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The value of
varies with
Problem
A10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sine signal
such that the peak frequency deviation is 50 kHz.
Determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal if
the modulating sinusoid is (a) 500 kHz (b) 500 Hz (c) 10
KHz
Solution
(a)
This is a narrowband FM signal and the bandwidth
=
= 1 MHz
(b)
; this is a wideband FM case; and
kHz
Carsons rule gives 101 kHz
(c)
and carsons rule gives
= 120 kHz.
A more accurate method is to find n the number of
significant bands (use Table 1):
= 160 kHz
Generation of PM and FM signals
Since the amplitude of PM/FM signals is
constant, the designer need not worry about
excessive power
PM/FM signals are immune to nonlinear
distortion. This allows the use of nonlinear
electronic devices in the generation.
AM can not be used at microwave frequencies
(frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz) as
the required wideband linear amplifiers are not
available at these frequencies. Therefore,
Generation of FM
In FM generation, we need to estabilish methods for
linear change of the instanteneous frequency with the
message signal
1. Direct FM
2. Indirect FM
Direct FM
we can have
Example:
R-2206 of the EXAR Corporation, USA has an
operating frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz.
LM 556 has an operational frequency range of 1 MHz
where
are coefficients determined by the
operating point of the device and n is the highest order of
nonlinearity.
Example: Simply consider a square law device with
output
. Assume that
is a FM signal
with
Now
Use
To get
We see that
output is a FM signal with carrier frequency
Frequency deviation twice that of the original
input FM signal
References
[1] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition
[2] A. Bruce Carlson, Communication Systems, 4th Edition