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Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
Inflammation
Antimicrobial Proteins
Fever
Macrophages
- Monocytes name of cell IN the blood
- Macrophage name of cell after it LEAVES the blood
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
These are 3 of the 5 WBCs Lymphocytes and Basophils are not listed.
Keep in mind, these are NOT the only phagocytes in the body. Dendritic cells and B
lymphocytes are also phagocytic
WBCs DONT function in the blood the blood just carries them where they need to go
Their main function happens when they leave the blood
Phagocytes Mechanism:
Histamines
Kinins
Prostaglandins
Complement
Increased permeability is d/t chemicals released at the site of infection
Cytokine Any chemical produced that causes the immune response
IMPORTANT Concept: Purpose of phagocytizing cells in the wound
- 1) Destroy infectious substance
- 2) Causes immune response/inflammation
Extravasation
Leukocytosis
Margination
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Extraversion how neutrophils leaves blood and goes to site of infection
In inflamed areas capillary Endothelial cells sprout Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
called Selectins that attract Neutrophils
The Neutrophils gather at the walls of the capillaries
Interferon
Complement
Classical Pathway
Alternative Pathway
Other complement factors bind directly to the cell walls of the microbe
Know BOTH pathways for test!
Membrane attack complex (MAC) is inserted into the microbe by the complement
The MAC allows for an Influx of Calcium that destroys the microbe
They make the opening with the MAC
What kills the microbe? CALCIUM entering
Protein released by the liver that helps activate the common pathway
Used as a clinical marker for inflammation
There are 2 tests for inflammation:
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) takes tube of blood and RBCs will float to bottom
and plasma will go to the top.
- Looks at rate RBCs drop to bottom. If inflammation is present it takes the RBCs
longer to get to bottom
C-reactive protein also looks for coronary artery disease. Why?
- Coronary artery disease is a build up of plaque, in one spot (or multiple). Why did
cholesterol pick that particular spot? Because that spot is inflamed
Does Pill or Diet work better to control Cholesterol? Pill works better than diet to control
cholesterol because it reduces inflammation
Slide 32
Fever Mechanism:
Fever doesnt really kill off the MO, it sequesters Iron and Zinc
Does Iron make a big difference in growth of bacteria?
- Its the same as having Lactorferrin like milk
Milk has Lactoferrin and it sequesters the Iron in milk and inhibits the growth of
bacteris
Febrile seizures (seizures in kids caused by fever)
- Febrile seizures are based on how fast there is a change in temperature.
- Doesnt necessarily mean they will have seizures as an adult
slide 33
Antigens have specific spots that are Immunogenic known as Antigenic Determinant
Sites
Self-Antigens Properties:
HERE!
Humoral Immune Response Components:
Differentiation of B Cells
Immunological Memory
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
Antibodies
Helper T cell helps the B cell, then the B cell produces antibodies
Infinity maturation looking at antibodies they will produce. Pathogen has antigen
determinates, antibodies attach to ones that fit, once it fits it undergoes infinity
maturation where it produces ones that fit tighter.
o But this is not an intelligent process.
o Nave B cell undergoes infinity maturation.
Plasma cells produces antibodies
Memory cells similar role to nave B cells.
o Memory cell will become activated if it sees pathogen again.
If look at nave B cell and Memory B cell they will BOTH produce plasma cells
and memory cells
This is the primary and secondary immune response
Active immunity, you produced those antibodies yourself, you are now immune. Gives you
immunity.
Can get Active Immunity naturally or artificially
Rubella and Rubeola (hard measles, makes you light sensitive) = two types of measles
Antibodies Description:
Antibodies Considerations:
Structure
Classes
Mechanism of Diversity
Targets and Function
Monoclonal Antibodies
Determines class
Forms the stem of the antibody that makes up the effector region that dictates:
- What the antibody can bind to
- Antigen elimination
The constant region determines BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Antibodies Classes:
Antibodies Classes:
-
5 major classes
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
MADGE is the pneumonic
Produced by descendants of a single cell and are pure antibody preparations for a specific
antigenic determinant
Used to diagnose:
- Monoclonal antibodies are really found when pt has Multiple Myeloma (Cancer)
- Pregnancy
- STDs
- Cancer
- Hepatitis
- Rabies
If you have Different variation of disease, one will attach and form secondary response,
other is new and will produce primary response
Different families of cells are known as Clones
See it come into play: Used to detect specific illnesses, but big thing they are known for
is *Multiple Myeloma* - one line of B cells is overproducing. Becomes so aggressive in
trying to push out antibodies that it attacks the bone
Also called T8
Are cytotoxic T cells
Can only bind to MHC Class I!
CYTOTOXIC T Cells are the ONLY T cells capable of killing another cell
Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Suppressor T Cells
Gamma Delta T Cells
Specific T Cell Roles Helper T Cells: Part of the Adaptive Immune System
aka Humoral Immunity
Principle in Immunology: While the immune system is mounting an attack against the
pathogen it is also simultaneously preparing to wind it down