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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics

Compressible Flow
When a change in pressure is accompanied by such a change in density, the flow is
called compressible & the amount of compressibility depends on the velocity of the
air.
At supersonic speeds, all pressure changes are accompanied either by shock waves,
through which the pressure & density are increased, or else by expansion waves,
through which these quantities are reduced.
Gases
A gas is composed of individual, distinct particles, each in continual, irregular
motion, & these particles are constantly colliding with each other.
Attributes
Perfect Gas Law

Adiabatic Process

Speed of Sound

Formula

P=RT [SI ]
P
T
=
=
P o o
To

P=gRT [ENGLISH ]

V
= a
Va

2
1

vo

=
=
v
o

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

V a= RT

V a=20.05 T [ SI , T =K ]

V a=49.02 T [IMPERIAL , T =R ]
Compressible Bernoulli Equation
( constant )

Stagnation Pressure in
Compressible Fluids

Mach Number

Reynolds Number
Law of Continuity

V1
P1 V 2
P2
+
= +
2 1
2 1
2

1 V o
Ps=P o 1+
2 V 2a

M=

RN =

V
Va

VR

A 1 V 1= A 2 V 2

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


Compressible One-Dimension Flow
The term one-dimensional flow is used to describe a flow in which conditions are
sensibly constant across a cross-section normal to the flow direction. Such a
condition is to be found in the flow of air through long nozzles & diffusers. Because
the flow is constrained in all directions normal to the flow direction, the flow is called
one-dimensional even though it may expand or contract in directions to the mean
flow direction.
[INSERT DRAWING]
Nozzle A short tube or duct usually tapers or has a constriction, often forms the
vent of a hole or pipe, & it is used to direct the flow of fluid or to increase
the velocity of flow.
[INSERT DRAWING]
Diffuser Any duct designed to slow an increasing gas flow to lower velocity at the
exit of diffuser
- A divergent duct downstream of the test section whose role is to slow the
higher-velocity air
from the test section down to a very low velocity at the diffuser exit.
Continuity Equation

1 A 1 V 1= 2 A 2 V 2
Mach number Equation

M=

V
Va

Speed of sound Relation

V a=

Adiabatic process Relation

P2
T
= 2 = 2
P1
1
T1

Va
=
Va

2
1

v1 w 2
=
v2
w1

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2

Compressible Bernoulli Equation


2
V 21
P1 V 2
P2
+
= +

2 1 1 2 1 2

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


Combining equations 2 & 5,
2

( M 1V a )
P 1 (M 2 V a )
P2
+
=
+

2
1 1
2
1 2
1

M 21

P1
P2
M 22
1
2
1 P1
1 P2
+

=
+

2
1 1
2
1 2

P1 M 1
P2 M 2
1
1
+
=
+
1 2 1
2 2 1

] [

P1 ( 1 ) M 21 +2 P 2 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
=
1
2
2 ( 1 )
2 ( 1 )

2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
=
1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2

P2
P1

( )( )
From equation 3:

P2

= 2
P1
1

1 P 1 1 P2
=
=
2 P 2
P1

( )

P2
P1

( ) ( )

P2
P1

( )( )
P2
P1

( )

( 1 ) M 21+ 2
( 1 ) M 22+ 2

( 1 ) M 21+ 2
( 1 ) M 22+ 2

P2 ( 1 ) M 21+ 2
=
P1 ( 1 ) M 22+ 2

[ ]
2

P2 M 1 +5
=
P1 M 22 +5

For any gas

3.3

For dry air ( =1.4 )

Equating equations 4 & 7:

For any gas

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For dry air ( =1.4 )

Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics

2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
=
1
( 1 ) M 22 +2

( )

2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
=
1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2

1
1

2.5

[ ]

2 M 21 +5
=
1 M 22 +5

From perfect gas law:

P=RT

P2 2 R T 2
=
P1 1 R T 1

2
T 2 ( 1 ) M 1 +2
=
T 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2

T 2 P2 2
=
T 1 P1 1
2
T 2 ( 1 ) M 1 +2
=
T 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2

] [

( 1 ) M 21 +2
( 1 ) M 22 +2

T 2 M 1 +5
=
T 1 M 22 +5

From equation 1:

1 A 1 V 1= 2 A 2 V 2

For any gas

A 2 1 V 1 M 1 V a 1 M 1 V a 1
=
=
=

A 1 2 V 2 M 2 V a 2 M 2 V a 2
1

M 1 20.05 T 1

M 2 20.05 T 2

M 1 ( 1 ) M 22+ 2 2 ( 1 ) M 22+2

M 2 ( 1 ) M 21+ 2
( 1 ) M 12+2

)(

2
A 2 M 1 ( 1 ) M 2 +2
=
A 1 M 2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2

)( )

( )( )

1
1

+1
2( 1)

For any gas

[ ]

A 2 M 1 M 22+5
=
A 1 M 2 M 21+5

M 1 T 1 12 1

M 2 T 2 2
For dry air ( =1.4 )
1
2

2+ ( 1 )
2 ( 1)

A 2 M 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
=
A 1 M 2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2

For dry air ( =1.4 )


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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics

A 2 M 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
=
A 1 M 2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2

+1
2( 1)

Note: Only use the given Mach relations when solving in throat and exit
problems. For using in tank and throat, use the adiabatic process relation.

