VS5ICM M10 ResourceMonitoring

Resource Management and Monitoring
Module 10
2011 VMware Inc. All rights reserved
Module Lessons
Lesson 1:
Virtual CPU and Memory Concepts
Lesson 2:
Resource Controls
Lesson 3:
Resource Pools
Lesson 4:
Monitoring Resource Usage
Lesson 5:
Using Alarms
VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
10-4
Lesson 1:
Virtual CPU and Memory Concepts
10-5
Learner Objectives
After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Discuss CPU and memory concepts in a virtualized environment.
Describe what over commitment of a resource means.
Identify additional technologies that improve memory utilization.
Describe how virtual SMP works and how hyperthreading is used by
the VMkernel.
10-6
Memory Virtualization Basics
There are 3 layers of memory

in VMware vSphere.
Guest OS virtual memory is
presented to applications
by the operating system.
Guest OS physical memory
is presented to the virtual
machine by the VMkernel.
Host physical memory
managed by the VMkernel
provides a contiguous,
addressable memory space
that will be used by the
virtual machine.
virtual machine
application
operating
system
VMware
ESXi host
guest OS
virtual memory
guest OS
physical memory
ESXi host
physical memory
10-7
Virtual Machine Memory Overcommitment
Allow RAM overcommitment
allocated memory = 512 MB
A virtual machine swap file (.vswp) is

created when a virtual machines
maximum RAM allocation exceeds
its minimum RAM allocation
reserved memory = 256 MB
On
On
Off
On
Virtual machines power on only if:
Minimum memory available, that is

overhead memory
Swap file size equals the difference

between allocated and reserved
memory
256MB
256MB
256MB
256MB
VM 2
VM 3
VM 1
256 MB 256 MB 256 MB
.vswp .vswp .vswp
10-8
Memory Reclamation Techniques
Economize use of physical memory pages

Transparent Page Sharing allows pages with identical contents to
be stored only once
Deallocate memory from one virtual machine for another
Ballooning mechanism, active when memory is scarce, forces virtual
machines to use their own paging areas
Memory compression
Attempts to reclaim some memory performance when memory
contention is high
Page virtual machine memory out to disk
Use of VMkernel swap space is the last resort, performs poorly
10-9
Memory Compression
Memory pages are compressed

to 2KB and stored in a per-VM
compression cache.
Memory pages that are
candidates for swap to disk
are targeted for compression.
Decompressing a
compressed page in memory
is faster than performing disk
I/O operations.
Compression only takes
place when there is
contention for physical
memory resources.
4K
Guest OS
physical memory
2K
2K
= memory compression cache
10-10
Virtual SMP
10-11
Hyperthreading
Hyperthreading enables a core

to execute two threads, or sets
of instructions, at the same time.
To enable hyperthreading:
1. Verify that system supports
hyperthreading.
2. Enable hyperthreading in the
system BIOS.
3. Ensure that hyperthreading for
the VMware ESX/ESXi host
is turned on.
10-12
CPU Load Balancing
10-13
Review of Learner Objectives
You should be able to do the following:

Discuss CPU and memory concepts in a virtualized environment.
Describe what over commitment of a resource means.
Identify additional technologies that improve memory utilization.
Describe how virtual SMP works and how hyperthreading is used by
the VMkernel.
10-14
Lesson 2:
Resource Controls
10-15
Learner Objectives

Describe the resources that can be optimized on virtual machines.
Assign share values for CPU, memory, and disk resources.
Establish CPU, memory, and disk reservations and limits.
Describe how virtual machines compete for resources.
10-16
Resource Contention
Since virtual machines simultaneously use the resources of a

physical server, they should know how to respond when virtual
machines are competing for resources.
For proper resource management, vSphere has mechanisms to do
the following:
Enable less, more, or an equal amount of access to a defined resource

Prevent a virtual machine from consuming large amounts of a resource
Allow a virtual machine, whose performance is not adequate or requires a
certain amount of a resource to run properly, to have a defined amount of
resource
10-17
Shares, Limits, and Reservations
available capacity
limit
Shares are used

to compete in
this range.
reservation
0 MHz/MB
A virtual machine will
power on only if its reservation
can be guaranteed.
10-18
How Virtual Machines Compete for Resources
Number of shares
Change number of
shares
Power on virtual
machine
Power off virtual
machine
1000
1000
1000
VM A
VM B
VM C
1000
3000
1000
VM A
VM B
VM C
1000
3000
1000
1000
VM A
VM B
VM C
VM D
1000
3000
1000
VM A
VM B
VM D
10-19
Systems for Optimizing Virtual Machine Resource Use
Managed by VMkernel
VMware
vSphere Virtual
Symmetric
Multiprocessing
Hyperthreading
CPU
cycles
Load balancing
NUMA
Transparent page
sharing
vmmemctl
RAM
Configured by
virtual machine
creator
Limit
Reservation
Share allocation
Limit
Memory compression
Available
memory
Disk
bandwidth
Network
bandwidth
Reservation
Share allocation
VMkernel swap files

for virtual machines
Adjustable by
administrator
Virtual machine
file location
Multipathing
NIC teaming
Traffic shaping
10-20

