Speed Reading and PhotoReading Glossary

12/14/2016
GlossaryOfSpdRdng,SpeedReadingAndPhotoReadingGlossary,TermsandConcepts
Glossaryofspeedreadingterms,techniquesandconcepts
TheglossaryofSpdRdng,speedreadingandphotoreadingterms,techniquesandconceptsisconstantlybeing
updated,andtermsadded.
80/20rule(alsoknownasParetoPrinciple)
Therulestatesthat20%oftheeffortyouexpendinanyenterprisegivesyou80%oftheresultyouwanttoachieve,
whiletheremaining80%ofyoureffortgeneratesonlytheremaining20%.Soahighpercentageofeffectsinanylarge
systemarecausedbyalowpercentageofvariables.Inreading,theimplicationisthatifyouarehappywithachieving
80%ofyourpurpose,youwillgatherfivetimesasmuchinformationinthesametime.Also,inmostbooks,morethan
80%ofthemessageiscontainedinlessthan20%ofthewordshencelookingforthehotspotsofkeyinformation(cf
Stauffer).Inpractice,80%ofprogresscomesfrom20%oftheeffort.AlsonamedtheParetoPrinciplebyJosephM
Juran,aftertheItalianeconomist,VilfredoPareto,whofirstnoticedthat80%ofpeasinhisgardenwereproducedby
20%ofpeapods.
A
Audiobooks
Audiobooksarespokenaudioinformation,educationalandentertainmentbooksandprogrammes.Themostpopular
platformisAudiblewhichispartofAmazon.Youcanchoosebetweenfullunabridgedandabridged(akindofsummary)
versions.Youcansyncyouraudiobookwiththeebookaswell.Youcanspeeduptherateoftheaudiodelivery(upto
threetimes).Theavaragespeedofmostaudiobooksis150wpmdependingonthelector(andsometimesitsthe
author).
B
Backgroundreading
Aswellasfocused,purposefulreading,itisalsobeneficialtoreadasmuchaspossibleofanythingwhichinterestsyou,
sinceitisntalwayspossibletopredictwhichinformationwillbeofuse,andcreatinglinksbetweenyoursubjectand
othersiswhatleadstocreativity.
BookSummaries(alsoExecutiveBookSummariesandBusinessBookSummaries)
Acomprehensiveandusuallybriefabstractorsynthesisofthekeymessagesofabook.
Studentslearnmorefromsummariesthanentirechapters
Bookaholic
Someonewhoisaddictedtoreadingbooks.Probablyoneofthebestaddictionstohave.Stillcanbeexpensive.
BrainGym
Seriesofexerciseswhich,accordingtoitscreators,PaulandGailDennison,stimulatebothhemispheresofthebrain
andtheenergysystemofthebody(inthesamewayasacupuntureoracupressure).Recommendedduringbreaksto
quicklygetintoagoodstateforreading.
Breaks
Itisimportanttotakeregularbreaksfromreadinginordertomaintainanoptimumstateandincreasethelikelihoodof
rememberinginformation(cfprimacyandrecencyeffect).
BusinessBookSummaries(alsoExecutiveBookSummariesandBookSummaries)
C
Cognitivedissonance
Cognitivedissonanceisanabilityofholdingtwoverydifferentideasinyourmindatthesametime.
Comprehension
Understandingwhatyoureadisessentialifyouaretomakeuseoftheinformation.Themoreinformationyouhave,the
http://spdrdng.com/glossary
1/10
12/14/2016
easieritistounderstanditsoreadmore.Thebetteryourvocabulary,theeasieritistounderstandtexts,andthebest
waytoincreaseyourvocabularyistoreadmore.
