(1)Calculations

First reference
12. Energy calculation of biogas plant Formula to calculate total gas production
For cattle max gas production /kg = 0.05 m3 (0.05/kg of cattle dung), Total gas
=Total dung in kg x 0.05 Calculation for 4 animals each producing 8 kg dung if
we are successful to collect that all Total will be 8x4=32 Total gas=0.05x32
=1.6 m3 if > 1m3 =19 Mega joules So 1.6x19=30MJ To convert it to KWh >> 30/3.6
=8.3 KWh
13. Conversion to electrical energy Note: when we convert it to electrical energy
65% of energy lost as Heat & other mechanical losses as utilized by electrical
generator. So 8.3*35/100 = 2.91 kWh is available as electrical energy from 32 kg
of Cow dung.
Consumption We can run 60watts of 2 bulbs + 1 fan of 80 watts >>For 12
hours easilyon 2.91 kWh (el) energy
14. Calculation for cooking Medium Stove uses 9 MJ of energy /hr Manure of 3
animals is fuel for stove to run for 2.5 hrs 8x3=24kg dung =1.2 m3 1.2x19MJ= 22.8
MJ / 9= 2.5 hours.{1}
According to this reference (1m3 of biogas = 19 mega joules) so 1m3 = 19
MJ /3.6 = 5.27 KWh, but electrical conversion loss 65% so 1 m3 = 5.27 5.27*0.65 = 1.7KWh, so 1m3=1.7KWh.
(1) Biogas plant designs and engery calculations by ali saqlain
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Second reference
Energy equivalents Energy equivalents
Biogas has a methane content of 50-60% (but depends on substrate)
1 Watt = 1 joule second-1
1 Wh = 1 x 3600 joules (J)
1 kWh = 3600000 J
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
22 MJ (1m3 biogas) = 22/3.6 kWh = 6.1 kWh
Electrical conversion efficiency = 35%
Therefore 1m3 biogas = 2.14 kWh (elec){2}
According the this reference
1-( 1 m3 of biogas =22 mega joules), but electrical conversion loss 65%,so
1m3 of biogas = 2.14 KWh
2-(1 m3 of methane= 36 MJ), so 1m3 of methane = 10 KWh, subtract the loss of
electrical conversion you will get the finally value of KWh for 1m3 of methane.
{2} Optimising anaerobic digestion Charles Banks University of Southampton
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Calculation:
According to
(https://fergusonfoundation.org/lessons/cow_in_out/cowmoreinfo.shtml), A cow
produces 65 lbs. (29.5 kg) of feces or manure daily.
According to Biogas plant designs and engery calculations by ali saqlain, total gas
production For cattle max gas production /kg = 0.05 m3.
A-) for electricity
Biogas production Calculation of a ranch that has 100 cows per a day:
1- 100 cows will produce (100*29.5) = 2950 kg per day
2- 2950 kg per day * 0.05m3/kg = 147.5 m3 of biogas per day
3- 1 m3 of biogas = 2.14 KWh(electrical loss is assumed) so the amount of
power can be obtained per day is 315.65 KWh.(147.5 m3 per day = 315.65
KWh per day)
B-) for cooking
From above, we obtained 147.5 m3 of biogas per day
1- 1m3 of biogas = 22 MJ because there is no electrical conversion loss( its
used direct for cooking not generating electricity by a motor), so the amount
of MJ can be obtained is 3245 MJ per day(147.5 m3 per day * 22 = 3245 MJ )
2- According to Biogas plant designs and engery calculations by ali saqlain,
Medium Stove uses 9 MJ of energy /hr
And according to http://energyusecalculator.com/electricity_oven.htm, average
modern oven using around 2400 watts on medium to high heat(2400 watts for
an hour (2400 Wh), and 1 WH = 3600 joules so medium to high heat requires
2400*3600 = 8.640 MJ of energy/ hr
Lets calculate according to ali saqlain
3- 3245 Mj/9 MJ per hr = 360.5 hours, so you can use the oven for 360.5 hours.

