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INTRODUCTION
The trip to Ayer Hitam and Pulau Mawar Mersing Johor, is a program that oriented by
the academic under Engineering Geology Subject, BFC3103. This program focused
more in career exposure in engineering field especially geology field. Geology plays
an important role in determine the minerals/rocks and its features in geology
engineering. Other than that, this trip also give the exposure to the students about the
rocks and minerals that oriented by the geology material. This program giving the big
and effectively impact in increasing academic and career quality in a long term. Ayer
Hitam and Pulau Mawar is best place to discover because it will give exposure to the
students in determine geophysical method.

1.1. OBJECTIVES
This Geology trip is for:
i.
Introduce student about the real rock and the classification of the rock at site.
ii.
Explain more detail about the form of the rock with the occurrence a long
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iv.
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time ago in geology engineering.

Study about the rock that we found and the certain place at Johor.
Learn how to collect the data in the real situation.
Expose the participant about the geology rock investigation in engineering

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field.
Understand the work environment for geology engineer.
See clearly about the geology phenomena and investigate about the rock
structure at the slope at both places.

1.2. DISCRIPTION OF PROJECT

Trip to Ayer Hitam and Pulau Mawar is very beneficial to students to widen their
knowledge about the geological process. Geological Engineering is the application of
the earth sciences to human problems that relate to Earth and earth systems. It is a
broad, interdisciplinary field with many specialty areas such as: Geotechnical site
investigation for a variety of projects, rock and soil slope stability, Environmental site
characterization and planning, Hydrogeology, groundwater studies and engineering.
This trip also provides opportunity to explore about the natural and manmade hazard

occurrence and exploration and development of fossil fuel and mineral deposits in
that island.
Engineering geologic studies are performed by a geologist or engineering geologist
educated, professionally trained and skilled at the recognition and analysis of
geologic hazards and adverse geologic conditions. Their overall objective is the
protection of life and property against damage and the solution of geologic problems.
The main purpose of the trip is to give exposure to students on how the geological
phenomena occurred in both places and let them collect data of slope and dip angle
for studies purpose.

Figure 1: Pulau Mawar

Figure 2: Site at Ayer Hitam.

1.3. LOCATION OF PULAU MAWAR AND AYER HITAM
Pulau Mawar (Rose Island) is located about 26km from Mersing town. It is a 20 mins
walk on beach from the main land.
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Figure 3: Geological map of the Pulau Mawar

Figure 4: Geological map of the Ayer Hitam.

2. LITREATURE REVIEW
2.1. FAULTS

Geologic faults, fault lines or simply faults are planar rock fractures, which show
evidence of relative movement. Large faults within the Earth's crust are the result of
shear motion and active fault zones are the causal locations of most
earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by energy release during rapid slippage along
faults. The largest examples are at tectonic plate boundaries but many faults occur far
from active plate boundaries. Since faults do not usually consist of a single, clean
fracture, the term fault zone is used when referring to the zone of complex
deformation that is associated with the fault plane.
The creation and behaviors of faults, in both an individual small fault and within the
greater fault zones which define the tectonic plates, is controlled by the relative
motion of rocks on either side of the fault surface. Because of friction and the rigidity
of the rock, the rocks cannot simply glide or flow past each other. Rather, stress
builds up in rocks and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strain threshold, the
accumulated potential energy is released as strain, which is focused into a plane along
which relative motion is accommodated the fault.
Strain is both accumulative and instantaneous depending on the archeology of the
rock; the ductile lower crust and mantle accumulates deformation gradually via
shearing whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture, or instantaneous stress
release to cause motion along the fault. A fault in ductile rocks can also release
instantaneously when the strain rate is too great. The energy released by
instantaneous strain release is the cause of earthquakes, a common phenomenon
along transform boundaries.

Figure 5: Fault Structures

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Figure 6: Fault Structure at Pulau Mawar.

Figure 7: Fault Structure at Ayer Hitam.

2.2. JOINTS
Joints are discontinuities on which there has been little or no displacement in shear
(in contrast to faults). Joints are ubiquitous in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
rocks. They are evidence of brittle failure of the rock mass at some stage in the
deformation history.
Joints have many important properties as planes of weakness in rock masses:
1) Orientation - Strike and dip or dip and dip-direction.
2) Spacing - The frequency or number of discontinuities per unit length.
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3) Aperture - The mean distance between wall rock surfaces.

4) Persistence - The continuity of joints or trace length.
5) Surface Roughness - The property controlling friction between surfaces.
6) Infill - The presence or absence of breccia, gouge or surface coatings of
minerals.
7) Strength
8) Compressibility
9) Permeability

Figure 8: Joints that Occur On Rock

Figure 8: Joints on the rocks at Ayer Hitam

2.3 STRIKES AND DIP

Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. The strike of a
stratum or planar feature is a line representing the intersection of that feature with the
horizontal. On a geologic map this is represented with a short straight line segment
oriented parallel to the compass direction of the strike. Strike is usually given as a
compass bearing (N25E for example) in terms of east or west of north, or as a single
three-digit number representing the azimuth, where the lower number is usually given.
The dip gives the angle below the horizontal of a tilted stratum or feature. The symbol is
a short line attached and at right angles to the strike symbol pointing in the direction of
inclination. Typically, the angle of dip is included on a geologic map.
Strike and dip are determined in the field with a compass and clinometer or combination
known as a Brunton compass. Another way of representing strike and dip is by dip and
dip direction, where the latter is simply the azimuth of the dip. It can be obtained from
strike by simply counting 90 around in the relevant direction. Any planar feature can be
described by strike and dip. This includes sedimentary bedding, geologic faults and
fractures, cuestas, igneous dikes and sills, metamorphic foliation and any other planar
feature in the Earth. Linear features are measured with very similar methods, where
"plunge" is the dip angle and "trend" is analogous to the dip direction value.

Figure 8: Strike and Dip