Describe the resources that can be optimized on virtual machines.
Assign share values for CPU, memory, and disk resources.
Establish CPU, memory, and disk reservations and limits.
Describe how virtual machines compete for resources.
10-21
Lesson 3:
Resource Pools
10-22
Learner Objectives

Describe resource allocation settings for CPU and memory.
Create a resource pool.
Set resource pool attributes.
Describe expandable reservations.
10-23
What Is a Resource Pool?
A resource pool is a
logical abstraction for
hierarchically managing
CPU and memory
resources.
It is used on standalone
hosts or clusters enabled
for vSphere Distributed
Resource Scheduler
(DRS).
resource
pools
root
resource
pool
It provides resources for

virtual machines and child
pools.
10-24
Why Use Resource Pools?
Using resource pools can result in these benefits:

Flexible hierarchical organization
Isolation between pools and sharing within pools
Access control and delegation
Separation of resources from hardware
Management of sets of virtual machines running a multitier service
10-25
Resource Pool Attributes
Resource pool attributes:

Shares:

Low, Normal, High, Custom
Reservations, in MHz and MB

Limits (in MHz and MB):
Unlimited access, by default (up to

maximum amount of resource
accessible)
Expandable reservation?
Yes Virtual machines and subpools

can draw from this pools parent.
No Virtual machines and subpools
can draw only from this pool, even if
its parent has free resources.
10-26
Resource Pool Scenario
Company Xs IT department has two internal customers:

The finance department supplies two-thirds of the budget.
The engineering department supplies one-third of the budget.
Each internal customer has both production and test/dev virtual
machines.
We must cap the resource consumption of the test/dev virtual
machines.
10-27
Resource Pool Example
10-28
Resource Pools Example: CPU Shares
10-29
Resource Pools Example: CPU Contention
10-30
Expandable Reservation
Root resource pool
total CPU: 10,200MHz
total memory: 3,000MB
Retail pool
reservation: 3,000MHz
expandable reservation: Yes
eCommerce Apps
pool
reservation:
1,200MHz
eCommerce Web
pool
reservation:
1,000MHz
expandable? Yes
expandable? No
Borrowing resources occurs

recursively from the ancestors of the
current resource pool.
Expandable Reservation option
must be enabled.
This option offers more flexibility but
less protection.
Expanded reservations are not
released until the virtual machine
that caused the expansion is shut
down or its reservation is reduced.
An expandable reservation might allow a rogue

application to claim all unreserved capacity.
10-31
Example of Expandable Reservation (1)

Root resource pool
eCommerce resource pools reserve

2,200MHz of the 3,000MHz that the
Retail pool has reserved.
Total CPU: 10,200MHz

Total memory: 3,000 MB
Retail pool
Power on virtual machines in the

eCommerce Web pool.
expandable reservation: No
eCommerce Apps
pool
reservation:
1,200MHz
eCommerce Web
pool
reservation:
1,000MHz
expandable? Yes
expandable? No
VM1
VM2
R=400
R=300
VM3
R=500
With Expandable Reservation

disabled on the eCommerce Web
pool, VM3 cannot be started with a
reservation of 500MHz.
Lower the virtual machine
reservation.
Enable Expandable Reservation.
Increase the eCommerce Web
pools reservation.
10-32
Example of Expandable Reservation (2)

Root resource pool
Total CPU: 10,000MHz
Total memory: 3,000MB
**200MHz used by Retail**
Enable Expandable Reservation on

the eCommerce Web pool.
Retail pool
expandable reservation: Yes
**full reservation used**
The system considers the

resources available in the child
resource pool and its direct parent
resource pool.
eCommerce Apps
pool
reservation:
1,200MHz
eCommerce Web
pool
reservation:
1,000MHz
expandable? Yes
expandable? Yes
VM4
R=500
VM5
R=500
VM6
R=500
VM7
R=500
VM1
R=400
VM2
R=300
The virtual machines reservation is

charged against the reservation for
eCommerce Web.
eCommerce Webs reservation is
charged against the reservation for
Retail.
VM3
R=500
10-33
Admission Control for CPU and Memory Reservations
Power on a virtual machine.
Succeed
Create a new subpool

with its own reservation.
Yes
Increase a pools
reservation.
Can this pool

satisfy reservation?
No
Fail
No
Expandable
reservation?
Yes Go to parent pool.
10-34
Resource Pool Summary Tab

