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INTRUSIF
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Igneous Textures
Texture is the overall size and appearance of the minerals in th e rock
Controlled by the rate of cooling.
(1) Aphanitic texture: This fine-grained texture indicates that the rock
crystallized rapidly at or near the surface (usually lava flows) of the
earth.
(2) Phaneritic texture: A coarse grained texture indicates that the rock
crystallized slowly deep within the earth.

Aphanitic - fine grain size (< 1 mm);

result of quick cooling

Rhyolite

Phaneritic - coarse grain size; visible

grains (1-10 mm); result of slow cooling

Granite

Handspecimen observation

PorphyriticMixture of grain sizes caused by mixed cooling

history; slow cooling first, followed by a period
of somewhat faster cooling.
Terms for the textural components:
Phenocrysts - the large crystals
Groundmass or matrix - the finer
crystals surrounding the large crystals.
The groundmass may be either aphanitic
or phaneritic.
Types of porphyritic textures:
Porphyritic-aphanitic
Porphyritic-phaneritic

Sanidine KAlSi3O8
Optical Properties:
Biaxial negative, small 2V, first order gray interference color, simple twins, 2 cleavages. Both photos above are under
crossed polarizers; on the left is a sanidine grain with Carlsbad twin; on the right, the large grain at the right is sanidine; the
phenocrysts at the left edge of the photo are quartz. The rocks in both cases are rhyolites.
Occurrence:
Restricted to volcanic rocks or very high temperature contact metamorphic rocks (sanidinite facies) that are rich in potassium.

Plagioclase cummulate

Plagioclase and
pyroxene phenocryts

Tekstur?
Mineralogi?

Volcanic glass in
groundmass between finegrained plagioclase and
pyroxene crystals

Dunite

Gabbro - plagioclase and hypersthene

(orthopyroxene) dominate this rock.

Bronzitite (orthopyroxenite) - hypersthene

Biotite granite - minerals in this rock: quartz, plag,

biotite, and K-feldspar. Note minor myrmekite.

(http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/plutonic-micro%7F/anorthosite.X.html)
http://

Anorthosite
(http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/plutonic-micro%7F/anorthosite.X.html)
http://

Intergranular Pyroxene crystals occupy spaces between plagioclase laths.

A diabase is a basaltic rock with grain size more or less transitional be tween gabbro
(coarse) and basalt (fine). Notice the elongate lath -shaped plagioclase and the
colorful clinopyroxene and possible olivine in this rock.
(http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/plutonichttp://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/plutonic-micro%7F/diabase.X.html)

Poikilitic - Large plagioclase crystals enclosed round olivine crystals. (Olivine gabbro)

Figure 3 -11. b. Resorbed and embayed olivine phenocryst. Width 0.3 mm.
Winter and Prentice Hall.

John

Embayment
This crystal-rich rhyolite contains phenocrysts of quartz, K-feldspar (sanidine), plagioclase, and biotite in a
fine-grained groundmass. Note the interesting shape of the (partially resorbed, skeletal) quartz grain in the
center of the photograph.

Figure 3 -11. c. Hornblende phenocryst dehydrating to Fe-oxides plus pyroxene due to

pressure release upon eruption, andesite. Crater Lake, OR. Width 1 mm. John Winter
and Prentice Hall.

Oxyhornblende (Lamprobolite, Basaltic Hornblende)

Ca,Mg,Fe,Al silicate, an amphibole
Optical Properties:
Biaxial -; 2V 60-80 degrees; yellow to reddish brown pleochroism; amphibole cleavage; extinction angle close to 0 degrees.
Pleochroic colors are distinctive.
The photograph above shows phenocrysts of lamprobolite in andesite.
Occurrence:
Volcanic rocks such as andesite and others.

Flow structures in igneous rocks

Figure 3 -10. Olivine mantled by orthopyroxene in (a) plane-polarized light and (b)
crossed nicols, in which olivine is extinct and the pyroxenes stand out clearl y. Basaltic
andesite, Mt. McLaughlin, Oregon. Width ~ 5 mm. John Winter and Prentice Hall.

Olivine rimmed by pyroxene and

opaque minerals. Olivine is altered
to iddingsite

Figure 3 -11. a. Sieve texture in a cumulophyric cluster of plagioclase phenocrysts. N ote

the later non -sieve rim on the cluster. Andesite, Mt. McLoughlin, OR. Width 1 mm.
John Winter and Prentice Hall.

