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Types of protection:
1.
2.
Types of protection
Protection schemes can be divided into two major groupings:
1.
Unit schemes
2.
Non-unit schemes
The unit protection schemes is based on Kirchhoffs Current Law the sum of the
currents entering an area of the system must be zero.
Any deviation from this must indicate an abnormal current path. In these schemes,
the effects of any disturbance or operating condition outside the area of interest are
totally ignored and the protection must be designed to be stable above the maximum
possible fault current that could flow through the protected area.
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Type of Fault
Operation of Relay
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For feeder protection, there would be more than one overcurrent relay to protect
different sections of the feeder. These overcurrent relays need to coordinate with each
other such that the relay nearest fault operates first.
Use time, current and a combination of both time and current are three ways to
discriminate adjacent overcurrent relays.
OverCurrent Relay gives protection against:
Overcurrent includes short-circuit protection, and short circuits can be:
1.
Phase faults
2.
Earth faults
3.
Winding faults
Short-circuit currents are generally several times (5 to 20) full load current. Hence
fast fault clearance is always desirable on short circuits.
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Dependability / reliability
Security / stability
Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards
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While, the overload protection protects against the situation where overload current
causes overheating of the protected equipment.
The overcurrent protection is a bigger concept So that the overload protection can be
considered as a subset of overcurrent protection.
The overcurrent relay can be used as overload (thermal) protection when protects the
resistive loads, etc., however, for motor loads, the overcurrent relay cannot serve as
overload protection Overload relays usually have a longer time setting than the
overcurrent relays.
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Moderately Inverse
Extremely Inverse
4.
Directional overcurrent Relay
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varies with the position of the fault because of the difference in the impedance
between the fault and the source
The relay located furthest from the source operate for a low current value
The operating currents are progressively increased for the other relays when
Drawback of Relay:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event
of fault.
Time lag is provided which is not desirable in on short circuits.
It is difficult to co-ordinate and requires changes with the addition of load.
It is not suitable for long distance transmission lines where rapid fault clearance
is necessary for stability.
Relay have difficulties in distinguishing between Fault currents at one point or
another when fault impedances between these points are small, thus poor
discrimination.
Application:
Definite time overcurrent relay is used as:
1.
Back up protection of distance relay of transmission line with time delay.
2.
Back up protection to differential relay of power transformer with time delay.
3.
Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay
setting.
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It gives inverse time current characteristics at lower values of fault current and
below 10, for values between 10 and 20 characteristics tend towards definite
time characteristics.
Widely used for the protection of distribution lines.
Inverse types
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increases.
Particularly effective with ground faults because of their steep characteristics.
Suitable if there is a substantial reduction of fault current as the fault distance
seconds when overcurrent relays with very inverse characteristics are used.
Used when Fault Current is dependent on fault location.
Used when Fault Current independent of normal changes in generating
capacity.
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It has more inverse characteristics than that of IDMT and very inverse
overcurrent relay.
Suitable for the protection of machines against overheating.
The operating time of a time overcurrent relay with an extremely inverse time-
capacity.
Application:
Particular suitable for grading and coordinates with fuses and re closes
For the protection of alternators, transformers. Expensive cables, etc.
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Used only when the cost of overcurrent relays are not justified.
Line Protection:
On some sub transmission lines where the cost of distance relaying cannot be
justified.
primary ground-fault protection on most transmission lines where distance
protection.
Distribution Protection:
Overcurrent relaying is very well suited to distribution system protection for the
following reasons:
required.
It is possible to use a set of two O/C relays for protection against inter-phase
faults and a separate Overcurrent relay for ground faults.