Compressedspeech
Compressedspeech(ortimecompressedspeech)isanaudiotechnologythatallowstoincreasetheinformationdensity
ofanaudiobookoraudiofile.Forexample,a20mintalkcanbecompressedto5mintalk.Thegapsbetweenwordsare
removedandtherateofspeechisincreasedsignificantly.Thisisdifferentfromtheautomaticspeedingupofaudiobooks
whereonlytherateofspeechisincreased(usuallyuptothreetimes).Readmoreaboutcompressedspeech/time
compressedspeech
Concentrationpoint
Focusingonthispoint,about30cmaboveandbehindthetopofthehead,canincreasetheabilitytoread(egwith
dyslexia),thespeedofreading,andtheabilitytotakeininformation.
D
Difference
Consciouslylookingfordifference(ratherthansameness)whenreading,leadstolearningaboutnewthings.
Toalargeextent,ourapproachtoreadingisdrivenbydifference:peoplearedifferentandtakeinandprocess
informationindifferentways,booksaredifferentandneeddifferentapproaches,purposesforreadingaredifferent,you
needtoreaddifferentbooksatdifferentspeeds,etcwhichiswhyyouneedavarietyoftechniqueswhichoffera
flexibleapproach.
Dipping
Slowingdownbrieflytoreadmorecloselywhenyouhavefoundahotspotofkeyinformation.
Directlearning
Onepossibleeffectofdownloading,wherethedownloadedinformationisspontaneouslyavailable,eithertothe
consciousmind,ortothebodywhereitmanifestsasaskill(egbettergolfswing)orbetterphysicalhealth.
Downloading
Lookingverybriefly(onesecondperpage)ateverypageofabook,beingconfidentthattheinformationwillbetakenin
bythenonconsciousmind,evenwhenitisnotseenconsciously.Downloadingisone(key)stepinthePhotoReading
WholeMindSystem,whereitisknownasPhotoReading.Downloadingmayleadtodirectlearningcfrapid
reading(fromcovertocover)
Dyslexia
Termusedtodescribeinnatedifficultieswithreadingandwriting.Thedisabilitycanhaveanyoneofnumerouscauses.
Itcanslowdowntheinitialstagesoflearningtoread(confusingonelettershapewithanother,forexample),butonce
thishasbeenovercome,itisusuallycausesmoreproblemswithwritingandspellingthanwithreading.Mostofthe
techniquesadvocatedheremakereadingeasierforthosediagnosedasdyslexic.
E
ExecutiveBookSummaries(alsoBookSummariesandBusinessBookSummaries)
Expectations
Sinceactualperformancerarelymatchesuptoexpectations,ifyoulowerexpectations,performancewillalsofall.Itis
thereforeimportanttokeepexpectationshighreadmore,morequickly.
Eyeexercises
Exercisetheeyes(palming,focusingalternatelyonobjectsnearandfar,etc)inordertokeeptheminoptimumcondition
forreading.
Eyepatterns(alsospeedreadingeyepatterns)
Patternssuchassuperreading,skittering(zigzag,firstandlast,middles,random)thatpeopleusetolookforhotspots
ofkeyinformationwhentheyare(consciouslyreadingmorequicklycfFpattern
2/10
12/14/2016
Eyeregression(orregression)
Whenyoureyesjumpbacktotextthathasalreadybeenreadwhichcansignificantlyslowdownreading.
F
Familiarity
Howfamiliaryouarewiththetextorthesubjectmatter(howbigisyourschema)willhaveagreatinfluenceonhow
quicklyyouareabletoread.Readaboutscheme
Firstandlast
Oneoftheskitteringtechniques(aspeedreadingeyepattenr)peopleusetolookforhotspotsofkeyinformationwhen
theyare(consciously)readingmorequickly.Inthiscasepeoplelookatthebeginningsandendingsofthebook,each
chapter,eachsection,eachpageoreveneachparagraph,particularlyiftheyhaveidentifiedthatthisiswherethe
particularauthorislikelytoputkeyinformation.
Fixation
Theeyesdonotmovesmoothlyandevenlyalongalineoftextwhenreading.Theyjumpfromonepointtothenext.
Eachjumpiscalledasaccade.Eachpointwhereitstopsisafixation.Thepointoffixationisinfocus(infovealvision),
butwordstoeithersidewillbeslightlyoutoffocus(inperipheralvision).Openingyourperipheralvisionandtakingfewer
fixationslinewillhelpyoureadmorequickly.