Chlorite Mg,Al silicate family of micaceous minerals

Optical Properties:
Biaxial; depending on the composition and chlorite variety, chlorite may be positive or negative; 2V 0-30 degrees; colorless to
pale green pleochroism; low birefringence (first order colors, though occasionally anomalous blue); typically occurs as tiny
flakes.
The photos above show chlorite filling a vesicle in basalt. Plane polarized light on the left, crossed polarizers on the right.
Occurrence:
Chlorite is a common alteration of ferromagnesian minerals; it is abundant in many low grade metamorphic rocks.

Amygdaloidal
The oval feature in this photomicrograph is an amygdule: a forme rly open vesicle which has been filled
with a secondary mineral(s) precipitated from low-T ground waters which have penetrated into the rock. In
this case, the amygdule is probably filled with a zeolite minera l.

Spinifex texture
This sample displays the characteristic "spinifex texture" defined by extremely acicular olivine phenocrysts -probably a sign of rapid crystallization from a significantly -undercooled magma.

Figure 3 -4. a. Skeletal olivine phenocryst with rapid growth at edges enveloping melt
at ends. Taupo, N.Z. b. Swallow -tail plagioclase in trachyte, Remarkable Dike, N.Z.
Length of both fields ca. 0.2 mm. From Shelley (1993). Igneous and Metamorphic
Rocks Under the Microscope. Chapman and Hall. London.

Figure 3 -5. a. Compositionally

zoned hornblende phenocryst with
pronounced color variation visible
in plane -polarized light. Field
width 1 mm. b. Zoned plagioclase
twinned on the carlsbad law.
Andesite, Crater Lake, OR. Field
width 0.3 mm. John Winter and
Prentice Hall.

Figure 3 -12. a. Trachytic texture in which

microphenocrysts of plagioclase are aligned
due to flow. Note flow around phenocryst
(P). Trachyte, Germany. Width 1 mm.
From MacKenzie et al. (1982). John
Winter and Prentice Hall.

Figure 3 -12. b. Felty or pilotaxitic texture

in which the microphenocrysts are
randomly oriented. Basaltic andesite, Mt.
McLaughlin, OR. Width 7 mm. John
Winter and Prentice Hall.

Figure 3 -13. Flow banding in andesite. Mt.

Rainier, WA. John Winter and Prentice
Hall.

Figure 3 -15. Intergranular texture in basalt.

Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington.
Width 1 mm. John Winter and Prentice
Hall.

Figure 3 -14. Development of cumulate textures . a. Crystals accumulate by crystal settling or simply form in
place near the margins of the magma chamber. In this case plagio clase crystals (white) accumulate in mutual
contact, and an intercumulus liquid (pink) fills the interstices . b. Orthocumulate: intercumulus liquid
crystallizes to form additional plagioclase rims plus other phas es in the interstitial volume (colored). There is
little or no exchange between the intercumulus liquid and the ma in chamber. After Wager and Brown
(1967), Layered Igneous Rocks . Freeman. San Francisco.

Figure 3 -14. Development of cumulate textures . c. Adcumulates: open -system exchange between the
intercumulus liquid and the main chamber (plus compaction of the cumulate pi le) allows components that
would otherwise create additional intercumulus minerals to escape, and plagioclase fills most of the
available space. d. Heteradcumulate : intercumulus liquid crystallizes to additional plagioclase rims, plus
other large minerals (hatched and shaded) that nucleate poorly a nd poikilitically envelop the plagioclases. .
After Wager and Brown (1967), Layered Igneous Rocks . Freeman. San Francisco.

Figure 3 -7. Euhedral early pyroxene with late interstitial plagioclase (horizontal twins). Stillwater
complex, Montana. Field width 5 mm. John Winter and Prentice Hall.

Figure 3 -8. Ophitic texture. A single pyroxene envelops several well -developed
plagioclase laths. Width 1 mm. Skaerg rd intrusion, E. Greenland. John Winter and
Prentice Hall.

Ophitic texture - plagioclase grains are partly to completely enclosed by pyroxene, indicating that
the minerals crystallized out of the magma to in a certain order : first plagioclase, then pyroxene
(http://www.cas.usf.edu/~jryan/rocks.html)

Sub-ophitic
Sub-ophitic texture , Chilcotin Group Basalt, B.C.. Note clinopyroxenes partially surrounding plagioclase laths.

This peridotite is made of irregular interlocking crystals of olivine (bright colours) and
magnesium-rich pyroxene (large grey crystals). Field of view 6 mm, polarising filters.

