Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Dissertao de Mestrado
________________________
Luciana Colussi
PPGL
Dissertao apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado do Programa de PsGraduao em Letras, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
(UFSM, RS), como requisito parcial para obteno do grau de
Mestre em Letras
PPGL
COMISSO EXAMINADORA:
___________________________________________
Dsire Motta-Roth - Orientador
___________________________________________
Ronaldo Mota - 1 Argidor
___________________________________________
Vera Maria Xavier dos Santos - 2 Argidor
Dedico este trabalho a Clair, minha me, que sempre mostrou os melhores
caminhos para a realizao dos meus sonhos.
Todo meu amor, carinho, admirao. Fao tua, a minha realizao.
SUMRIO
Resumo
Abstract
CAPTULO 1 INTRODUO
i
iii
01
1.1 Contextualizao
...................................................................................
1.2 Objetivo do estudo ................................................................................
1.3 Perguntas de pesquisa
..........................................................................
1.4 Organizao do estudo .........................................................................
01
08
08
08
11
05
05
07
12
13
13
22
26
26
28
32
33
33
CAPTULO 3 METODOLOGIA
3.1 Delimitao do universo de anlise .......................................................
3.2 Critrios de seleo dos textos .............................................................
3.3 Seleo dos textos e descrio das revistas de popularizao da
cincia .........................................................................................................
3.4 Anlise dos dados .................................................................................
36
36
37
43
43
43
48
51
53
54
55
57
57
58
38
41
59
63
63
64
70
73
76
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
80
RESUMO
Dissertao de Mestrado
74
American, American Scientist e Nature, nos quais procurou-se verificar: (1) qual
a organizao retrica encontrada em textos de PC, de acordo com pesquisa
prvia desenvolvida por Nwogu (1990), (2) como acontecem as alteraes da
informao cientfica para a linguagem orientada para audincias noespecializadas e (3) em que medida os textos de PC utilizam recursos de
reescritura. Os resultados apontam para a manuteno da organizao da
informao (IMRD) nos PCs semelhante ao AA. Em relao aos recursos de
ABSTRACT
Master Thesis
Post-Graduation Program in Language
Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
CAPTULO 1 INTRODUO
1.1 Contextualizao
(Idem, ibidem)
Agradeo Prof. Adriana Pagano, por, gentilmente, ter enviado essa revista.
nos
Temas
Transversais,
discutindo
sobre
novas
abordado.
Essas
caractersticas
envolvem
questes
lexicais
artigo
medida
os
textos
de
popularizao
da
cincia
apresentam
&
Moreira:ibidem)
ou
simplesmente
recursos
(Pagano,
1998:ibidem).
Seguindo a explorao das caractersticas textuais-discursivas recorrentes
no artigo de PC, espero fornecer subsdios para o ensino e aprendizagem
de leitura em ingls como lngua estrangeira, no que concerne
organizao retrica e ao uso de recursos de reescrituras nos textos de PC.
Aprendizes de LE podem beneficiar-se com os resultados desta pesquisa ao
se tornarem mais conscientes da organizao textual do PC.
Fortanet et al (1998:75), ao trabalharem com AA, sugerem que essas
expectativas poderiam resultar em um melhor entendimento do texto por
parte do estudante e em uma melhor interpretao na busca de informaes
especficas dentro do texto.
2.2 Gnero
em
que
condies
sociais.
Tais
aspectos
condicionaro
diretamente
seu
pblico
especfico,
constitudo
por
pares
buscam
atingir
diretamente
um
pblico
igualmente
dos
textos,
tanto
quanto
por
pesquisas
relativas
explcitos
(Motta-Roth,
1995:134).
Os
itens
lexicais
so
Movimento 2
Movimento 3
Movimento 4
Movimento 5
Movimento 7
Movimento 9
Movimento
10
Movimento
11
Movimento
1
Movimento
9
Movimento
2
Movimento
3
Movimento
7
Movimento
4
Movimento
5
Movimento
10
Movimento
11
Exemplo 1
Exemplo 2
In England and Wales, death rates during the past hundred years
have been consistently higher in the north and west of the country
than in the south east (Idem:ibidem).
Exemplo 3
Exemplo 4
Having achieved good results with our preliminary attempts at
immunisation, we decided to carry out a controlled trial of treatment
with paternal cells. We wanted to find out whether the success was
truly immunological or a placebo effect of a positive treatment, such
as has been found with other treatments for recurrent abortion. We
also wanted to study the possibility that immunisation with paternal
cells might produce subfertility or other unwanted side-effects.