Some information you have to know about biogas production

There is a batch process and continues process, we will work on continues
process which is :
In continuous digestion processes, organic matter is constantly added (continuous
complete mixed) or added in stages to the reactor (continuous plug flow; first in
first out). Here, the end products are constantly or periodically removed, resulting in
constant production of biogas. A single or multiple digesters in sequence may be
used. Examples of this form of anaerobic digestion include continuous stirred-tank
reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blankets, expanded granular sludge beds and
internal circulation reactors.(wiki)
Temperature effect on biogas production:
The process of organic material anaerobic digestion takes place in three main
temperature ranges: from 10-25C (psychrophilic conditions), from 30-37C or from
20-40 c( mesophilic conditions) and from 48-55C ( thermophilic conditions).
when the target is the most efficient production of biogas and its use for electric
and thermal energy production from the cogeneration system only the mesophilic
and thermophilic anaerobic digestion is applied.(bring a study to prove that)
So we will use mesophilic anaerobic digestion in the project. (Mesophilic
digester or Mesophilic biodigester is a kind of biodigester that operates in
temperatures between 20 C and about 40, typically 37 C)
Digester size effect on biogas production:
Utilizing of a digester thats almost full of the mixture (dung + water) will
produce more biogas and that what some studies have proved.( bring a
study to prove that)

My project:
A-) for electricity
200 kg of cow dung
200 kg * 0.05 m3 per kg = 10 m3
10*2.14 = 21.4 KWh per day
B-) for cooking
From above, we obtained 10 m3 of biogas
1m3 = 22 MJ, so we will have 220 MJ
220 MJ/ 9MJ per hr = 24.4 hrs
We use oven like 3 hrs per day so it can provide use us with gas for 8 days.
How to do the project:
1- It will be continues type
2- Cow dung mixed with water and 1:1 ratio (200 kg cow dung + 200 kg water)
3- Retention time: I will watch the production amount of biogas (liters) how it
will fell or increase after 30 days of retention time.
To record the volume of biogas production we need to calculate the weight of the
container which will be filled with biogas, so we will know the weight of the
biogas and by dividing mass on density (density will be chosen at specific
pressure thats recorded by a pressure gauge)
4- The ambient temperature must be between 30-37 degree (because we will
use mesophilic anaerobic digestion)
5- Digester size can effect on biogas production as some studies showed and Its
preferred to use digester size thats almost full of the mixture
To do the Procedure briefly: mix cow dung with water well and fill the digester with it
then wait for 30 days to start producing biogas, afterward add constantly the
mixture with discharging the used amount to keep the amount same in the digester.

Biogas plant components:

A biogas plant consists of the following main components:

Receiving Unit: All feedstocks entering the biogas plant will be delivered to a receiving unit. The
purpose of the receiving unit is to store feedstock and feed it into the digesters. The receiving unit
can be an agitated storage tank for liquid biomass or a container with a feeding system for solid
biomass. The feedstock is fed into the digesters according to a scheduled feeding plan.

Digester: The digestion of the biomass takes place in an oxygen free environment in a completely
stirred tank digester (CSTR). In Renew Energys design, the digesters are equipped with top
mounted agitators that assure complete mixing of the digesters so that the formation of floating layer
and temperature pockets are avoided. Top mounted agitators have very low power consumption
compared to other mixing options. The hydraulic retention time in the digesters is normally between
15 -35 days depending on the biomass. The digestion is most efficiently operated at either
mesophilic temperatures (35-37 C) or thermophilic temperatures (52-55 C). The combined
characteristic of the mixed feedstocks determines which temperature level is chosen. Stability is
important for a good economy. Therefore, we prefer external heat exchangers in our design.
Cleaning of external heat exchangers is a matter of only hours rather than days or weeks, and the
digester will be left undisturbed to continue its gas production.

Biogas Desulphurization: In addition to methane and carbon dioxide, the biogas also contains
hydrogen sulfide originating mainly from the degradation of sulfur containing proteins. To avoid
corrosion, hydrogen sulfide needs to be removed from the biogas before the biogas can be utilized.
There are several methods for removing hydrogen sulfide. Renew Energy offers a biological gas
cleaning process that is performed in a separate scrubber tank. In this process, hydrogen sulfide is
oxidized to elementary sulfur or sulfuric acid.

Gas Storage: The gas storage will balance fluctuations of the gas production. The size of the gas
storage is normally equal to a few hours of gas production.

Flare: As a safety device, a gas flare for biogas burning is installed.

Gas Engine: The produced biogas is flammable, and it is converted into electricity and heat in an
engine/generator. The electricity will be distributed through the power grid, and heat can be used for
heating purposes. An alternative is to remove the CO2 through a biogas upgrading process. The
upgraded biogas, primarily consisting of methane (CH4), can be distributed and sold to the natural
gas network.

Storage Tank: After the anaerobic digestion in the biogas digester, the degassed biomass is
pumped to a storage tank. The tank stores the degassed biomass, until it is delivered to farmers.
Alternatively, the fertilizer components can be concentrated in Renew Energys nutrient recovery
process.{1}
{1} : http://www.renewenergy.dk/en/biogas/biogas-plant/