Literature

Fairytales
A fairy tale, or wonder tale, is a kind of folktale or fable. In these stories we meet
witches and queens, giants and elves, princes, dragons, talking animals, ogres,
princesses, and sometimes even fairies. Marvelous and magical things happen to
characters in fairy tales.
http://teacher.scholastic.com/writewit/mff/fairytales_discovering.htm
Thompson in his 1977 [1946] edition of The Folktale: A tale of some length
involving a succession of motifs or episodes. It moves in an unreal world without
definite locality or definite creatures and is filled with the marvelous. In this nevernever land, humble heroes kill adversaries, succeed to kingdoms and marry
princesses." The characters and motifs of fairy tales are simple and archetypal:
princesses and goose-girls; youngest sons and gallant princes; ogres, giants,
dragons, and trolls; wicked stepmothers and false heroes; fairy godmothers and
other magical helpers, often talking horses, or foxes, or birds; glass mountains; and
prohibitions and breaking of prohibitions.
A fairy tale with a tragic rather than a happy end is called an anti-fairy tale.
Although the fairy tale is a distinct genre within the larger category of folktale, the
definition that marks a work as a fairy tale is a source of considerable dispute. One
universally agreed-upon matter is that fairy tales do not require fairies.
Together with the common beginning "once upon a time" it means a fairy tale or a
mrchen was originally a little story from a long time ago, when the world was still
magic.
Some writers use fairy tale forms for modern issues; this can include using the
psychological dramas implicit in the story. Sometimes, especially in children's
literature, fairy tales are retold with a twist simply for comic effect.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale
Imagine the history of fairy tales as a map: unfurl this imaginary terrain in your
minds eye, and you will first see two prominent landmarks, Charles Perraults Tales
of Olden Times (1697) and a little nearer in the foreground, the Grimm Brothers
Childrens and Household Tales (181257)
http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140930-where-do-fairy-tales-come-from

Fairy tales are rich visual narratives that have inspired the imagination of designers,
both consciously and subconsciously, throughout fashions history.

Runway creations are often described as magical, fantastical or like something out
of a fairy tale, and it was with these imaginative looks in mind that The Museum at
the Fashion Institute of Technology's associate curator Colleen Hill organized the
school's newest exhibit, "Fairy Tale Fashion." Inspired by classic stories from Charles
Perrault, the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, the installation features
over 80 objects that illustrate the characters of 15 different fables through the work
of designers such as Giles, Rodarte, Altuzarra, Marchesa, Alexander McQueen and
more.
http://fashionista.com/2016/01/fairy-tale-fashion-fit
A study by anthropologists has explored the origins of folk tales and traced the
relationship between varients of the stories recounted by cultures around the world.
The researchers adopted techniques used by biologists to create the taxonomic tree
of life, which shows how every species comes from a common ancestor.
Dr Jamie Tehrani, a cultural anthropologist at Durham University, studied 35
versions of Little Red Riding Hood from around the world.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/6142964/Fairy-tales-haveancient-origin.html
Using techniques normally employed by biologists, academics studied links between
stories from around the world and found some had prehistoric roots.
They found some tales were older than the earliest literary records, with one dating
back to the Bronze Age.
The stories had been thought to date back to the 16th and 17th Centuries.
Durham University anthropologist Dr Jamie Tehrani, said Jack and the Beanstalk was
rooted in a group of stories classified as The Boy Who Stole Ogre's Treasure, and
could be traced back to when Eastern and Western Indo-European languages split
more than 5,000 years ago.
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35358487

Fantasy

Fantasy is a fiction genre that uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main
plot element, theme, or setting. Many works within the genre take place in
imaginary worlds where magic and magical creatures are common. Fantasy is
generally distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the
expectation that it steers clear of scientific and macabre themes, respectively,
though there is a great deal of overlap between the three, all of which are
subgenres of speculative fiction.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy
Fantasy is a form of literary genre in which a plot cannot occur in the real world. Its
plot usually involves witchcraft or magic taking place on an undiscovered planet of
an unknown world. Its overall theme and setting is a combination of technology,
architecture, and language resembling European medieval ages.