Exemplo 5
The sampling frame men aged 35-54 years listed on the Lothian
Health Board Central Register with an address in the city of
Edinburgh. A systematic sample of 6000 men (35-54) was drawn
from the register and names were sent to general practitioners to
check against practice records. Medical exclusions for serious
disability of life-threatening illnesses were made by the general
practitioners at this stage. If the general practitioner had no
personal record of a patient registered against his name on the
Central register, the man was still retained in the sample (Nwogu,
1990:147).
O Movimento 5 (Descrever procedimentos experimentais) tende a
ocorrer em textos que envolvem testes de laboratrio ou trabalhos
experimentais,
mas
tambm
pode
ocorrer
em
textos
que
no
so
Exemplo 6
The name, address, and date of birth of each man were entered on a
computer file and the names were randomised into blocks of 500. A
postal questionnaire was sent in batches of 500 every month for a
year (April 1983 to April 1984). The questionnaire included the selfadministered World Health Organization chest pain questionnaire. If
there was no reply to the first questionnaire within 2 weeks, a
reminder letter and questionnaire was sent [] (Nwogu, 1990:148).
Exemplo 7
Movimento
(Salientar
resultados
gerais
da
pesquisa)
Exemplo 8
The present results show, as did our previous, smaller study, that
HSU DNA sequences are not frequently retained in genitals tumors, if
Exemplo 9
The major aim of this trial to show whether injection of paternal
cells produced a result significantly better than the control placebo
effect over the known placebo effect in this condition has been
attained (Nwogu, 1990:159).
O Movimento 11 (Declarar concluses da pesquisa) o ltimo
movimento no AA e representa uma tentativa de o escritor sumarizar seus
pontos de vista, trazendo possveis contribuies do estudo para a rea de
conhecimento. Alm disso, esse movimento tambm contm informaes a
respeito das implicaes do estudo e a necessidade de mais pesquisa na rea
(Nwogu,1990:158-9). Esse movimento sinalizado por dois elementos
constituintes: indicar implicaes para a pesquisa e sugerir mais pesquisa para
a rea.
Exemplo 10
The practical implications of our data are that transfusions to
patients with cancer should be performed only when clinically
essential and that red cells should be used in preference to whole
blood (Idem: ibidem).
Para recapitular, apresentei uma anlise da organizao retrica da
informao do PC baseada no AA. Essa descrio de 11 movimentos presentes
nos artigos de PCs de extrema relevncia para este trabalho, uma vez que
procuro relacion-los com os artigos de PC do corpus a fim de verificar em que
extenso esses utilizam essa estrutura, com vistas a responder aos
questionamentos propostos no captulo de Introduo deste trabalho. Com base
nessas observaes, pretendo verificar se os textos de PC mantm ou no a
configurao, com o intuito de possibilitar dizer como esses textos reelaboram
ou adaptam a informao cientfica antes publicada no AA.
Exemplo 11
Todos tinham previsto que quando a pesquisa fosse tratar de
organismos superiores, de maior complexidade gentica, as coisas
seriam mais ou menos iguais [...]. Mas o que ningum imaginou foi
que a arquitetura bsica dos genes nesses organismos fosse
radicalmente diferente daquela das bactrias. Ao invs de existirem
em unidades nicas e contnuas, como nas bactrias, pesquisadores
nos Estados Unidos e na Europa ficaram maravilhados ao descobrir
[..] que muitos genes esto divididos em segmentos [...] Pagano
(1998:59-60).
parte
de
outros
mecanismos
de
coeso,
como
conjunes,
Para
tanto,
so
utilizados
recursos
como
explicaes,
2.5.1.1 Metfora
Exemplo 12
Estas imagens, cedidas pela NASA mostram que a estao
espacial via ter o tamanho de um campo de futebol e a altura de
um prdio de dez andares (Idem:ibidem).
Outra razo pela qual a metfora usada refere-se lei de economia
estilstica, ou seja, ela pode significar mais com menos palavras (Booth, 1992:
60).
