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Structural
Organisation in
Animals
Important Points
1. In animals multicellular organisms group of cells are specified
to perform a particular function. Such an organization is called
tissue.
2. There are four basic type tissues
(i) Epithelial
(ii) Connective
(iii) Muscular
(iv) Neural
(i) Epithelial tissue provides a covering or lining for some
organs/parts of the body.
(a) There are two types of epithelial tissuesimple
epithelium and compound epithelium.
Simple epithelium
is made up of single layer of
cells and functions as lining for body cavities, ducts
and tubes. These cells are divided into four types
Squamous epithelium is present on absorptive
and secretory surfaces. Made up of single thin layer
of flattened cells with irregular boundaries found
on wall of lungs.
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Epithelial Tissue
On the basis of number of cell layers present
Simple Epithelium
Compound Epithelium
Columnar
Columnar
Cuboidal
Stratified Transitional
Ciliated
columnar
Keratinized
(found in dry areas)
Non-keratinized
(found in wet areas)
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(b)
Flattened cell
(a)
Mucus
Columnar
epithelial
cells
Goblet cell
Long cell
(oval nucleus)
Short cell
(round nucleus)
Basement
membrane
(c)
(e)
Basement
membrane
Cilia
Basal
granule
Long cell
Multilayered
cells
Short cell
(d)
Basement
membrane
(f)
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Stratified columnar epithelium
Cupper most
and basal layer both consist of columnar cells.
Transitional epithelium appears stratified with
five or more layer of pear-shaped cells during
relaxed condition.
There are three cell junctions found in epithelium
and other tissues. These are known as tight
adhering and gap junctions. Tight junctions
seals the tissue. Adhering junctions perform
cementing. Gap junctions facilitate the cells to
communicate with each other by connecting the
cytoplasm.
(ii) Connective tissue is the major supporting tissue of body
which provides structural framework and support different
tissues and help in body defence, tissue repair and fat
storage.
These are classified as three basic type of tissues
(a) Loose connective tissues have fewer fibres and
large amount of matrix. These are of two types
Areolar tissues
It contains transparent jelly like
sticky matrix containing numerous fibres and cells. It
contain fibroblast. Present beneath the skin.
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective
Tissue Proper
Have fewer fibres and
large amount of matrix
Areolar
tissue
Dense Connective
Tissue Proper
Have extensive fibres and
smaller amount of matrix
Adipose
White Fibrous
tissue Connective tissue
Specialized
Connective
Tissue
Yellow Fibrous
Connective Tissue
Tendon
Reticular Connective
Tissue
Ligament
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Smooth
muscle
fibres
Striations
Striations
Nucleus
Junction
between
adjacent
cells
Nucleus
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Clitellum
Metameres
Clitellum
Genital
papillae
Anus
Female
genital
aperture
Male
genital
aperture
Transverse
grooves
or
annuli
(a)
(b)
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Pharynx
Salivary gland
Salivary reservoir
Oesophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Hepatic caeca
Mesenteron or midgut
Malpighian
tubules
Ileum
Rectm
Colon
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Anterior aorta
Alary muscles
Chambers of heart
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The compound eyes are located at the dorsal surface of
head. It shows mosaic vision, receives several images of an
object. Eyes consists 2000 hexagonal ommatidia.
Testis
Phallic gland
Small tubules
Long tubules
Seminal vesicle
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Right phallomere
Ventral phallomere
Anal cercus
Caudal style
Left phallomere
Pseudopenis
Titillator
(a)
Ovary
Spermatheca
Oviduct
Common oviduct or vagina
Collaterial glands
Genital chamber
Gonopophyses
Vestibulum
Genital
pouch
(b)
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Head
Eye
Fore limb
Hind limb
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Oesophagus
Liver
Gall bladder
Lung
Stomach
Fat bodies
Kidney
Ureter
Intestine
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Cloaca
Cloacal aperture
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Exercises
Question 1. Answer in one word or one line.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Answer
(a) Cockroach
(b) Four pairs of spermathecae are present 6-9 th segments.
(c) Ovaries present in 4 th, 5 th and 6 th abdominal segments.
(d) 3-7 segments are present in the abdomen of cockroach.
(e) At the junction of midgut and hindgut of cockroach.
Septal nephridia.
Pharyngeal nephridia.
Integumentary nephridia.
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2
3
5
6
7
Spermathecae
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ovary
Ovarian funnel
Vasa deferentia
16
Accessory glands
17
Common prostatic
and spermatic duct
18
19
Prostate gland
20
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Crop
Gizzard
Hepatic caeca
Mesentron or midgut
Malpighian
tubules
Rectm
Ileum
Colon
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Question 7. What are the following and where do you find them in
animal body (a) Chondrocytes (b) Axons (c) Ciliated epithelium.
Answer
(a) Chondrocytes These are the matrix secreting cells of the cartilage.
These are found in the cartilage of connecting tissue.
