.
VIII.7.5.
x 10 y, y 10 x,
x(0) 0, y(0) 1 :
0
1

0
1

12 12

12

0 1

, ,
.
VIII.7.6. , . ,
.
VIII.7.7.
:
y ay, y(0) 1.
VIII.7.8. ( 3 ) .
VIII.7.9. 1.
VIII.7.10. (. . )
dx
dy
y,
x
dt
dt

x(0) 0, y(0) 1 . , R 1 ,
225

VIII.

.
?
?
VIII.7.11. , .
. (1.4).

VIII.8.
VIII.8.1. (. . )

x 2 y, y 2 x, x(0) 0, y(0) 1 n 1
n
n 1
n
y y f f . , -

. .
.

x n1 x n
y n1 y n
y n1 y n ,
x n1 x n ,

n 1
n
n
2
2 x
x
cos sin x
1 1

,
1 2 2 1 2 y
y
sin cos y

cos

1 2
1 2

.
T /

x
cos sin

y

sin cos

T
T

0 cos sin
0
x

.
sin T cos T y
y

VIII.8.2. 1
3.
. .

() u (t ) u (t )

j 0

bjk j

226

VIII.8.

( )

(0)
i!

i 0

( 1) ( )
( 1)!

( 1) ( )
( 1)!

1 ,

; 0 < < 1.
( )

(0) (0) ( p) (0) 0.

() :

( )

( 1) ( )
( 1)!

1 ,

.
1. p = 1, s = 1. () u(t ) u(t ) b1 f (t , u),
(0) 0,

(0) [u(t ) b1 f (t , u)] t 0 f (t , u) (1 b1),

(0) u(t ).
, (0) = 0 b1 = 1, ,
u (t ) u (t )

f (t , u )

(t )
2

R ,

R , .
2. : p = 2, s = 2.
() = u(t + ) u(t) b1f (t, u) b2f (t + c2, u + a21f (t, u)).
t t c2 , u u a21f (t, u), 227

VIII.

:
() u(t ) b1 f (t , u) b2 f (t , u)
b2 [c2 ft(t , u) a21 fu (t , u) f (t , u)],
() u(t ) 2b2 [c2 ft(t , u) a21 fu (t , u) f (t , u)]

b2 [c22 ftt(t , u) 2c2 a21 ftu (t , u) f (t , u)

2
a21
fuu (t , u) f 2 (t , u)],

() u(t ) 3b2 [c22 ftt(t , u)

2
2c2 a21 ftu (t , u) f (t , u) a21
fuu (t , u) f (t , u)] o().

f 2 fuu.
u ft fu f , u ftt 2 ftu f fuu
u f ,

(0) 0,

(0) (1 b1 b2 ) f (t , u),

(0) (1 2b2c2 ) ft(t , u) (1 2b2 a21 ) fu (t , u) f (t , u),

(0) (1 3b2c22 ) ftt(t , u)

(2 6b2c2b21 ) ftu (t , u) f (t , u)
2
(t , u) f 2 (t , u) fu (t , u) u (t ).
(1 3b2 a21
) fuu

b1 + b2 = 1,
1 2b2c2 = 0, 1 2b2a21 = 0.
,
.
. ,
2- .

( ).
, b1 = 1/2 : b2 = 1/2, c2 = 1, a21 = 1; :

228

VIII.8.

un 1 un [ f (tn , un ) f (tn 1, u~n 1 )].

2

b1 = 0, : b2 = 1, c2 = 1/2, a21 = 1/2;

un 1 / 2 un

f (tn , un ),

un 1 un f tn , un 1 / 2 .
2

3. p = 3, s = 3 :
c3 a31 a32 ,

c2 a21,
b3a32c2 1/ 6,

b2c2 b3c3 1/ 2,

b1 b2 b3 1,

b2c22 b3c32 1/ 3,
.

:
b3a32 a21 1/ 6, b2 a21 b3 (a31 a32 ) 1/ 2,

b1 b2 b3 1,

2
b2 a21
b3 (a31 a32 )2 1/ 3.