Tradicionalmente a metfora est relacionada s noes de 'substituio'
e de 'comparao' entre os sentidos literal e figurado de uma expresso
(Gomes, 2000). Esse modelo privilegia o estudo da metfora dos pontos de
vista semntico e sinttico. A perspectiva semntica adotada por Ricoeur
(1992[1978]), para quem a metfora uma forma de inovao semntica no
qual "O significado metafrico no consiste em um mero choque semntico,
Exemplo 14
A hrnia aparece quando se rompe o ncleo gelatinoso de um dos
discos da coluna. Os discos funcionam como amortecedores
(Oliveira, 2001:114).
Exemplo 15
A nova arma contra o cncer est em qualquer supermercado, e
to velha quanto Ado e Eva. A ma!
Um grupo de prostitutas do Knia foi a inspirao da nova vacina.
Exemplo 16
Os receptores so uma espcie de porto celular, onde uma
determinada substncia atraca. O atracamento faz com que sejam
abertos canais, tambm localizados na membrana da clula, que
levam outros neurnios a dispararem (Leibruden, 2000:245).
Pode-se dizer que o gnero PC utiliza a construo de campos semnticos
da vida cotidiana para chegar ao domnio da pesquisa cientfica.
2.5.2.2 Personificao
Exemplo 17
At agora a cincia no viu nada de errado.
O cncer finalmente o alcanou.
A inflao tem atacado a fundao de nossa economia (Lakoff &
Johnson:ibidem).
O Exemplo 17 ilustra a personificao, uma vez que a cincia
toma atitude de um homem da cincia.
Exemplo 18
O especialista adverte, no entanto, que futuras pesquisas podem vir
a demonstrar que a novidade no to inofensiva assim
(Oliveira:ibidem).
No exemplo 18, a novidade que pode ser perigosa, e no o uso que o
homem possa vir a fazer dela.
2.5.2.3 Glosa
2.5.2.4 Aposto
Exemplo 19
As crneas dele foram destrudas pelo uso errado de um colrio.
A crnea a parte transparente do olho por onde passa a luz.
Quando danificada a pessoa perde a viso. O caso de James
era grave. No adiantava o transplante de crnea (Idem:ibidem).
Outros apostos so usados sem interromper a narrativa, como
exemplifica o trecho seguinte.
Exemplo 20
Este professor de bromatologia, a cincia que estuda os alimentos,
diz que at agora no h nenhuma evidncia de que os transgnicos
causam alergia ou provocam cncer, como sugerem alguns
ambientalistas contrrios idia (Oliveira, 2001:126).
CAPTULO 3 METODOLOGIA
3.2.2) Acessibilidade e gratuidade: Esses dois critrios esto interrelacionados e se referem facilidade na coleta dos textos que constituem o
(peer-review)
que
estabelece.
Essa
qualidade
refere-se
Original em Ingls: The most important goal of these journals is that the material they publish
is of exceptionally high quality. All of them achieve these ends by rigorous standards of peerreview, editorial independence, and rapid publication (www.nature.com/information)
science and technology. Each issue is filled with feature articles written by prominent scientists
and engineers, reviewing important work in fields that range from molecular biology to computer
engineering. The articles are carefully edited and accompanied by illustrations that are
developed to enhance the reader's understanding and enjoyment. www.americanscientist.com/
cincia,
automobilismo,
meio
ambiente,
entretenimento,
eletrnica,
4
Original em Ingls: with the Scientific American.com Sci/Tech Web Award. It is an eclectic
mixfrom the practical to the academic to the downright silly. Among this year's winners are
sites that decode computer acronyms, explain group theory, unravel the genome, track
chemistry in cartoons, and feature Britney Spears and superconductors in the same breath.
www.sciam.com/ (May, 2001)
5
Original em ingls: Popular Science covers new and emerging technology in the areas of
Original em Ingls: Nature appears weekly and publishes papers from any area of science
with great potential impact. The importance of Nature papers often extends well beyond the
confines of the specific discipline concerned. (Nature's "impact factor", measured by the
independent organization the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia, is higher than
any other interdisciplinary scientific journal.) Nature also publishes a broad range of informal
material in the form of Opinion articles, News stories, Briefings and Recruitment features, and
contributed material such as Correspondence; Commentary; News and Views; Scientific
and Views articles in the same issue as the paper itself. Notcias e opinies
sobre AA publicados no mesmo nmero da revista. Artigos publicados na
Correspondence; book, software and product reviews; Reviews; Progress articles; etc
(www.nature.com/information)
Para verificar a incidncia dos movimentos nos nove textos do corpus, fiz
um levantamento dos itens lexicais que remetem a cada movimento,
descritos anteriomente no captulo 2 (ver Figura 2).