Fixedmindset
Ithasbeenproventhatpeoplewhobelievethatintelligenceisfixedarelesseffectivelearnersthanthosewithagrowth
mindsetwhobelievethatintelligencedevelopswithexperienceandpractice
Flexibility
Effectivereadersareflexibleaboutthespeedatwhichtheyreadandinthetechniquestheyemploythemore
techniquesandapproachesyouknow,themoreflexibleyoucanbeSpdRdngisaflexible,notfixed,systembecause
youneedtousedifferentapproacheswithdifferentmaterialsandwithdifferentpurposes
Fovealvision
Onlyasmallpartofwhatyoulookatisinclearfocusatanyonetime,andthatpartissaidtobeinfovealvision.
Everythingelse,whichistoagreaterorlesserdegreeoutoffocus,isinperipheralvisioncffixation,saccades.
G
Growthmindset
Ithasbeenproventhatpeoplewhobelievethatintelligencedevelopswithexperienceandpracticearemoreeffective
learnersthanthosewhobelieveintelligenceisfixed(cffixedmindset)
H
Highlighting
Highlightingimportanttext(ormakingmarginnotes)isaneffectivewayofkeepingyourattentionwhilereadingaway
fromyourdeskandmakesiteasiertocheckbackonthosepartslater
Hotspots
Words,phrasesorsectionsoftextwhichcontainkeymeaningfulinformationalthoughinitiallyreaderstendtonotice
wordsandphrases,themostefficientreadersfocusonthekeymessage.
I
Incubation
Timeneededbythenonconsciousmindtosortouttextualmaterialwhichhasbeendownloaded.
Incunabulum[inkyooNAByuhluhm]
Abookprintedduringtheinfancyofprinting,especiallyoneproducedbefore1501
Interest
Howinterestedyouareinthesubjectofthetextwillinfluencehowquicklyyouareabletoreaditthemoreyoucan
3/10
12/14/2016
(evenartificially)stimulateyourinterest,theeasieritwillbetoassimilatetheinformation
J
Joker
Additionalbookonanonrelatedtopicreadduringsyntopicprocessingtohelpyouapproachthetaskmorecreatively.
K
Keywords/phrases
Essentialwords,phrasesorsectionsoftextthatareessentialtounderstanding,hotspotsthesearelikelytobenouns
andverbs,althoughitisimportanttolookoutforwordssuchashowever,although,ontheotherhand,whichindicate
thatalternativeviewsarebeingexpressed.However,itismoreimportanttoreadthemessagethanitistofocuson
specificwords.Keywordsandphrasesarealsoimportantwhenformulatingonesownnotes(cfnotetaking).
L
Learnacy
Thegreatestskilltohaveinthe21stcenturyiswhattheyrecallinglearnacy.Ontheanalogyofliteracyandnumeracy,
learnacyisknowinghowtolearn,withtheaimofdealingwiththehugeincreaseintheamountofinformationwere
bombardedwith.
Literaryhardware
Thetermliteraryhardwareusedtomeananovelasthickasyourthighandperhapsapipetogowithit.Todayit
referstoebookreadersandgizmossuchasElonexelectronicreader,KindleandSonyebookreader.Thefulllistof
ebookreaders
M
Marginnotes
Makingnotesinthemargin,orhighlightingtext,canbeaneffectivewayofkeepingyourattentionwhilereadingaway
fromyourdeskandmakesiteasiertocheckbackonthosepartslater
Memory
Memoryisanactive,constructivesystem(neuralnetwork)thatreceives,organisesandstoresinformation.Memory
formationinvolvesthestrengtheningofsynapticconnectionsbetweennervecells.ReadSchemabelow.More
aboutmemory
Messagenotwords
Althoughitcanbeimportanttonoticespecifickeywordsandphrases(hotspots)whichareessentialtounderstandinga
text,itismoreimportanttoreadthemessagethanitistofocusonspecificwords.