:
2 3v
2 3u
v (v u )
, b3
,
, a32
c2 u, c3 v, b2
6u (u v)
u (2 3u )
6v(v u )
b1 1 b2 b3 , a21 u, a31 v a32 .

k i

k2 f tn , un 1 ,
2
2

k1 f (tn , un ),

k3 f (tn , un k1 2k2 ),
un 1 un

k1 4k 2 k3
6

229

VIII.

p = 4, s = 4
. ( ,
4) , .
:

k1 f (tn , un ),

k2 f tn , un 1 ,
2
2

k3 f tn , un 2 ,
2
2

k4 f (tn , un k3 ),
un 1 un

k1 2k 2 2k3 k 4
6

VIII.9.
VIII.9.1.

yn 1 yn 1
f (tn , yn ) f (tn 1 , yn 1 ) , y0 u0 .

2
?
f
:
0
u
.
VIII.9.2.
y yn

v yn f (tn , yn ), n 1
f (tn , v), y0 u0 .

2
?
f
f
2.
:
0

u
u
VIII.9.3.

d 2u
xu x
dx 2
Dh = {xm: xm = hm; m = 0, 1, , } .
230

VIII.9.

VIII.9.4.
, :
1

1
1
f ( x )dx f
f
.
3

3
1

.
0

3 3
6
3 3
6

3 3
6

3 3

6
12
12

VIII.9.5. y f t , y
0
2

2
2 2 1
2 2

2 2
. .
: .

VIII.9.6. y f t , y
0
3/2

3/2
3/4
1/4
. .
: . 2 3/2
2.
VIII.9.7.
dx
ax; x(0) X 0 ; 0 t T
dt

x 4 xn 5xn1
1) n1
a(2 xn xn1 ); x0 X 0 ,
2

231

VIII.

4
1
xn1 xn xn 1
1
3
3
2)
axn1; x0 X 0 ,
2
3
xn1 xn 1
3)
a(3xn xn1 ); x0 X 0 ,

2
xn1 xn1 1
4)
a(3xn1 4 xn xn1 ); x0 X 0 .

3
x1 .
. x1 .
. . .
: 1) ().
, a( xn 2 xn1 ) ;
2) (3). n

2 1 2a
2 1 2a
y n C1
C2
;
3 2a
3 2a
3) (2).

2 a 2
y C1 2(1 a ) 9 6a
4

2 2

C2 2(1 a ) 9 6a a
4

4) .
x x
1
n 1 n 1 a(3xn 1 4 xn xn 1 ) .

3
VIII.9.8.
y'' + 6y' + 5y = 0, y(0) = 0, y'x(0) = 2.
(0, 1) :
(yl +1 2yl + yl 1)/h2 + 6(yl +1 yl 1)/2h + 5yl = 0,
y0 = 0; y1 = 2h 6h2.

232

l = 1L 1,

VIII.9.

h = 1/L 0.

. .
. .
VIII.9.9. [0, T] . , :
) y' y = 0, 0 x 1, y(0) = 1,
(yn+1 yn)/h (3yn+1 yn)/2 = 0, y0 = 1.
) y' 2y = 0, 0 x 1, y(0) = 1,
(yn+1 yn)/h + yn+1 3yn = 0, y0 = 1.
) y' 7y = 0, 0 x 1, y(0) = 1,
1/2

0
1/2

) y' 3y = 0, 0 x 1, y(0) = 1,
1/2

0
1/2
2

0
1

0
1/4
1

0
2

) y' 3y = 0, 0 x 1, y(0) = 1,
1/4

.
,
10 .
.

233

VIII.

VIII.9.10. (. . ) :
) y' + sin y = 0, y(0) = 1, t [0, 20] ,

y n 1 y n
0
sin y n 0,5 sin y n cos 0,5 sin y n 0, y 1 ;

) y' cos y = 0, y(0) = 0, t [0, 25] ,

0
y n 1 y n
cos( y n )cos(0,5 cos y n ) sin y n sin 0,5 cos y n 0, y 0 ;

) y' = y2(2.5 t), y(0) = 1/3, t [0, 2] ,

y n 1 y n
1
( y n 1 )2 (2,5 ( n 1)), y 0 ;

3
) y' = 2te y, y(0) = ln 4, t [0, 2] ,

y n 1 y n
tn e yn tn 1e yn1 , y 0 ln 4 ;

) y' = 4y(1 y), y(0) = (0 < < 1), t [0, 100] ,

0
y n 1 y n
2( y n 1 y n )(1 y n ), y (0 1)

n 1
zn
z
( z n 1 z n )(2 z n z n 1 ), z 0 (0 1).