The large crystals (mostly olivine) in a very fine -grained groundmass

http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/micro/medium/basalt1-ppl_pm15-17.jpg

Obsidian (with colour-banded glass) - has a colour banding that seems to have appeared
after solidification, where the fresh brown glass has begun to f orm tiny crystals in some
bands, losing its colour in the process. Field of view 6 mm

Kimberlite (tuff) - is a rock formed by the explosive eruption of very gas -rich magma
produced in the Earth's mantle. It erupts at the surface so viol ently that its texture
is nearly always that of a tuff. Olivine, mica and calcite are c ommon minerals, and
diamonds, though rare, are economically mportant. Field of view 8 mm.

Tuffs (welded tuff) - are volcanic rocks composed of particles of volcanic ash and cr ystals
that have settled out of the air, either onto the land surface o r into water. In this example,
the particles of ash were still so hot that they were still soft : they packed down and
welded themselves together. This rock is difficult to distinguis h from a lava. FOV: 3 mm.
http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/micro/medium/tuff1_pm15-14.jpg

A glassy volcanic rock in which the glass has begun to crystallise. Because the new
crystals are forming at low temperatures they find it difficult to grow as blocky solid
shapes, and instead develop branched, feathery forms. Field of v iew 3 mm

Vesicle in glassy volcanic rock lined

by chlorite

Figure 3 -9. a. Granophyric quartz -alkali feldspar intergrowth at the margin of a 1 -cm
dike. Golden Horn granite, WA. Width 1mm. b. Graphic texture: a single crystal of
cuneiform quartz (darker) intergrown with alkali feldspar (light er). Laramie Range, WY.
John Winter and Prentice Hall.

Figure 3 -21. Myrmekite formed in plagioclase at the boundary with K -feldspar. Photographs courtesy L.
Collins. http://www.csun.edu/~vcgeo005

Figure 3 -18. a. Carlsbad twin in

orthoclase. Wispy perthitic exsolution
is also evident. Granite, St. Cloud MN.
Field widths ~1 mm. John Winter
and Prentice Hall.

Figure 3 -18. b. Very straight multiple

albite twins in plagioclase, set in felsitic
groundmass. Rhyolite, Chaffee, CO. Field
widths ~1 mm. John Winter and Prentice
Hall.

Perthite KAlSi3O8 and Plagioclase (Na-Ca Al Silicate)

Optical Properties:
Perthite is actually two minerals: an intergrowth of sodic plagioclase in K-feldspar (orthoclase or microcline). The intergrowths
are commonly stringy (as in the photo above), but they may be globular, lensoid, or other shapes. First order gray
interference colors. When the optic sign is determined, it may be either + or -, depending on whether the lens is focused on
K-feldspar or intergrown plagioclase.
Occurrence:
Common in siliceous intrusive rockssuch as granite and quartz monzonite; also in syenite, trachyte, and some metamorphic
rocks.

Myrmekite
Optical Description:
Myrmekite is a "wormy" intergrowth of quartz in sodic plagioclase.
Occurrence:
Myrmekite occurs in quartz-rich intrusive rocks.

Micrographic
Quartz and K-feldspar (cuneiform shaped intergrowths) dominate this rock.

Spherulites
Spherulites are radiating masses of fibrous crystals in a glassy matrix. These spherulites are probably composed of alkali
feldspars and some polymorph of SiO2, and in this cross-polarized shot, appear as round objects with dark crosses. Note
the large phenocryst which forms the nucleus of one of the spherulites at center-left.

Figure 3 -16. a. The interstitial liquid (red) between bubbles in pumice (left) b ecome 3 -pointed-star-shaped
glass shards in ash containing pulverized pumice. If they are su fficiently warm (when pulverized or after
accumulation of the ash) the shards may deform and fold to conto rted shapes, as seen on the right and b. in
the photomicrograph of the Rattlesnake ignimbrite, SE Oregon. Wi dth 1 mm. John Winter.

SUMMARY
Porphyritic vitrophyric
Phaneritic
Aphanitic
Holocrystalline hipocrystalline holohyaline
Idiomorphic hypidiomorphic allotriomorphic
Glomeroporphyritic
Intergranular
Ophitic sub ophitic

Volcanic glass in
groundmass between finegrained plagioclase and
pyroxene crystals

Glomeroporphyritic texture
Example:
plagioclase and pyroxene
phenocryts

Intergranular Pyroxene crystals occupy spaces between plagioclase laths.

Figure 3-8. Ophitic texture. A single pyroxene envelops several well -developed
plagioclase laths. Width 1 mm. Skaerg rd intrusion, E. Greenland.
John Winter and Prentice Hall.

Sub-ophitic
Sub-ophitic texture , Chilcotin Group Basalt, B.C.. Note clinopyroxenes partially
surrounding plagioclase laths.