Aim of the Project

To design and manufacture a working model of Scotch

yoke mechanism.
To get a practical exposure of machine tools and other manufactu
ring equipments.

Problem Statement
To convert rotary motion into Reciprocatory motion in
a simple harmonic manner.
To build a working model which can be fabricated easil
y using the available tools and machinery.

Scotch yoke mechanism

Introduction
The Scotch yoke is a mechanism for converting the linear motion of a slider into
rotational motion or vice-versa.

Simple Harmonic Motion

MATHEMATICAL EXPLAINATION
Scotch yoke mechanism converts rotary motion into translatory motion which is si
mple harmonic in nature.
Suppose crankshaft is rotating at an angular velocity .
u If r is the radius of the crank then, tangential velocity, v= r . v
From the mechanism we have the following relation;
Component of tangential velocity in Y-direction is given by;

U = Reciproc ting velocity of U-Slot.

If is the ngle m de by the t ngenti l velocity with X-Axis t ny point of time

, Component of t ngenti l velocity in Y direction is u = rsin.
U = v.sin So, velocity of U-Slot= rsin.
As result , Velocity of U-Slot is sine function of . Now s we know, is direc
tly proportion l to time. this implies velocity of U-Slot is sine function of
time. Hence, the motion of U-Slot is
simple h rmonic motion. Adv nt ge of SHM
The sinusoid l motion, cosinusoid l velocity, nd sinusoid l cceler tion ( ssum
ing const nt ngul r velocity) results in smoother oper tion of the mech nism.

Resources Used
M teri ls Mild steel pl tes Dimensions 1. 50 mm x 5 mm 2. 50 mm x 2.5 mm
Mild Steel Rod
Mild steel hollow pipe Mild steel squ re pipe
1. 20 mm 2. 25 mm
30 mm (internal) 34 mm (external) 25 mm x 25 mm (external) Thickness-2 mm

Equipment Used
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Lathe Machine Drilling machine Shaper machine Grinding machine Power tools Power
Hacksaw Electric arc welding machine

Manu
acturing Procedure

Crank and Handle

Lathe Machine
Obtained Cylindrical Rods O
Required Dimension Operations: Plain Turning And Part
ing Handle
Electric arc welding
Welded Handle And Crank With Crank-sha
t
Cranksha
t Crank

Crank and Handle

U-Slot
Power Hacksaw
Power tools
Obtained square pipe o
required length Used sur
ace grinding machine to obtain
smooth sur
ace Used power cutter to remove one
ace o
the square pipe

U-Slot

Yoke (Slider Block)

Lathe Machine
Obtained a cylindrical block o
required length
Shaping machine
Converted the cylindrical block into a cuboid o
required dimensions
Drilling machine
Hole is drilled in the middle o
block to accommodate the crank

Yoke (Slider Block)

Foundation
Power hacksaw
Drilling
Drilled holes to mount the cranksha
t Obtained metallic Strips O
Required Lengt
hs
Electric arc welding
Welded the metallic strips to get a rigid
oundation

Foundation

Guides
Power hacksaw
Obtained metallic strips o
required lengths
Power cutter
Obtained slots in the metallic strips

Guides

Piston and piston rod

Lathe machine
Welding
Obtained cylindrical rods o
required diameters and lengths using plain turning
and parting Welded piston to piston rod Welded the above assembly to U-slot
Hollow Cylinder
Power Hacksaw
Cut the pipe o
required length

Piston and piston rod

Hollow Cylinder

Step-by-step procedure

Foundation And Crank Sha
t

The crank sha
t is made to pass
through the holes drilled in the
oundation Constrained the linear motion and ro
tation in two axes by above step
Welded washers to constrain linear motion along
the crank sha
t axis
Now, we can rotate the crank by rotating the handle

Guides and Foundation

Guides are welded to the

oundation Welding is done care
ully so that the guides are per
ectly vertical a
nd are parallel.

Foundation and hollow cylinder

Hollow cylinder is
welded to the
oundation using metallic strips
tely constrained

Now the hollow cylinder is comple

U-slot and Guides

In scotch yoke mechanism,
the linear reciprocating motion o
U-slot is constrained by the guides. Bolts (w
ith metallic washers) passing through the slot o
the guide are welded to the Uslot
Now the U-slot is constrained to move along the guide.

Yoke, crank and U-slot

Pin Joint between crank and
yoke:
o Crank is made to pass through
the hole drilled in the yoke o This
orms a pin joint i.e.; crank can
reely rot
ate in the hole o
the yoke Slider joint between yoke and
U-slot:
o Yoke is placed inside the U-slot,
so that it can
reely slides inside it,
orming a slider joint.

Piston and Cylinder

The hollow cylinder is already constrained (welded)
with the
oundation.
Piston is made to slide inside the hollow cylinder.
This co
mpletes the assembly providing each component only one degree o

reedom (except

oundation and guides)

Assembled Model
Final Assembly

Challenges and di

iculties
aced

Incorrect Selection o
Crank Length
1. The length o
the crank was taken too large.
2. As a result , the radius o
revolution o
crank was too large which eventuall
y required a longer U-Slot to
acilitate reciprocatory motion.
3. Longer guides were subjected to unbalanced dynamic
orces and moments which r
estricted the
ree translatory motion..
Unbalanced moment

 Using Wood-based Foundation 1. The size o

oundation required to keep the syste
m in equilibrium had to be bigger, bulkier and complex(because o
bigger crank).
This problem was tackled using big logs o
wood. 2. The wood blocks were cut an
d joined accordingly using nails . This led to
ormation o
weaker joints. 3. Wh
ile operation , the wooden guides were subjected to large vibrations which made
the reciprocatory motion o
U-slot unsatis
actory. 4. Relatively larger
orce wa
s required to rotate the crank manually .

Rejected wooden model

Applications
This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high pressure oil
and gas pipelines. Shaper uses a Scotch yoke which has been adjusted to provide
a slow speed
orward stroke and a
aster return. It has been used in various in
ternal combustion engines, such as the Bourke engine, SyTech engine, and many ho
t air engines and steam engines.

Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_yoke
http://www.tecquipment.com/Theory_o
_Machines/Enginee ring-Science/RE300/M6.aspx
Theory o
Machines by R. S. Khurmi.