A partir desses marcadores j investigados por Nowgu (1990:192-3), foi feita
a anlise da configurao macro e microestrutural dos artigos de PC. Foram
analisados itens lexicais que remetem aos movimentos retricos propostos
por Nwogu para PC e os recursos de reescritura, propostos por Pagano
(1998), Leibruder (2000) e Gomes (2001), e de modo a servir de base para a
elaborao de uma descrio de como a organizao do PC construda,
possibilitando a identificao desses artigos como exemplares do gnero
divulgao da cincia.
corpus.
4.1 Anlise da organizao da informao no artigo de PC
Movimento 9
Movimento 2
Movimento 3
Movimento 7
Movimento 4
Movimento 5
Movimento 10
Movimento 11
Wickelgren [PC#3].
Alm disso, h informaes adicionais (further reading, more to explore),
que podem ser consideradas referncias bibliogrficas, e, em alguns desses
exemplares, h hyperlinks que remetem a pesquisas adicionais sobre tpicos
relacionados ao assunto dos textos. Os Exemplos 21 e 22, respectivamente,
ilustram tal recurso.
Exemplo 21
[PC#9] JOSE B. CIBELLI, ROBERT P. LANZA and MICHAEL D.
WEST are vice president of research, vice president of medical and
scientific development, and president and CEO, respectively, of
Advanced Cell Technology, a privately held biotechnology company
in Worcester, Mass. Cibelli received his D.V.M. from the University of
La Plata in Argentina and his Ph.D. from the University of
Massachusetts at Amherst. His research led to the creation of the first
cloned genetically modified calves in 1998. Lanza has an M.D. from
Exemplo 22
[PC#6] RELATED LINKS:
Alm disso, a maioria dos artigos, com exceo do PC#1 e PC#4, apresenta
textos no-verbais, uma das caractersticas que diferencia PC de AA
(Myers, 1990:158-65), tais como imagem natural de uma pessoa e
Movimentos
PC#1
M1
M9
M2
M3
M7
M4
M5
M10
M11
PC#1
Exemplo 23
[PC#1] Alzheimers disease is a progressive dementia in which
massive deposits of aggregated protein-breakdown products
amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles accumulate in the brain.
[PC#4] The term, nanotechnology commonly refers to a
speculative field that proposes to build machinery so small
Exemplo 24
[PC#2] Thats when Finns doctor approached him with an
experimental new treatment in which surgeons at Boston Medical
Center were set to implant millions of fetal pig cells into the brains of
Parkinsons patients.
[PC#3] In recent months, Stefanssons genes sleuths have
pinpointed the locations of disease genes at astounding speed. In
September, for example, they homed in on a gene behind a
including the other one of us, my group at Loma Linda University, Researchers
such as ourselves.
De modo geral, os artigos do corpus apresentam Movimento 2: revisar
pesquisa relacionada ao assunto (67% dos artigos). Esses dados parecem
revelar a manuteno desse movimento em relao ao estudo de Nwogu
(1990), ou seja, o PC localiza leitor leigo em um determinado campo de
conhecimento da cincia. Entretanto, a principal diferena o PC utilizar uma
linguagem mais familiar.
Exemplo 26
[PC#2] the company that conducted the research is now pursuing
a more comprehensible study of []. Scientists at Diacrin are now
investigating similar treatments for Huntingtons disease.
[PC#5] Consideration of one of the challenges detailed here the risk
of inducing oral tolerance - has recently led my group and others
to pursue edible vaccine as tools for quashing autoimmunity.
[PC#9] we intended to isolate human stem cells; we launched our
attempt to create a cloned human embryo in early 2001.
Exemplo 27
[PC#1] Based on pharmacological data; Yan et al scanned the
genome; they then observed that this presumably aspartyl-like
activity...