Click the resource pools Summary tab in
the Hosts and Clusters inventory view.
10-35
Resource Allocation Tab
Click the resource pools Resource

Allocation tab.
10-36
Scheduling Changes to Resource Settings
Schedule a task to change the

resource settings of a
resource pool or a virtual
machine.
10-37
Lab 15
In this lab, you will create and use resource pools on an ESXi host.
1. Create CPU contention.
2. Create a resource pool named Fin-Test.
3. Create a resource pool named Fin-Prod.
4. Verify resource pool functionality.
10-38

Describe resource allocation settings for CPU and memory.
Create a resource pool.
Set resource pool attributes.
Describe expandable reservations.
10-39
Lesson 4:
Monitoring Resource Usage
10-40
Learner Objectives

Monitor a virtual machines resource usage:
CPU
Memory
Disk
Network bandwidth
10-41
Performance-Tuning Methodology
Assess performance.
Use appropriate monitoring
tools.
Record a numerical
benchmark before changes.
Identify the limiting resource.
Make more resources
available.
Allocate more.
Reduce competition.
Log your changes.
Do not make casual changes

to production systems.
Benchmark again.
10-42
Guest Operating System Monitoring Tools
Iometer
Task Manager
10-43
Using Perfmon to Monitor Virtual Machine Resources
The Perfmon DLL in VMware Tools

provides virtual machine processor and
memory objects to access host statistics
inside a virtual machine.
10-44
VMware vCenter Server Performance Charts
The Performance tab

displays two kinds of
charts for hosts and
virtual machines:
Overview charts:
Display the most

common metrics for an
object
Advanced charts:
Display data counters not

shown in the overview
charts
10-45
Interpreting Data from the Tools

VMware vCenter Server
monitoring tools and guest
operating system monitoring
tools provide different points of
view.
Task Manager in
guest operating system
CPU Usage
chart for host
10-46
Is a Virtual Machine CPU-Constrained?
Check the virtual

machines CPU
usage.
If CPU usage is continuously

high, the virtual machine is
constrained by CPU.
But the host might have enough
CPU for other virtual machines to
run.
10-47
Are Virtual Machines CPU-Constrained?
Task Manager of several operating systems
CPU Ready graph of several virtual machines
Multiple virtual machines are constrained by CPU if:

There is high CPU use in the guest operating system
There are relatively high CPU ready values for the virtual machines
10-48
Is a Virtual Machine Memory-Constrained?
Check the virtual machines ballooning activity:

If ballooning activity is high, this might not be a problem if all virtual machines
have sufficient memory.
If ballooning activity is high and the guest operating system is swapping, then
the virtual machine is constrained for memory.
10-49
Is the Host Memory-Constrained?

If there is active host-level swapping, then host memory is
overcommitted.
10-50
Monitoring Active Memory of a Virtual Machine

Monitor for increases in active memory on the host:
Host active memory refers to active physical memory used by virtual
machines and the VMkernel.
If amount of active memory is high, this could lead to virtual machines
that are memory-constrained.
10-51
Are Virtual Machines Disk-Constrained?

Disk-intensive applications can saturate the storage or the path.
If you suspect that a virtual machine is constrained by disk access:
Measure the throughput and latency between the virtual machine and
storage.
Use the advanced performance charts to monitor:
Read rate and write rate

Read latency and write latency
Inventory object
Chart option
Storage type
Host
Datastore
FC, iSCSI, NFS
Host
Storage adapter
FC
Host
Storage path
FC, iSCSI
Virtual machine
Datastore
FC, iSCSI, NFS
Virtual machine
Virtual disk
FC, iSCSI, NFS
10-52
Monitoring Disk Latency
To determine disk performance problems, monitor two disk latency

data counters:
Kernel command latency:
The average time spent in the VMkernel per SCSI command.

High numbers (greater than 23ms) represent either an overworked array
or an overworked host.
Physical device command latency:
The average time the physical device takes to complete a SCSI command.
High numbers (greater than 1520ms) represent a slow or overworked
array.
10-53
Are Virtual Machines Network-Constrained?
Network-intensive applications often bottleneck on path segments

outside the ESX/ESXi host:
Example: WAN links between server and client
If you suspect that a virtual machine is constrained by the network:
Confirm that VMware Tools is installed.