Types of Fantasy
Modern Folktales
Modern folktales are types of fantasies that narrators tell in a traditional tale
accompanying some typical elements such as strong conflict, little description of
characters, plot-moving fast with a quick resolution, sometimes adding magical
elements and vague setting.
Animal Fantasy
This fantasy tells tales about animals, showing them behaving like human beings,
experiencing emotions, having ability of reasoning and talking. Nevertheless,
animals in animal fantasies retain their various animal characteristics too.
Toy Fantasy
In toy fantasies, narrators bring their beloved toys to life and transform them into
animated beings that can talk, live, think, breathe, love and behave like human
beings.
Magical Fantasy
In a magical fantasy, you see a character having magical powers, or a strange
magical object becomes subject of the narrative.
Alternative Worlds & Enchanted Journeys
In these fantasies, you see leading character undertaking journey to an alternative
world, or a fantasy world. Though realistic tales also employ journeys, you would
see magical things only happen in fantasy journeys.
Quest or Heroic Fantasy (High Fantasy)
These fantasies involve adventures with a search, quest and motif. While this quest
could be pursuit for a higher purpose like justice and love, or for getting a reward
like hidden treasure or a magical power, the conflict of heroic fantasies focuses on
struggle between evil and good.
Mystery and Supernatural Fantasy
One of very common forms of supernatural fantasy is known as a ghost story.
Ghosts could be either helpful protectors, or fearful. However, in a mystery, the
solution is always a supernatural on, or through supernatural assistance such as
witchcrafts.
Science Fiction

Science fiction is also a type of imaginative literature. It provides a mental picture of

something that may happen on realistic scientific principles and facts.
These tales serve as a fuel to our imagination, and give satisfaction to our longings
for adventure. Thus, fantasies directly relate to our deepest desires and dreams.
http://literarydevices.net/fantasy/
How did it all start?
The genre started in the Victorian age in England in 1872.
The very first work of fantasy in the modern era is typically attributed to a work
called "The Wood beyond the World which was first published in 1894. by William
Morris. And there is some truth to this but it isn't 100% accurate. It is the book that
really got the genre it's start. But what would be more accurately described as the
first work in the genre of modern fantasy is a book called "The Princess and the
Goblin" by George MacDonald which was published in 1872.

http://fantasyguide.stormthecastle.com/fantasyguide_essays/the-beginnings-ofmodern-fantasy.htm

Young Adult Fiction

Young Adult is a proposed age range for those who wish to read a particular book. It
is a demographic rather than an agglomeration of people who like to read stories
about.
Age Group

Young adult books are generally written for teenagers.

http://terribleminds.com/ramble/2013/06/04/25-things-you-should-know-aboutyoung-adult-fiction/

Comics
How comics influenced Fashion e.g. Betty and Veronicas Style in Archies influence
people to dress like them and talk like them.

What are comics?

Comics are a way of creating a universe and populating it with characters using a
secret code that works in the simplest and most direct way possible to enter the
readers brain Series of little pictures and groups of words arranged in a rhythmic
pattern to create and activate a world inside us.
They are a medium not a genre.
People define comics with a narrow definition, such as those that we see them in
the funny pages, like Peanuts or Garfield. Or if you say comic books they think
only of Archie or Batman and cant conceive that comics can be more than that.
And while these are types of comics, they arent the only comics out there.
Types of comicsWhile comics can be done in a number of visual media, the majority are illustrated
also while most comics rely on some form of text in order to present parts of its
information, some are purely visual.
http://terribleminds.com/ramble/2013/06/04/25-things-you-should-know-aboutyoung-adult-fiction/

Terminology
A panel is defined as the basic unit of storytelling in a comic book. Usually square
or rectangular, panels frame the action of a comic book and graphic novel,.
Creators must choose carefully in deciding the order, placement, size, and context
of each panel when creating their narrative. McCloud refers to the space in between
the panels as the gutter, while others might talk about it as the border. Captions
and word balloons are two of the most important narrative devices of a comic book
story. Word balloons are bubbles filled with the words spoken or thought by a
character in a story. Captions are text-filled boxes that serve to narrate the story.

Creating a Comic

The basic building blocks of comics are panels, single frames placed in sequence.
Usually these panels have rectangular borders, but panels can have any shape, or
even no border at all, as long as there is some sign of where one might end and
another begin. Outside the borders is a (usually) blank area known as the gutter.
Each panel will usually contain pictorial images of some sort, including but not
limited to drawings, paintings, photographs, text, speech and thought balloons, and
text boxes. Panels generally read in the same sequence as text (i.e., in Western
countries left to right, then top to bottom).

