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Chapter Outline
9.1 The General Feedback Structure
9.2 Some Properties of Negative Feedback
9.3 The Four Basic Feedback Topologies
9.4 The Feedback Voltage Amplifier (Series-Shunt)
9.5 The Feedback Transconductance Amplifier (Series-Series)
9.6 The Feedback Transresistance Amplifier (Shunt-Shunt)
9.7 The Feedback Current Amplifier (Shunt-Series)
9.9 Determining the Loop Gain
9.10 The Stability Problem
9.11 Effect of Feedback on the Amplifier Poles
9.12 Stability Study Using Bode Plots
9.13 Frequency Compensation
9-1
Open-loop gain: A
Feedback factor:
Loop gain: A
Amount of feedback: 1 + A
x
A
Gain of the feedback amplifier (closed-loop gain): A f o
xs 1 A
Negative feedback:
The feedback signal xf is subtracted from the source signal xs
Negative feedback reduces the signal that appears at the input of the basic amplifier
The gain of the feedback amplifier Af is smaller than open-loop gain A by a factor of (1+A)
The loop gain A is typically large (A >>1):
The gain of the feedback amplifier (closed-loop gain) Af 1/
The closed-loop gain is almost entirely determined by the feedback network better accuracy of Af
xf = xs(A)/(1+A) xs error signal xi = xs xf
NTUEE Electronics L.H. Lu
9-2
Example
The feedback amplifier is based on an opamp with infinite input resistance and zero output resistance
(a) Find an expression for the feedback factor.
(b) Find the condition under which the closed-loop gain Af is almost entirely determined by the feedback network.
(c) If the open-loop gain A = 10000 V/V, find R2/R1 to obtain a closed-loop gain Af of 10 V/V.
(d) What is the amount of feedback in decibel?
(e) If Vs = 1 V, find Vo, Vf and Vi.
(f) If A decreases by 20%, what is the corresponding decrease in Af?
9-3
dA f
dA
1 dA
2
(1 A )
Af
1 A A
Desensitivity factor: 1+ A
Bandwidth extension
High-frequency response of a single-pole amplifier:
A( s)
AM
AM /(1 AM )
Af (s)
1 s / H
1 s / H (1 AM )
sAM
sAM /(1 AM )
A f ( s)
s L
s L /(1 AM )
Negative feedback:
Reduces the gain by a factor of (1+AM)
Extends the bandwidth by a factor of (1+AM)
9-4
Interference reduction
The signal-to-noise ratio:
The amplifier suffers from interference introduced at the input of the amplifier
Signal-to-noise ratio: S/I = Vs/Vn
Enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio:
Precede the original amplifier A1 by a clean amplifier A2
Use negative feedback to keep the overall gain constant
V0 Vs
A1
S V
A1 A2
Vn
s A2
1 A1 A2
1 A1 A2
I Vn
9-5
= 0.01
A changes from 1000 to 100
1000
90.9
1 1000 0.01
100
50
1 100 0.01
Af 1
Af 2
9-6
Example:
9-7
Current amplifiers
The most suitable feedback topologies is current-mixing and current-sampling one
Known as shunt-series feedback
Example:
9-8
Transconductance amplifiers
The most suitable feedback topologies is voltage-mixing and current-sampling one
Known as series-series feedback
Example:
9-9
Transresistance amplifiers
The most suitable feedback topologies is current-mixing and voltage-sampling one
Known as shunt-shunt feedback
Example:
9-10
1 A
Af
A
1 A
9-11
9-12
9-13
Analysis techniques
9-14
Example
9-15
Example
9-16
Af
A
1 A
9-17
9-18
Analysis techniques
9-19
Rif
Af
Ri
(1 A )
Rof
Ro
(1 A )
A
1 A
9-20
Rif
Ri
(1 A )
Af
A
1 A
9-21
The value of loop gain determined using the method discussed here may differ somewhat from the value
determined by the approach studied in the previous session, but the difference is usually limited to a few
percent.
9-22
Example
RL || R2 R1 || ( Rid R) R1 || ( Rid R)
RL || R2 R1 || ( Rid R) ro R1 || ( Rid R) R2
Rid
Rid R
9-23
Characteristic Equation
The gain of a feedback amplifier can be expressed as a transfer function (function of s) by taking the
frequency-dependent properties into consideration.
The denominator determines the poles of the system and the numerator defines the zeros.
From the study of circuit theory that the poles of a circuit are independent of the external excitation.
The poles or the natural modes can be determined by setting the external excitation to zero.
The characteristic equation and the poles are completely determined by the loop gain.
A given feedback loop may be used to general a number of circuits having the same poles but different
transmission zeros.
the closed-loop gain and the transmission zeros depend on how and where the input signal is injected into
the loop.
9-24
A( s )
1 A( s) ( s )
A( j )
1 A( j ) ( j )
Loop gain: L( j ) A( j ) ( j ) | A( j ) ( j ) | e j ( )
Stability of the closed-loop transfer function:
For loop gain smaller than unity at 180:
Becomes positive feedback
Closed-loop gain becomes larger than open-loop gain
The feedback amplifier is still stable
For loop gain equal to unity at 180:
The amplifier will have an output for zero input (oscillation)
For loop gain larger than unity at 180:
Oscillation with a growing amplitude at the output
NTUEE Electronics L.H. Lu
9-25
9-26
9-27
A0
A0 /(1 A0 )
Af (s)
1 s / P
1 s / P (1 A0 )
Pf P (1 A0 )
9-28
A0
A( s)
A f ( s)
(1 s / P1 )(1 s / P1 )
1 A( s )
9-29
The feedback amplifier is stable only if does not exceed a maximum value
9-30
9-31
1 e j
A( j1 )
1 A( j1 ) 1 e j
| A f ( j1 ) |
1/
| 1 e j |
This peaking increases as the phase margin is reduced, eventually reaching infinite when the phase margin
is zero (sustained oscillations).
9-32
105
(1 jf / 105 )(1 jf / 106 )(1 jf / 107 )
9-33
9-34
f P1
1
2C x Rx
f D
1
2 (C x CC ) Rx
9-35
f P1
1
2C1 R1
f P1
1
2C2 R2
( sC f g m ) R1 R2
Vo
1
s
s
1 2 1
1
1
1
1 s
s
D ( s ) 1
1 s
s2
P 1 P 2
P 1
P 1 P 2
P 1 P 1
P 1 P 2
1
P1
C1 R1 C2 R2 C f ( g m R1 R2 R1 R2 )
P 2
1
g m R1 R2C f
9-36