CONNECTIVES

Themainconnectivesaregroupedbelowaccordingtothesimilarityoftheirmeaningwiththethree
basicconnectivesand,or,but.Forinformationabouttheiruseinsentences,youshouldlookinagood
dictionary.
1enumeration
alisting
1and

2addition

areinforcement
bequation

btransition
csummation
dapposition
eresult
finference
greformulation

2or
hreplacement
3but

icontrast
jconcession

A.AND
I. Listing:
1. Enumerationindicatesacataloguingofwhatisbeingsaid.Mostenumerationsbelongto
clearlydefinedsets:
first,
one,
first(ly),

aboveall
lastbutnotleast
firstandforemost
firstandmostimportant(ly)
tobegin/startwith,
inthesecondplace,...
moreover,
andtoconclude,
next,
then,
afterward(s),
lastly/finally

furthermore,
two,
second(ly),

finally,
three,
third(ly),

marktheendofanascendingorder
markthebeginningofadescending
order

2. Additiontowhathasbeenpreviouslyindicated.
a. Reinforcement(includesconfirmation):
also
again
furthermore
further
moreover
whatismore
then
inaddition
besides
aboveall
too
aswell(as)
b. Equation(similaritywithwhathaspreceded):
equally
likewise
similarly/correspondingly
inthesameway
Notes:
either
neither
nor
notonly...(but)also
neithernor
Fromthepointofviewofmeaningtheseareoftenthenegativeequivalentsofand.
Neitherleavestheseriesopenforfurtheradditions,whereasnorconcludesit.
Thetruthofapreviousassertionmaybeconfirmedorcontradictedby:
indeed
actually
in(actual)fact
really
inreality
II.

Transitioncanleadtoanewstageinthesequenceofthought:
now
withreference/respect/regardto
regarding
letus(now)turnto...
asfor
asto

oftenusedwhendiscussingsomething
briefly

Inspokenlanguage:
incidentally
bytheway
cometothinkofit

indicatesadigressionandan
afterthought.

talking/speakingof...(informal)
apropos(formal)
thatremindsme...

tointroduceadigression

III.

Summationindicatesageneralisationorsummingupofwhathaspreceded:
inconclusion
toconclude
tosumupbriefly
inbrief
tosummarise
altogether
overall
then
therefore
thus

IV.

Appositionusedtoreferbacktoprevioussentencesortoparallelorrelatedreferences:
i.e.,thatis,that'stosay
viz.namely
inotherwords
or,orrather,orbetter
and
asfollows
e.g.forexample,forinstance,say,suchas,including,included,especially,
particularly,inparticular,notably,chiefly,mainly,mostly(of)
Note: Therelationshipsbetweensentencesthatareincludedare:reformulation(see
no.VII.below),exemplificationandparticularisation

V.

Resultexpressestheconsequenceorresultofwhatwassaidbefore:
sotherefore
asaresult/consequence
theresult/consequenceis/wasaccordingly
consequently
now
then
becauseofthis/thatthus
hence
forthis/thatreason

VI.

Inferenceindicatesadeductionfromwhatisimplicitintheprecedingsentence(s):
then
inotherwords
inthatcase
else
otherwise
ifso/not...
thatimplies
myconclusionis

equivalenttoanegativecondition

B.OR
VII.

Reformulationtoexpressinanotherway:
better
rather
inotherwords
inthatcase
toputit(more)simply

VIII.

Replacementtoexpressanalternativetowhathaspreceded:
again
alternatively
rather
better/worse(still)...
ontheotherhand
thealternativeis...
anotherpossibilitywouldbe

C.BUT
IX.

Contrasttowhathaspreceded:
instead
conversely
then
onthecontrary
by(wayof)contrast
incomparison
(ontheonehand)...ontheother
hand...

X.

Concessionindicatestheunexpected,surprisingnatureofwhatisbeingsaidinviewof
whatwassaidbefore:
besides
yet
(or)else
inanycase
however
atanyrate
nevertheless
forallthat
nonetheless
inspiteof/despitethat
notwithstanding
afterall
only
atthesametime
still
ontheotherhand
while
allthesame
(al)though
evenif/though