History
Prior to Comicbook heroes we had pulp heroes. "Pulps" were small 10 cent books
sold on the newsstands, usually filled with action heroes going to exotic places and
having adventures.
http://www.thecomicbooks.com/old/Hist1.html

Since the 1960s the comic book industry has been dominated by the two major
publishers of superhero booksMarvel and Detective Comics (DC). DCs official
name for almost 50 years was National Periodical Publication; Marvel was known as
Timely Comics from 1939 to about 1950, and then as Atlas Comics for much of the
1950s. Many comic book fans often use the concept of ages to distinguish periods
of comic book history that share concerns, storytelling techniques, marketing
strategies, styles of art and writing, and approach to genre conventions (Coogan
2006). These ages can roughly be distinguished as the Golden (1938-1956), Silver
(1956-1971), Bronze (1971-1980), Iron (1980-1987), and Modern (1987-present).
1930-1950: Golden Age
Comic books blossomed into a distinct entertainment industry after 1938 when
Jerome Siegal and Joseph Shuster created Superman, the initiator of the superhero
genre that would remain the cornerstone of the comic book industry. When DC
comics introduced Batman in 1939, it eventually pushed out the crime and
detective stories from DCs title. The popularity of the superhero in the 1930s led
to the creation of other characters such as Wonder Woman, Captain America, The
Flash, and the Green Lantern. In terms of style and technique, Will Eisners work on
his masked detective series The Spirit adapted many film techniques to comic
books and developed much of the storytelling grammar still used in comic books
today.
World War II was a boon for the comic book, perhaps because it promoted two
prevailing ideological visions of the time: New Deal-style social reform and WWII
patriotism. The DC superhero comics tacitly stressed a common interest in public
welfare and strong federal government. Marvel comics took up the cause of WWII
patriotism in its creation of Captain America, showing Captain America punching

Hitler in the face. In fact, the primary narrative convention of the Golden Age is the
defense of the normal.
1956-1971: The Silver Age
After WWII, comic books lost readers and publishers alike due to lack of purpose,
competition from television, as well as Senate investigations into the cultural
influence of the comic book industry, particularly the influence of popular horror
comic books. Comic book companies created the Comics Code Authority as a way to
self-police the industry and win back readers (McCloud 1993).
By the start of the 1960s, the industry showed further signs of recovery. The Silver
Age began with superhero comic books acting to convey the prevailing social
ideology. But when that no longer appealed to audiences, the Silver Age comic book
moved away from explicitly ideological texts
1971-1980: The Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is characterized by a shift from social issues to an emphasis on
form and stylistic details. Comic books no longer looked through form to the ideals,
values, and conflicts of society but began to look at the form itself. Motivated by
persistent criticism that comic book art was not great art, comic book artists
began to experiment with color and page display. Comic books were still largely
carried by traditional newsstands, but these traditional comic book venues were
rapidly being replaced by chain stores. In an attempt to revise its marketing
structure, the comic book industry formed the Academy of Comic-Book Arts (ACBA)
and later the Comic Guild in hopes of achieving, as Stan Lee (the creator of
Spiderman) states, for comic books what Academy Awards do for motion picture
(Coogan 2006).
While comic book sales continued to decline, DC and Marvel turned to licensing out
their characters to television for revenue
1980-1987: The Iron Age
The Iron Age extends the Bronze Ages emphasis on form and embellishes it to the
point where form itself becomes the substance or content of the work. Indeed,
in a sophisticated interplay of postmodern intertextuality and self-reflexiveness,
many comic book heroes, such as Frank Millers Daredevil, began to question their
own heroism and often seemed to have a tenuous grasp on their own sanity. In fact,
heroes seemed to be the subject of comic book stories rather than the means to tell
a story. Soon the Iron Age hero began focused on his own mortality. In fact, the Iron
Age witnessed the death of numerous superheroes.
While comic book heroes may have been experiencing their own existential crises,
comic book publishers earned greater profits than ever before by raising the cost of
comic books, distributing them to specialized comic book retail outlets rather than
newsstands on nonreturnable basis, and targeting the loyal fan base over causal
mainstream readers.
1987-Present: Modern Age

By the end of the 1980s, the comic book industry seemed interested in
reconstructing the genre that nearly deconstructed itself by emphasizing continuity
from the Golden and Silver ages and reconstructing the mission convention that
broke down in the Iron Age. Perhaps most importantly, the comic book industry
began marketing new issues of comic books, such as Spiderman and X-Men, as
future collector items. In fact, during the 1990s comics became top collector items,
only less popular than stamps and coins. Even though comic books in 1990s had a
smaller audience than in previous eras, this audience was willing to buy more and
pay more.
In a major symbolic event for the American Comic Book Industry, Marvel became
the first comic book publisher to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991.
Within just six months, an issue of Marvels X-Men sold a record 8.2 million copies.
Marvel had grown into a multimedia entertainment company.
http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/033comic.html
http://the-artifice.com/history-of-comics/

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