Enhanced network drivers are available.
Measure the effective bandwidth between the virtual machine and its
peer system.
Check for dropped receive packets and dropped transmit packets.
10-54
Lab 16
In this lab, you will see how CPU workload is reflected by system
monitoring tools.
1. Use vCenter Server to monitor CPU utilization.
2. Undo changes made to your virtual machines.
10-55

Monitor a virtual machines resource usage:
CPU
Memory
Disk
Network bandwidth
10-56
Lesson 5:
Using Alarms
10-57
Learner Objectives

Create alarms with condition-based triggers.
Create alarms with event-based triggers.
View and acknowledge triggered alarms.
10-58
What Is an Alarm?
An alarm is a notification that
occurs in response to selected
events or conditions that occur
with an object in the inventory.
Default alarms exist for various
inventory objects:
Many default alarms for hosts and
virtual machines
Default
datacenter
alarms
(partial list)
You can create custom alarms for

a wide range of inventory objects:
Virtual machines, hosts, clusters,
datacenters, datastores,
networks, distributed switches,
and distributed port groups
10-59
Alarm Settings
To create an alarm, right-click the
inventory object and select Alarm >
Add Alarm.
Alarm types for:

Virtual machines
Hosts
Clusters
Datacenters
Datastores
Networks
Distributed switches
Distributed virtual port groups
10-60
Alarm Triggers
An alarm requires a trigger. Types of triggers:
Condition or state trigger Monitors the current condition or state.
Example:
A virtual machines current snapshot is above 2GB in size.

A host is using 90 percent of its total memory.
A datastore has been disconnected from all hosts.
Event Monitors events. Example:
The health of a hosts hardware has changed.

A license has expired in the datacenter.
A host has left the vNetwork distributed switch.
10-61
Configuring Condition Triggers

Condition triggers for a virtual machine
10-62
Configuring Event Triggers

Event trigger for a host
10-63
Configuring Reporting Options

Use the Reporting pane to avoid needless re-alarms.
Avoid
small
fluctuations.
Avoid
repeats.
10-64
Configuring Actions
Every alarm type has these actions:
Send a notification email, send a notification trap, or run a command.
Virtual machine alarms and host alarms have more actions.
10-65
Configuring vCenter Server Notifications

In the menu bar, select Administration > vCenter Server Settings.
Select Mail to set

SMTP parameters.
Select SNMP to
specify trap
destinations.
10-66
Viewing and Acknowledging Triggered Alarms
The Acknowledge Alarm feature is used to

track when triggered alarms are addressed.
10-67
Lab 17
In this lab, you will demonstrate the vCenter Server alarm feature.
1. Create a virtual machine alarm that monitors for a condition.
2. Create a virtual machine alarm that monitors for an event.
3. Trigger virtual machine alarms and acknowledge them.
4. Disable virtual machine alarms.
10-68

Create alarms with condition-based triggers.
Create alarms with event-based triggers.
View and acknowledge triggered alarms.
10-69
Key Points

The VMkernel has built-in mechanisms (such as CPU load balancing

and transparent page sharing) for managing the CPU and memory
allocation on an ESX/ESXi host.
The Performance tab allows you to monitor a host or virtual
machines performance in real time or over a period of time.
Use alarms to monitor your vCenter Server inventory. Alarms notify
you when selected events or conditions have occurred.
10-70

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Resource Management and Monitoring

2011 VMware Inc. All rights reserved

Virtual CPU and Memory Concepts

Monitoring Resource Usage

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Memory Virtualization Basics

There are 3 layers of memory

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Virtual Machine Memory Overcommitment

Allow RAM overcommitment

allocated memory = 512 MB

A virtual machine swap file (.vswp) is

reserved memory = 256 MB

Virtual machines power on only if:

Minimum memory available, that is

Swap file size equals the difference

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Memory Reclamation Techniques

Economize use of physical memory pages

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Memory pages are compressed

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

= memory compression cache

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Hyperthreading enables a core

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

CPU Load Balancing

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Review of Learner Objectives

You should be able to do the following:

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Since virtual machines simultaneously use the resources of a

Enable less, more, or an equal amount of access to a defined resource

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Shares, Limits, and Reservations

Shares are used

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

How Virtual Machines Compete for Resources

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Systems for Optimizing Virtual Machine Resource Use

VMkernel swap files

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Review of Learner Objectives

You should be able to do the following:

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

What Is a Resource Pool?

It provides resources for

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Why Use Resource Pools?

Using resource pools can result in these benefits:

VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A

Resource Pool Attributes

Resource pool attributes:

Low, Normal, High, Custom