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


Area-Mach

Example Number 1: An air tank with a nozzle has a pressure of


(gauge) & a density of 1.9

9.5 x 10

Pa

kg
m3 . Outside the converging-diverging

nozzle, the pressure is atmospheric & designed to have a Mach


number of 1.0 & 1.2 at the throat & exit, respectively. The area at
the throat is 0.11

. Calculate:

a) Temperature & speed of sound at the tank


b) Pressure, density, temperature, speed of sound at the throat
c) Mass flow rate the exit
Given:
Required:
a)

T o, V a

b)

PT , T , T T ,V a

c)

mEX

Solution:
For

T o:
T o=

P o= o R T o

For

Po
=
o R

196,325 Pa
kg
J
1.9 3 287.08
kgK
m

)(

T o=359.93 Pa

Va :
o

V a =20.05 T o=20.05 359.93 K =380.39 m/s


o

For

PT :

PT
M EX + 5
=
P EX
M 2T +5

3.5

PT =P EX

M EX +5
M 2T +5

3.5

=( 101,325 Pa )

1.2 +5
12 +5

3.5

PT =129,803.91 Pa

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


For

T :
T PT
=
o
Po

( )

For

T =o

( ) (

)(

129,803.91 Pa
196,325 Pa

1
1.4

T =1.414 kg /m3

TT :
TT =

For

PT 1
kg
= 1.9 3
Po
m

PT
=
T R

129,803.91 Pa
J
(1.414 kg/m )(287.08
)
kgK

=319.77 K

Va :
T

V a =20.05 319.77 K=358.54 m/ s


T

For

m
T:

m
T = T A T V T = 1.414

For

PEX 1
kg
= 1.414 3
PT
m

( ) (

)(

101,325 Pa
129,803.91 Pa

1
1.4

=1.185 kg / m3

T EX :
T EX =

For

EX :
EX= T

For

kg
( 0.11 m2 ) 358.54 m =55.57 kg /s
3
s
m

P EX
=
EX R

101,325 Pa
3

(1.185 kg/m )(287.08

J
)
kgK

=297.85 K

Va :
EX

V a =20.05 T EX =20.05 297.85 K=346.08m/ s


EX

For

V EX :

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics

V EX =M EX V a =( 1.2 ) 346.08
EX

m
=415.30 m/ s
s

A EX :

For

AT M T M 2EX +5
A EX=
M EX M 2T +5

( 0.11 m2 ) ( 1 ) 1. 22+ 5
A EX=
2
1.2

1 +5

A EX=0.113 m

m
EX :

For

m
EX = EX A EX V EX= 1.185

kg
( 0.113 m2 ) 415.30 m =55.61 kg/ s
3
s
m

Mach Numbers and Shock Waves


Mach number Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Incompressible (M < 0.3)


Subsonic (M < 1)
Sonic (M = 1)
Transonic (0.8 < M < 1.2)
Supersonic (1 < M < 5)
Hypersonic (M > 5)

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


Shock Waves
A large-amplitude compression wave, such as that produced by an explosion,
caused by supersonic matter of a body in motion.
Manifest the collapsed area of the dense region where the density is instantaneous.
Formed thru the continuous compilation of particles traveling at high speeds that
form a boundary line.
The energy equation may be used to show that if the speed decreases so also does
the Mach number, while the pressure, density, & temperature all increase.
Types of Waves
1. Shock Waves / Compression Waves
Compression Wave Formed when the density is increased through a shock
wave
a. Normal Shock Wave (NSW) Formed by blunt bodies
b. Oblique Shock Wave (OSW) A function of deflecting angles
2. Expansion Wave (EW)

When the density is decreased, the change is gradual rather than as in the
compression case, & is always of the oblique type.
Because the change is gradual, it is not a shock wave & has no normal
type corresponding to the compressive case.

Reaction from a shock wave


a. Compression of gases
When the flow is supersonic, compression does not occur gradually, but
takes place very suddenly in a very thin region which is known as a shock
wave
It is the region of increasing pressure & density with falling velocity
Compressions are propagated as finite disturbances at a speed greater
than the speed of sound
b. Expansion of gases
Regions in which the velocity increases, while the pressure & density
decrease are known as expansion regions
Disturbances in the flow which constitute expansions are propagated as
infinitesimal disturbances with speed of sound
Two examples of Normal Shocks
[INSERT DRAWING]
The flow is supersonic over a blunt body.
A strong bow shock wave exists in front of the body.