?
) . , sin( y n 0.5 sin y n ) cos(0.5 sin y n ) .

1
sin( y n sin y n ) sin y n .
2

k1 sin y n , k2 sin( y n k1 ), y n 1 y n (k1 k 2 ) . 2

.
,
, .

234

VIII.9.

) .

. y ln(4 x 2 ).
, , , .
VIII.9.11. 2- . .
VIII.9.13. p :
x sin y, y x x(0) 0, y(0) 1 t [0,1000] .
,
.
VIII.9.14.
0

1
1/ 2

1
0

1/ 2

1/ 6 1/ 6 4 / 6
,
.
VIII.9.15. :
0
1/ 3 1/ 3
2 / 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
1/ 4 0 3 / 4
,
.

VIII.9.16. 2,
0
2 2
3 0 3
0 0 1

VIII.9.17. 3 ym 4 ym1 ym2 ym

2h

235

VIII.

2

xm 2 xm ;

m 2 M;

dy
y x2 2 x,
dx

hM 1;

y 0;
0

y h
1

x (0,1); y(0) 0

h? ,
, .
VIII.9.18. , 3/8.

VIII.10.
VIII.10.1. :
) y = x + cos y;
2

) y = x + y ;

y(1) = 30; 1 x 2,
y(2) = 1; 1 x 2.

h = 0,01.
VIII.10.2.

dv
0 x 1;
d t v w,

)
dw

v 2 w 2 , v(0) 1; w(0) 2.

dt
dv
d t v w,
)
dw

v w,
d t

1 x 2;
v (1) 2; w(1) 3.

VIII.10.3. :

d2 y

y sin x,
y(0) = 0; y(0) = 1; 0 x 1.
d t2
) , .
) , y = y sin x
.
) .

236

VIII.11.

VIII.10.4. x(t), y(t), :

d2 x
dt

d y
dt

x( y 2 1),
y ( x 2 1),

0 t 20,
x (0) ; y (0) 1; dx / dt |t 0 dy / dt |t 0 0.

VIII.10.5. h = 0,01 = (),

:

d2 x

x3 1 t 2 ,

0 t T;
dt
x(0) ; x '(0) 0; 1 0; x(t, ) |t 1 .
2

VIII.11.


.
VIII.11.1.

u A u 2v ( B + 1) v ,
v = Bu u 2v ,

u (0) 1,

v (0) 1,

A 1, B [1, 5]
.
. ( ;
B A (A + 1)) ?
.

VIII.11.2.
( --):

y e ( y 2 1) y y 0,

237

VIII.

x z ,

z e (1 x 2 ) z x,

e 0,

z y,

y3

y z e
y ;
3

x(0) 2,

e 0,

z (0) 0,

0 t 100

e ( 0,01 e 100 ).
1,2,3,4 2, 3, 4.
VIII.11.3. (. . )
x y,

y x 2 1
(1, 0) (1, 0)
( ).
. x(0) y(0) .
VIII.11.4. ,

x z ,

y u,

z
u

x
(x 2 y 2 )3/ 2
y
(x 2 y 2 )3/ 2

x(0) 0,5;

,
,

y(0) z (0) 0,

u(0) 3 1,73

0 t 20 , , . .
238

VIII.12.

VIII.11.5.
:
x ( x y ),

y xz rx y,
z xy bz,

x(0) y(0) z(0) 1

b 8 / 3, 10, r 28. , 0 t 50. .

VIII.12.
1 , 1956
. . . . [39], . . [40].
. [41].

. [42]. [3]
1984 (. . . . . :
- , 1994. 528 .).
. . . . [43].

239

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

C /
. . . . . : , 1974. 148 .
. . .
. : , 2007. 288 .
.. . : , 2009.
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. : , 2013. 240 .
.., .. : . . . : - ; . ,
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. 1 / . .. .
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.., ..
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.., .., .. : . / .
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.., .. [ .].
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., . . . :
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. .
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.., .. .
. : , 1984. 320 .
240

16. .. . . : , 1980. 240 .

17. .. . : , 1993. 158 .
18. ..
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242

..
..
..
..
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.-. . 14,2. 600 . 278.

. . . 15,25.

-
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