[PC#9] we accepted women only between the ages of 24 and 32
who had at least one child; we asked potential egg contributors
to submit to psychological and psychological and physical tests,
including screening for infectious diseases;... In our
parthenogenesis, we exposed 22 eggs to chemicals that
changed the concentration of charged atoms called ions inside
the cells.
between the ages of 24 and 32 who had at least one child), e aes
experimentais (exposed, submit). Esse Movimento no muito recorrente,
Exemplo 28
[PC#1] () Vassar and colleagues inserted in a screening-like
fashion, pools of unknown human genes (complementary DNAs)
into a cell line that they knew expressed their target
protease.()
[PC#2] () Eleven other patients received the experimental
treatment a 2-hour surgery in which doctors bolt a halo-shaped
frame to the head to steady it and guide the cell-filled injection syringe
()
To prove the value of the cellular masking technology, only half the
patients in Finns experimental trial received coated cells. The other
half received uncoated cells ()
Exemplo 29
[PC#5] ...Also, contrary to expectations, cooking of potatoes does
not always destroy the full complement of antigen. So, potatoes may
have more practical merit than most of us expected. [PC#8]
...Some people are more hypnotizable than others, although
scientists still don't know why [] But the Society for Clinical and
than most of us expected e some people are more hypnotizable than others, que
remetem seo dos Resultados que apresenta os dados obtidos na pesquisa.
Os
dados
em
relao
ao
Movimento
(Indicar
observaes
Exemplo 30
[PC#1] ...Vassar and colleagues inserted in a screening-like fashion,
pools of human genes [] This approach (which is often known to
produce false-negative results) allowed them to identify Asp2 as
the secretase [[ They found that one amino-acid substitution, from
aspartant resulted in a potent inhibitor [..]
[PC#2] And because data showed that human fetal cells theraphy
worked in Parkinsons patients, Diacrin chose to start with that
particular disease.
[PC#5] Edible vaccines also provided laboratory animals with some
protection against challenge by the rabies virus []
Exemplo 31
[PC#2] Half of the patients have shown marked improvement,
though none more than Finn. The other half have regained some
control.
[PC#5] Researchers have also made progress in detecting when
diabetes is brewing To that end, my colleagues and I, as well
other groups, have developed plant-based diabetes vaccines
[PC#6] This mutation had not completely destroyed BRCA1 but
resulted in a protein half as long and lacking some of its function.
pelos lexemas explcitos, tais como have shown, have also made progress,
Exemplo 32
[PC#2] The therapy has not "cured" him - he still takes medication to
control Parkinson's. But the cells transplant appears to have
brought him to a point where the medication is working
again...He even runs his own Web site, sharing his experience with
the anyone interested...
[PC#5] But, as true for infectious diseases, investigators are
exploring a number of promising schemes to overcome that and
other challenges. Edible vaccines for combating autoimmunity and
infectious diseases have a long way to go before they will be
ready for large-scale testing in people.
[PC#1] Future structural information from X-ray diffraction
studies of BACE with a bound inhibitor might give valuable
insights into the design of new structural classes of inhibitors.
Several challenges remain, however.
Another problem is the subcellular location of BACE, in the lumen of
the Golgi body and endosomes.... Despite all of this, the
identification of the -secretase means that path towards specific
inhibitors is now set, and it is time not only to test the amyloid
hypothesis, but to find a way of halting this dreadful disease.
[PC#5] The next step, then, is to find ways of stopping the
underground process before any symptoms arise.
[PC#2] Doctors expect to see better results in the next 26 patients
because four times the number of cells will be injected, and into both
sides of their brains.... Eagerly waiting for results from these
studies.... If the results with the second group of Parkinson's patients
prove positive...
however and it is time not only to test the amyloid hypothesis, but to find a
way of halting this dreadful disease; The next step, then, is to find ways of
stopping. J nos PC#5, PC#6, PC#7, o Movimento 11 localizado por conter
informaes sobre as implicaes do estudo e a necessidade de se realizar
Exemplo 33
[PC#6] With these data, oncologists may well be able to create
custom cancer treatments. For now, scientists will need to learn
more about the intricate molecular pathways of cancer - and
transgenic mice will be their best allies in the quest.
[PC#7] ...researchers continue to debate whether individual
neuron types play a significant role in taste coding than they do in
color vision.... These diverse experimental approaches to
investigating the gustatory system .... are coming together to
provide a more complete picture of how the taste system
functions. This knowledge will spur discoveries....
[PC#8] After applications of these findings, a task force of the
American Psychological Association validated hypnosis as an
adjunct procedure for the treatment of obesity...That said, but
not yet definitive that hypnosis can be effective component in
the broader treatment of other conditions. ... He forecast that,
thus grounded in science, the clinical use of hypnosis would
simply become a matter of course for some patients with
selected problems.