Mindset
ChangingonesmindsetfromhowmanybookshaveIread?(quantity)tohowmuchrelevantinformationhaveIgot?
(quality)isanimportantelementinacceptingtheimportofothertechniquesinthisapproach,andtospeedingupreading
generally.
Mindmapping
TechniquefornotetakingandnotemakingdevisedbyTonyBuzan:keyideasradiateonbranchesfromthecentral
subjectofthemindmap,andsecondaryideasarewrittenonlesserbranchesradiatingfromthekeyideabranches.The
techniqueispreferabletolinearnotetaking,sinceitleadstogreatercreativityandmemorability,anditisparticularly
usefulwhenthestructureofthesubjectisknowninadvancecfrhizomapping
Mirrorneurons
Mirrorneuronsarecellsdevotedpurelytomirroringthebehaviourofothers(forthefirsttimemirrorcellsfoundin
humans).Itismirrorneuronsthatallowustofeelempathywithotherstomakeuscrywhenyourbestfriendcries.When
somebodytellsyouthathefeelsyourpain,itsthemirrorneuronsthataredoingthework.Moreonmirrorneurons.
Mnemonics
Mnemonicsarememorydevicestohelpustoremember.Therearedifferenttypesofmnemonicssuchasmusic
4/10
12/14/2016
mnemonics(songs),namemnemonics(SpdRdngisalsoamnemonicseeSpdRdng),expressionorword
mnemonics,modelmnemonics,odemnemonics,noteorganisationmnemonics(mindmapsandrhizomapssee
mindmappingandrhizomapping),imagemnemonics(infographics),connectionmnemonics(neuralnetworks)andspelling
mnemonics.
N
NLP
NeurolinguisticProgramming(NLP)isadisciplinethatamongotherthingsattemptstoinfluencethesubconsciousmind
andaffectpositivechangebyconsciouslyusingpositivewordstorefocusonthethingswithinonescontrol.
Notemaking
Generatingyourownideasinnoteformratherthantakingnotesfromotherpeople,books,lectures,etc(notetaking)we
recommendrhizomappingandmindmappingratherthantakinglinearnotes.
Notetaking
Takingnotesfromotherpeople,books,lectures,etc,ratherthangeneratingyourownideasinnoteform(notemaking)
werecommendrhizomappingandmindmappingratherthantakinglinearnotes.
O
Online
Manyofthetechniquespeoplealreadyuseforreadingonlineareincludedinthisbookbecausetheyareeffectiveand
efficientsimilarlyalmostallthetechniquesinthisbookapplytoonlinereading.SeealsoFpattern
Overview
Thebigpicture,understandingofthekeyareasencompassedbyasubject(oratext),cfpreview.
P
ParetoPrinciple(alsoknownasthe80/20rule)
Therulestatesthat20%oftheeffortyouexpendinanyenterprisegivesyou80%oftheresultyouwanttoachieve,
whiletheremaining80%ofyoureffortgeneratesonlytheremaining20%.Inreading,theimplicationisthatifyouare
happywithachieving80%ofyourpurpose,youwillgatherfivetimesasmuchinformationinthesametime.Also,in
mostbooks,morethan80%ofthemessageiscontainedinlesthan20%ofthewordshencelookingforthehot
spotsofkeyinformation(cfStauffer).NamedbyJosephMJuranaftertheItalianeconomist,VilfredoPareto,whofirst
noticedthat80%ofpeasinhisgardenwereproducedby20%ofpeapods.
ParkinsonsLaw
Thelawstatesthatworkexpandstofillthetimeavailable.Conversely,settingtimeframesforworksessionscanspeed
uptheprocess,sinceyoudonotallowyourselfexcesstimetobefilled.
Peripheralvision
Onlyasmallpartofwhatyoulookatisinclearfocusatanyonetime,andthatpartissaidtobeinfovealvision.