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


Although this wave is curved, the region of the shock closest to the nose is
essentially normal to the flow.
The streamline that passes through this normal portion of the bow shock later
impinges on the nose of the body & controls the values of stagnation pressure &
temperature at the nose.
Example of oblique shock wave
[INSERT DRAWING]
The wall is turned upward at the corner through the deflection angle

; i.e., the

corner is concave.
The flow at the wall must be tangent to the wall: Hence, the streamline at the wall is
also deflected upward through the angle

The bulk of the gas is above the wall, the streamlines are turned upward, into the
main bulk of the flow.
Whenever a supersonic flow is turned into itself, an oblique shock wave will occur.
The originally horizontal streamlines ahead of the wave are uniformly deflected in
crossing the wave, such that the streamlines behind the wave are parallel to each
other & inclined upward at the deflection angle

Across the wave, the Mach number discontinuously decreases, & the pressure,
density, & temperature discontinuously increase.

Example of expansion wave


[INSERT DRAWING]
Shows the case where the wall is turned downward at the corner through the
deflection angle

; i.e., the corner is convex.

The flow at the wall must be tangent to the wall: Hence, the streamline at the wall is
deflected downward through the angle

The bulk of the gas is above the wall, the streamlines are turned downward, away
from the main bulk of the flow.
Whenever a supersonic flow is turned away from itself, an expansion wave will
occur. This expansion wave is in the same of a fan centered at the corner. The fan
continuously opens in the direction away from the corner.
The originally horizontal streamlines ahead of the expansion wave are deflected
smoothly & continuously through the expansion fan such that the streamlines
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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


behind the wave are parallel to each other & inclined downward at the deflection
angle

Across the expansion wave, the Mach number increases & the pressure,
temperature, & density decrease.

The water-wave analogy


1.) Subsonic speed
a. Disturbances sent out by stationary object
[INSERT DRAWING]
Consider the case of an object which pierces the surface of a motionless
body of water. The disturbance will send out small waves, at a certain
velocity

v o , which are always concentric with each other. These waves

may be likened to the pressure impulses set up by a similar disturbance in


a motionless body of air, or they may be more readily visualized by the
pressure waves resulting from an explosion in a motionless body of air.
b. Disturbances set out by particle moving at velocity less than speed of
sound
[INSERT DRAWING]
The object is moving in a certain direction at a speed v which is less than
the speed of the waves ( v <v a ). The disturbance sent out as the particle
passes station 1 remains ahead and outside of all successive disturbances
sent out while on the way to the last station. In other words, the water or
air well ahead of the object is warned of its presence by the waves or
pressure impulses by the waves or pressure impulses sent out by the
approaching body, & the air will begin to change conditions before the
body reaches the point.

2.) Supersonic speed


Disturbance pattern created by particle moving faster than speed of sound.
[INSERT DRAWING]
The speed of the particle is increased until it is greater than the speed at
which the pressure waves travel ( v > v a ). In this case, the object travels
faster than the wavelets it produces, & the individual waves combine along a
common point, where the wavelets intersect, reinforce each other, & create a
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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


new & much stronger wave along the tangent common to all wavelets. The
portion of the wavelets ahead of the point of tangency will lose their identity
& be merged into the envelope created by other wavelets.
Replacing the wavelets in water by pressure impulses in the air, it can be
seen that a definite line of demarcation is set up in the air, separating the
region affected by the body from the free-stream conditions.
Mach line, angle, & number
[INSERT DRAWING]
Mach line
The line of disturbance created along the envelope of individual wavelets.
The line so drawn to evaluate the geometric condition of a supersonic pattern (i.e. A
Mach cone).
The point of contact with the circles of their common tangent is the location of the
source.
The disturbance at this point tends to build up into a much stronger disturbance
than the one being created by the source; but since the latter is infinitesimal, the
disturbance remains vanishingly weak.
There is still no change in flow properties across this common tangent which,
however, divides the region which is affected by the disturbance from that which is
not. This line is known as a normal Mach line.

Mach number, M
The ratio between the speed of the air & the speed of sound in the air, which is of so
much importance at supersonic speeds.

M=

Mach angle,

V
Va

The angle which the Mach line makes with the free-stream direction.
Defined by the relative velocities between the free airstream v, & the speed of
sound in the stream

va .

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Applied Supersonic Aerodynamics


1
1
M 21
1

sin =
= cos =
tan =
2
V
M
M
M 1
Va

The Basic Normal Shock Wave Equations


[INSERT DRAWING]
Downstream attribute

Mach

Formula

M 2=

( 1 ) M 21 +2
2 M 21( 1 )

1
2

Pressure

P2 2 M 21( 1)
=
P1
+1

Density

( + 1 ) M 21
2
=
1 ( 1 ) M 21+ 2

Temperature

2
2
T 2 [ 2 M 1( 1 ) ] [ ( 1 ) M 1+ 2]
=
T1
( +1 )2 M 21

Velocity

V 2 ( 1 ) M 1+2
=
V1
( +1 ) M 21

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