[PC#9] A potentially even more interesting application could
involve prompting cloned stem to differentiate into cells of the blood
and bone marrow.... the cloning process also appears to reset the
"aging clock" in cloned cells, so that the cells appear younger in
some ways than the cells from which they were cloned.... Meanwhile
we are continuing our therapeutic cloning experiments to
generate cloned or parthenogenetically produced human embryos
that will stem cells.
12
10
zero
10
Personificao zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
Glosa
zero
zero
zero
zero
Metfora
Aposto
4.2.1.1
Metforas
Casamento
Tecnolgica
Alimentao
Biolgica
X
X
Exemplo 34
[PC#1] Transgenic mice with these genes knocked out, either
conditionally or totally....
[PC#2] A weakened immune system leaves the body less able to
fight off infections;
[PC#3] As a doctor, Kari Stefansson, Each morning, after a
workout, the trim 50-year-old former Harvard neurologist dons a dark,
loose-fitting suit and drives his sport-utility vehicle to the front lines
of an all-out war against humankinds most troublesome
maladiesIts mission: to scan the DNA
Exemplo 35
[PC#3] Back in late 1995, during his time, on the Harvard Medical
School campus, the seeds of the idea to launch Decode formed in
Stefanssons mind.
Exemplo 36
[PC#5] It is not entirely surprising that antigens delivered in plant
foods survive the trip through the stomach well enough to reach
and activate the immune system.
[PC#6] other disruptions are required to foul the immune system s
surveillance and lay new blood vessels to feed tumor cells. As a
result, scientists desperately need living models to explore the
process of cancer development in its full complexity.
Exemplo 37
[PC#5] For that reason, vaccine makers today favor so-called subunit
preparations, composed primarily of antigenic proteins divorced
from a pathogens genes.
Exemplo 38
[PC#3] The BRCA 1 protein seems to act like a plumber, fixing
breaks as they occur along the genome.
[PC#4] our own cells contain a rotary motor used not to power
motion but instead to generate energy
objetos da vida diria (our own cells contain a rotary motor, aging clock)
tendem a facilitar a compreenso de leitores no-especialistas, confirmando
os resultados de Gomes (2000:191). O item lexical like a plumber ilustra
claramente o objetivo da metfora, uma vez que a partir dessa explicao
metafrica da nomenclatura cientfica, o leitor no-especialista reconhece
termos familiares que invocam fatos da vida cotidiana.
Alm disso, encontramos no corpus, algumas metforas do campo
semntico da biologia, uma vez que se relacionam a genes. O Exemplo 39
ilustra esse recurso de reescritura.
Exemplo 39
[PC#3] The longevity gene doesnt matter if you step in front of a
truck...
No que tange ao PC#3, o item lexical que sinaliza a metfora the longevity
gene, que pode ser relacionado com o tema do artigo, a procura de causas
genticas para doenas como diabetes, cardacas.
Dos 9 PCs estudados, no localizamos metforas em 2 artigos (PC#1 e
PC#9), como pode ser observado na Tabela 3, o que sugere o uso desse
recurso apenas em revistas tpicas de PCs. Portanto, os resultados, em
relao s metforas, parecem confirmar pesquisas prvias (Pagano, 1998;
Gomes, 2000; Leibruder, 2000), na medida em que fazem relao entre o
campo semntico do domnio cientfico e o da vida cotidiana. Alm disso, os
termos usados metaforicamente so utilizados, principalmente, com
propsito explicativo (Gomes:192).
Em concluso, as metforas fazem uma reescritura dos termos tcnicos,
no partilhados por leitores de PCs, em termos de linguagem figurada que
apela a imagens familiares do cotidiano. Nesses termos, os textos
4.2.1.2 Aposto
corpus.
Exemplo 41
[PC#2] And because a porous filter forms a barrier between
circulating blood and the brain, no antibodies proteins produced
by immune cells to attack invaders patrol the brain.
The other half received uncoated cells and were put on a regimen of
cyclosporine a drug commonly given to transplant recipients to
suppress the T-cell response.
4.2.1.3
Personificao
Exemplo 42
4.2.1.4
Glosa
Exemplo 43
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
ABREU, A. S. (2000). A arte de argumentar. 2 ed. Ateli editorial.
artigo
acadmico
de
engenharia
eltrica.
Dissertao
de
Mestrado.