How Do Beam-Column Joints in RC Buildings Resist Earthquake

11/06/2016
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HowdoBeamColumnJointsinRCBuildings
ResistEarthquake?
InRCbuildings,portionsofcolumnsthatarecommontobeamsattheir
intersectionsarecalledbeamcolumnsjoints(Figure1).Sincetheir
consistentmaterialshavelimitedstrengths,thejointshavelimitedforce
carryingcapacity.Whenforceslargerthantheseareappliedduring
earthquakes,jointsareseverelydamaged.Repairingdamagedjointsis
difficult,andsodamagemustbeavoided.Thus,beamcolumnjointsmustbe
designedtoresistearthquakeeffects.
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EarthquakeBehaviorofJoints
Underearthquakeshaking,thebeamsadjoiningajointaresubjectedto
momentsinthesame(clockwiseorcounterclockwise)direction(Figure1).
Underthesemoments,thetopbarsinthebeamcolumnjointarepulledin
onedirectionandthebottomonesintheoppositedirection(Figure2a).
Theseforcesarebalancedbybondstressdevelopedbetweenconcreteand
steelinthejointregion.Ifthecolumnisnotwideenoughorifthestrengthof
concreteinthejointislow,thereisinsufficientgripofconcreteonthesteel
bars.Insuchcircumstances,thebarslipsinsidethejointregion,andbeams
losetheircapacitytocarryload.
Further,undertheactionoftheabovepullpushforcesattopandbottom
ends,jointsundergogeometricdistortiononediagonallengthofthejoint
elongatesandtheothercompresses(Figure2b).Ifthecolumncrosssectional
sizeisinsufficient,theconcreteinthejointdevelopsdiagonalcracks.
ReinforcingtheBeamColumnJoint
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Problemsofdiagonalcrackingandcrushingofconcreteinthejointregion
canbecontrolledbytwomeans,namelyprovidinglargecolumnsizesand
providingcloselyspacedclosedloopsteeltiesaroundcolumnbarsinthe
jointregion(Figure3).Thetiesholdtogethertheconcreteinthejointand
alsoresistshearforce,therebyreducingthecrackingandcrushingof
concrete.
Providingclosedlooptiesinthejointrequiressomeextraeffort.Mostof
standardsrecommendcontinuingthetransverseloopsaroundthecolumn
barsthroughthejointregion.Inpractice,thisisachievedbypreparingthe
cageofthereinforcement(bothlongitudinalbarsandstirrups)ofallbeams
atafloorleveltobepreparedontopofthebeamformworkofthatleveland
loweredintothecage(Figure4aand4b).However,thismaynotalwaysbe
possibleparticularlywhenthebeamsarelongandtheentirereinforcement
cagebecomesheavy.
AnchoringBeamsBars
Thegrippingofbeambarsinthejointregionisimprovedfirstbyusing
columnsofreasonablylargecrosssectionalsize.TheAmericanconcrete
instituterecommendsacolumnwidthofatleast20timesthediameterof
largestlongitudinalbarusedinadjoiningbeam.
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Inexteriorjointswherebeamsterminateatcolumns(Figure5),longitudinal
beambarsneedtobeanchoredintothecolumntoensurepropergrippingof
barinjoint.ThelengthofanchorageforabarofgradeFe415(characteristic
tensilestrengthof415MPa)isabout50timesitsdiameter.Thislengthis
measuredfromthefaceofthecolumntotheendofthebaranchoredinthe
column.Incolumnsofsmallwidthsandwhenbeambarsareoflarge
diameter(Figure5a),aportionofbeamtopbarisembeddedinthecolumn
thatiscastuptothesoffitofthebeam,andapartofitoverhangs.
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Itisdifficulttoholdsuchanoverhangingbeamtopbarinpositionwhile
castingthecolumnuptothesoffitofthebeam.Ontheotherhand,ifcolumn
widthislarge,thebeambarsmaynotextendbelowthesoffitofthebeam
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(Figure5b).This,itispreferabletohavecolumnswithsufficientwidth.Such
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anapproachhasbeenusedintheAmericanpractice(ACI318).
Ininteriorjoints,thebeambars(bothtopandbottom)needtogothrough
thejointwithoutanycutinthejointregion.Also,thesebarsmustbeplaced
withinthecolumnbarsandwithnobends(Figure6).
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