Everythingelse,whichistoagreaterorlesserdegreeoutoffocus,isinperipheralvisioncffixation,saccades
PhotoReading
One(key)stepinthePhotoreadingWholeMindSystemalsoknownasdownloading
PhotoReadingWholeMindSystem
AspeedreadingsystemdevelopedbyPaulScheelewhichinvolvespreviewing,settingapurpose,gettingintoagood
stateforreading,PhotoReading(downloading),followedbyarangeofotheractivationtechniquesdesignedtobringthe
informationtoconsciousawareness
Physicalfactors
Thephysicalsituationasyouread,eglighting,beingcomfortable,crossingyourankles,whereyouholdthebook,etc,
cangreatlyaffectyourabilitytounderstandandtakeininformation.
5/10
12/14/2016
Prediction
Predictingorguessingwhatwillcomenextinatexthelpskeepthemindalertandengagedanimportantpartofyour
state
Preview
Lookingquicklythroughabook(egatchapterheadings,index,coverblurb,etc)togetanunderstandingofwhatit
contains,oftentodecidewhetherornottoworkwithitandtodeterminewhatpurposetheinformationitcontainsmight
fulfillcfoverview.
Primacyeffect
Researchhasshownthatyouremembermorefromthebeginnings(primacyeffect)andendings(recencyeffect)ofwork
sessionsthanyoudofromthemiddleitthereforemakessensetotakefrequentbreaksandhavemorebeginningsand
endings.
Purpose
Havingaclearpurposeforreadingabook(eginordertofulfilatask,orimproveanaspectofyourlife)isoneofthekey
techniquesforidentifyingwhatinformationisimportantagoodpurposeshouldbeSMART(specific,measureable,
achieveable,real,timebound).Purposeisnottobeconfusedwithyourlifegoal(egpassinganexam,gettingajob).
Q
Questioning
Askingquestionsaboutwhatyourereadingisoneelementofkeepingyourmindactiveandinanoptimalstatefortaking
ininformation.
R
Random
Oneoftheskitteringtechniques(aspeedreadingeyepattern)peopleusetolookforhotspotsofkeyinformationwhen
theyare(consciously)readingmorequickly.Asthenameimplies,inthiscasethereisnoclearpatternassuch.
Rapidreading(fromcovertocover)
Lookingbrieflyateverypageofabook,frequentlyafteraworksession,asameansofconsciouslypickingup
informationonemighthavemissed,whilebeingconfidentthatalltheinformationisbeingabsorbednonconsciously(see
downloading)
Reading
Decipheringsymbols(letters)inordertounderstandthewordsandsentenceswhichexpresstheauthorsthoughtsor
message.Whereaswritingdemandsthatthoughtsareexpressedletterbyletter,effectivereadingisamuchfaster
processsinceitispossibletomoveontothenextword,sentenceorideaassoonasonehasunderstoodtheprevious
one.Unfortunately,readingandwritingarefrequentlytaughttogetherasiftheyaresimilarskillsandmanypeopledonot
progressbeyondthebasicabilitytoreadwordsoneatatime,possiblyvocalisingorsubvocalising(sayingtheindividual
wordstothemselves)astheyread.
Readingrate
Speedatwhichapersonreadswithcomprehension,usuallymeasuredinwordsperminute.
Recall
Activelybringingbacktoyourmindoneelementofremembering.Itismucheasiertorecognisesomethingyouhave
seenbeforethanitistorecallitwithoutprompting
Recencyeffect
Researchhasshownthatyouremembermorefromthebeginnings(primacyeffect)andendings(recencyeffect)ofwork
sessionsthanyoudofromthemiddleitthereforemakessensetotakefrequentbreaksandhavemorebeginningsand
endings.
Recognition
Oneelementofremembering.Itismucheasiertorecognisesomethingyouhaveseenbeforethanitistorecallitwithout
6/10
12/14/2016
prompting
Regression
Whenyoureyesjumpbacktotextthathasalreadybeenreadwhichcansignificantlyslowdownreading.