(b) Axon It is a long fibre, the distal end of which is branched. Each
branch terminates as a bulb like structure called synaptic knob. The
axon transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body.
(c) Cilliated epithelium If the columnar or cuboidal cells of columnar
and cuboidal epithelium bear cillia on their free surface they are
called cilliated epithelium.
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Answer
(i) Differences between Simple Epithelium and Compound Epithelium
S.N. Simple Epithelium
1.
2.
Compound Epithelium
Striated Muscle
1.
2.
3.
Dense
Regular
and
Dense
Irregular
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
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Blood
It flows within the blood vessels and
contains RBCs, WBCs and platelet.
It help in transport of various
substance.
Compund Gland
These glands have branched system
to ducts.
These may be compound tubular
glands, compound alveolar glands
and compound tubloalveolar glands.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Answer
(a) Neuron
(d) Antennae
(b) Cartilage
(e) Coxa
(c) Ligament
Question 11. Match the terms in column I with those in column II.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Column I
Compound epithelium
Compound eye
Septal nephridia
Open circulatory system
Typhlosole
Osteocytes
Genitalia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Column II
Alimentary canal
Cockroach
Skin
Mosaic vision
Earthworm
Phallomere
Bone
Column I
Compound epithelium
Compound eye
Septal nephridia
Open circulatory system
Typhlosole
Osteocytes
Genitalia
3.
4.
5.
2.
1.
7.
6.
Column II
Skin
Mosaic vision
Earthworm
Cockroach
Alimentary canal
Bone
Phallomere
Answer
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
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Oesophagus
Liver
Gall bladder
Lung
Stomach
Fat bodies
Kidney
Ureter
Intestine
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Cloaca
Cloacal
aperture
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Answer
(a) Functions of ureters in frog In male frog, two ureters emerge from
the kidneys. The ureters act as urinogenital duct which opens into the
cloaca. Thus, the ureters carry both sperms and excretory wastes to
the cloaca. In female frog, the ureters and oviduct open separately in
the cloaca. The ureters in frog, thus acts as carrier of sperms and
ova.
(b) Functions of Malpighian tubules of cockroach Excretion is carried
out by Malpighian tubules. Each tubule is lined by glandular cells.
They absorb excretory waste products and converts them into uric
acid which is excreted out through the hindgut.
(c) Functions of body wall of earthworm The body wall of earthworm
has five layers-cuticle, epidermis, circular muscle layer, longitudinal
muscle layer, peritoneum.
(i) Cuticle is a non-cellular elastic layer.
(ii) The columnar cells of provide support and therefore, are also
known as supporting cells.
(iii) Epidermis also has gland cells, receptor cells and basal cells.
(iv) The glandular cell secrete mucus and thus, keep the skin moist,
this help in cutaneous respiration.
(v) The last layer of the body wall is the outer membrane of the
coelom called coelomic epithelium. The various muscle layers of
the body wall provide strength and rigidity.
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Male frog.
Metamorphosis.
Metameres.
Question 7. A muscle fibre tapers at both the ends and does not
show striations. Name the muscle fibre.
Answer
Hypopharynx.
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tissue?
Answer Blood is a fluid connective tissue, which contain cells like RBCs,
WBCs and platelets.
Bone is the hardest tissue in the body which consists of numerous collagen
fibres and osteocytes within the matrix. Cartilage is a tough but flexible
connective tissue which consists of collagen and elastin fibres along with
the chondrioblast cells in the matrix.
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Column B
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
Answer
Column A
(a) Tiger
(b) Peacock
(c) Housefly
Column B
(i) Panthera tigris
(ii) Pavo cristatus
(iii) Musca domestica
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Answer
(a) Mandibles.
(b) Uric acid.
(c) Hind gut is differentiated into ileum, colon and rectum.
(d) Haemocoel.
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surrounding. This enables to live them suitably both in freshwater and moist
soil.
Frog can change the colour of its skin (metachrosis) to match its
surroundings. This helps the animal in protecting itself from enemies and
obtaining its prey easily.
Column B
A. Nictitating membrane
(i) .
B. Tympanum
(ii) .
C. Copulatory pad
(iii) .
Answer
Column A
A. Nictitating membrane
Column B
(i) Protect eyes of frog
B. Tympanum
C. Copulatory pad
Column B
(i) .
B. Protective covering
(ii) .
(iii) .
Answer
Column A
Column B
B. Protective covering
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2.
Cartilage
It is solid and pliable can resist
compression.
It is present in tip of nose, outer ear
joints, between adjacent bones of
the vertebral column, limbs and
hands in adults.
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Crop
Gizzard
Hepatic caeca
Mesenteron
or midgut
Malpighian
tubules
Rectum
Ileum
Colon
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Testis
Rete testis
Vasa deferens
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Rectum
Seminal vesicle
Urinogenital duct
Opening or
urinogenital duct
Cloaca
Cloacal
aperture
Urinary bladder