Remembering
Understandingwhatyouread(comprehension)isjustthefirststepoftheprocess.Itisalsoimportanttohavestrategies
suchasnotetaking,talkingtoyourself,etc,inordertorememberandbeabletorecallimportantinformationwhenitis
needed.
Review
Inordertofixnewinformationinmemory,itishelpfultoreviewitatfixedintervals:after1day,1week,1month.
Rhizomapping/Rhizomap
(ProceduredevisedbyJanCisekandSusanNorman,termcoinedbyHughLEstrange)Randomwayofmakingand
takingnotes.Arhizomeisaplant(likegrass)whichspreadsthroughitsrootsystemandspringsupinmanydifferent
places.Itdoesnthaveacentralstemanditisveryrobust.(Theinternetworkskindofrhizomatically.)Theconceptof
rhizomewasoriginallydevelopedbyaFrenchphilosopher,GillesDeleuze.
Makeortakenoteshaphazardlyonthepage.Afterwards,lookbackatthenotesandmakelinksbetweenthem,by
circlingorunderliningthingsindifferentcolours,ordrawinglinesbetweenthem.Itisofteneasiertomakearhizomap
whenyouarenotsureinadvancewhatthekeyideasaregoingtobe.Onceyouhavemadeyourrhizomap,youmight
finditsatisfyingtoreorganiseyournotesintoamorecoherentmindmaporyoumightnot!(Thisideaiscurrently
uniquetoSpdRdng.)
Notetakingisanimportantstepinhelpingyourememberwhatitisyouveread.Whetherornotyoureferbacktothe
notes,theactivityitselfinvolvesmakingdecisionsaboutwhatitimportant,andrephrasingtheideasintoashorterform
whichhelpstheideascrystalise.Thesecrystalsstickinthebrainmuchmorethanideasyouhavejustunderstood
receptivelyasyouhavereadthem.Readmoreaboutrhizomappingandrhizomaps
S
Saccades
Theeyesdonotmovesmoothlyandevenlyalongalineoftextwhenreading.Theyjumpfromonepointtothenext.
Eachjumpiscalledasaccade.Eachpointwhereitstopsisafixation.Thepointoffixationisinfocus(infovealvision),
butwordstoeithersidewillbeslightlyoutoffocus(inperipheralvision).
Sameness
Itisbeneficialconsciouslytolookforsamenessanddifferencewhenreading.Samenessleadstogreaterunderstanding,
whiledifferenceleadstonewlearning.
Scanning
Lookingquicklythroughatextinordertofindspecificinformationyouthinkitcontains(thetechniqueissimilar
toskimmingandrapidreading,butyourpurposeistofindspecificinformation).
Scheme
Inshort,schemeisaneuralnetworkoranarchiveofthetotalknowledgeaboutsomethingthatyoupersonallyhave.So
peoplewillhavedifferentschemes(intheirheads/minds)fordifferentthings,dependingontheirexperiencesand
knowledge.Thebiggeryourschema,thefasteryouregoingtoreadbecausethingswillmakesensefastertoyou
becauseyoualreadyknowthem.Themoreyoureadandseethebiggeryoumakeyourschemaandsoon.Thebigger
yourschema(memory)themoreresources(knowledgeandwisdom)youhavetodealwiththepresentmoment.Speed
readingisoneofthebestwaystobuildyourschema.Byspeedreadingorjustreading,seeingmore,experiencingmore
fromothersandyourselfyoubecomeatransindividualbenefitingfromknowledgeandwisdomofpeoplewhocame
beforeyouaswellassimulationsofthefutureandpeopletocome.
Skimming
Lookingquicklythroughatextinordertodiscoveritsmessage(thetechniqueissimilartoscanningandrapidreading,
butyourpurposeistogetageneralunderstandingofwhatthetextisabout).
7/10
12/14/2016
Skittering
(TermcoinedbyDrMichaelBennettfor)someofthemorerandomspeedreadingeyepatternsusedwhenskimmingor
scanningtolookforhotspotsofkeyinformation.Skitteringpatternsincludezigzag,firstandlast,middlesandrandom
cfsuperreading
SMART
Awayofevaluatinganeffectivepurposeforreading.Theacronymstandsfor:Specific,Measureable,Achievable,Real,
Timebound
Smiling
Partofgettingintoanoptimalstateforreadingsmilinghasbeenproventohelppeopletakeininformation.Itreleases
endorphins.Researchsuggeststhatyoureadfasterwhenyourefeelinggood.Alsooptimismwillstrengthenyour
immunesystem
SpdRdng
Namecoinedbytheauthorsfortheflexibleapproachtoreadingdescribedonthiswebsitewhichnotonlyinvolves
readingmorequickly(speedreading),butalsoincludesusingthenonconsciousmind(egdownloading)andapplying
strategiesforidentifying,rememberingandapplyinginformationtomaterialsfromavarietyofsourcesforavarietyof
purposes.
SpdRdngisalsoamnemonic:StatepurposedownloadpReviewdetailsnotesgist
Speedreading
Speedreadinginvolvestakingfewerfixationsand/orusingspeedreadingeyepatternsinordertoreadmorequickly.Itis
basicallyaspeedierversionoftraditionalreading(whereasthewholeSpdRdngapproachdescribedonthiswebsitealso
involvesstrategiesforidentifying,rememberingandapplyingtheinformation).
Speedreadingeyepatterns(alsoeyepatterns)
Patternssuchassuperreading,skittering(zigzag,firstandlast,middles,random)thatpeopleusetolookforhotspots
ofkeyinformationwhentheyare(consciously)readingmorequicklycfFpattern
State
Beingintherightstatewhileyouarereadingcanenhanceyourabilitytotakeinandretaininformationtheidealstateis
toberelaxed,alertandquestioning.Beforeyoustartreading,takeadeepbreathandrelax,smile,andfocusonthe
concentrationpointtoopenyourperipheralvision.cfeyeexercises,braingym,breaks.
Stauffer,DrRussell
StaufferstatesinhisbookTeachingReadingAsAThinkingProcess(1969)thatinmostbooksthemeaningisactually
carriedby411%ofthewords,hencethebenefitoflookingforhotspotsofkeyinformation.
Subvocalisation
Sayingwords(silently)toyourselfasyouread,whichmayalsoinvolvemovingyourlips.Mostpeoplesubvocaliseto
someextent,andwhenusedappropriately,subvocalisingisusefulwhenthepronunciationofthewordisimportant,and
itcanhelpwithprocessingcomplexinformation,orinformationwritteninacomplexwayhowever,itisalsolikelytoslow
downthereadingprocesssinceitisonlypossibletospeak(inEnglish)atbetweenabout70240wordsperminute*.
Strategiestoreducewordforwordsubvocalisingincludeplacingthetipofthetongueontheroofofthemouth,and/or
mentallytalkingtoyourselfaboutwhatyourereadingbyquestioningorsummarizingcfvocalising(sayingthewords
aloud)*Somepeoplecanspeakandreadfasterthan240wordsperminute.StevenSteveWoodmoreisable
toarticulate637wordsperminute(wpm)andcurrentlytryingtoslowdownthespeedofhisspeech,soastohavea
normalconversationwithother.Tachylaliaisatermforextremelyrapidspeech.FranCapoisthefastestfemalespeaker.
An error occurred.
Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if
it is disabled in your browser.
8/10
12/14/2016
StevenSteveWoodmoretalkingat637words/minute
Summaries
Summariesareprobablythebestwaytogetinformationquickly.Alwayslookforbookswithsummaries.Research
suggeststhatpeoplewhoreadsummariesremembermoreandforlongerthanpeoplewhoreadthewholebooks.Read
moreaboutsummaries
Superduperreading
(TermcoinedbyJanCisekandSusanNormanfor)lookingquicklydownthecentreofpagesorcolumnsoftextinorder
tospeedupthebrainsothatsubsequentreadingisquicker(thisisthesameprocessassuperreading,butthepurpose
isdifferent)
Superreading
Lookingquicklydownthecentreofapageorcolumnforhotspotsofkeyinformationoneofthespeedreadingeye
patternsusedforlookingsequentiallythroughatext(thisisthesameprocessassuperduperreading,butthepurposeis
different)cfskittering
Syntopicprocessing
Workingwithseveral(24)booksatonetime(usually75minutessession)inordertofulfillonepurpose(syntopic
readingwasbrieflydescribedbyMortimerAdlerinhisbookHowtoReadaBook)theproceduregivesan
unprecedentedopportunityforcomparingandcontrastingtheideasofdifferentauthors,orforgettinganoverviewofa
newsubject.Itisanidealtechniqueforgettinganoverviewofasubjectorfindingspecificinformationfromseveral
sources.SpdRdngoffersonedaythematiccoursesforexampleSpeedreadingforPROSPERITY2010
T
Talking
Talkingaboutwhatyoureadisaneffectivetechnique(a)whileyourereadingforreducingsubvocalisationand(b)after
yourereadforincreasingretention
TimeframesSettingtimeframesforworksessions(20minutes),previewing(25minutes)andsyntopicprocessing(75
minutes)canmaketheprocessofretrievinginformationmuchmoreefficient.
Triggerwords
Wordswhichinitiallyjumpoutatyouwhenyoulookquicklythroughatext.Theymaybekeywordsforunderstanding
meaning(hotspots),ortheymayjustbethingswhicharefamiliartoyou.
Trust
Themoreyouputthesetechniquesintopractice,themoreyoucometotrustthattheywork.Similarly,themoreyou
trustthattheywillwork,thebettertheywork.
V
Vocabulary
Thelargeryourvocabulary(andyourschema),thequickeryouwillbeabletoread.Readaboutschema
Vocalising
Mouthing/sayingwordstoyourself(aloud)whilereadingthemonebyone.Thisisoftenaremnantfromwhenonelearnt
9/10
12/14/2016
toreadinchildhoodandisanextremelyinefficientwayoftakingininformationwhenreadingcfsubvocalising(saying
thewordssilently)
W
WIIFM
Acronymstandingfor:Whatsinitforme?Itisbeneficialtoaskthisquestionwhenformulatingyourpurposeforreading
abook.
Wpm(wordsperminute)
Wpm=numberofpagesreadmultipliedbynumberofwordsperaveragepagedividedbynumberofminutesspent
reading.Moreonwordperminuterecords
Howtocalculateyourreadingspeed
Numberofpagesread.(thisisenoughformostpeople,butifyouwanttobemoreaccurate,thendotheremaining
calculationstoo)
Averagenumberoflinesonapage.(choosethreerepresentativepages,countthenumberoflinesoneach,add
themtogetheranddividebythree)
Averagenumberofwordsinaline.(choosethreefulllines,countthenumberofwordsineach,addthemtogether
anddividebythree)
Numberofwordsreadinfiveminutes.(multiplytogetherthethreepreviouscalculations)
Readingspeedinwordsperminute.(dividethenumberofwordsreadinfiveminutesbyfive)
Writing
(1)Writingfornotetakingisveryhelpfulforhelpingyourememberwhatyouread.(2)Althoughreadingandwritingshare
manycharacteristics,itisnothelpfultoteachthemasiftheyaretwosidesofthesameskill.Youalwaysneedtowrite
letterbyletterandwordbyword,butitisusuallymoreeffectivetoreadchunksofwordsfortheirmeaning.
Z
Zigzag
Oneoftheskitteringtechniques(aspeedreadingeyepattern)peopleusetolookforhotspotsofkeyinformationwhen
theyare(consciously)readingmorequickly.Inthiscasepeoplelooksequentiallyina(wideornarrow)zigzagpattern
downthepageorcolumnoftext.
10/10

Speed Reading and PhotoReading Glossary

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Speed Reading and PhotoReading Glossary

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

12/14/2016

Você também pode gostar