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Parameters Calculation of Single- and DoubleCage Models for Induction Motors from
Manufacturer Data
L. Guasch-Pesquer, L. Youb, A.A. Jaramillo-Matta, F. Gonzlez-Molina, J.A. Barrado-Rodrigo

Abstract This paper uses an easy technique to calculate

directly the parameters for induction motors, using single- and
double-cage models. This technique has been applied in a wide
sample of 2167 induction motors, where the parameters have
been calculated from manufacturer data. The results show that
this technique provides large errors in the start and maximum
torque points, but on the other hand, it provides small error in
the full-load point, for both single- and double-cage models. For
this reason, when the induction motor works near the full-load
point, for example when there are some disturbances in the
electric supply, this technique could be applied with good results.
Index Terms Induction motors, Parameter estimation,
Equivalent circuit.

I. INTRODUCTION

INGLE- and double-cage models are typically selected to

analyze the performance of the induction machine in most
of the scientific references [1]-[8]. In the work presented here,
the performance of these models around the full-load point is
presented. A similar analysis, but only using the single-cage
model, was developed in [8], where the parameters for such
model were obtained from two different techniques, Pedra and
Haque. In this work, on the one hand, the Pedra technique is
selected, since the obtained errors were smaller in [8].
Induction motors for industrial applications, typically operate
at full-load conditions. In some studies, like analyzing the
behavior of these motors when there are disturbances in the
power supply, an appropriate technique to estimate the
parameters of the model (or models) of the motor is required,
whose resulting behavior can fit very well in the full-load

This paragraph of the first footnote will contain the date on which you
submitted your paper for review.
This work was supported by: the Batna University; the Spanish Ministerio
de Economa y Competitividad under Grant DPI2013-47437-R; the
Facultad de Ingeniera and the CIDC, Centro de Investigaciones y
Desarrollo Cientfico of the Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos de Caldas,
Colombia, with project 1105, conv. 08-2013.
L. Guasch-Pesquer, F. Gonzlez-Molina and J.A. Barrado-Rodrigo are
with the Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain (e-mail:
luis.guasch@urv.cat).
L. Youb is with Batna University, Batna, Algeria. (e-mail:
youblamia@yahoo.fr).
A.A. Jaramillo-Matta is with the Research Laboratory in Alternative
Energy Sources (LIFAE), Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos de Caldas,
Bogot, Colombia (e-mail: ajaramillom@udistrital.edu.co).

978-1-4763-7239-8/15/$31.00 ' 2015 IEEE

point. The double-cage model is added in this work, providing

also a more detailed analysis of the errors obtained.
In general, the single-cage model presents five parameters,
and the double-cage seven. In both cases, the value of the
parameters is not provided directly by the manufacturer. This
fact has generated many scientific proposals to estimate the
parameters for these models.
In this research, to estimate those parameters, the initial
values defined by Pedra in [1] have been selected. Those
initial values are made of two set of parameters, one for the
single- and another one for the double-cage models. For both
cases, all parameters are considered to be constant. This
technique is very simple since the values for each parameter
are obtained directly from manufacturer data. In order to
evaluate the errors obtained using this technique, a wide
sample of induction motors have been recollected, comparing
the values of different magnitudes provided by manufacturer
to the values calculated using the estimated parameters.
To obtain the estimation of the parameters, most of the
scientific references follow the same sequence: select the
mathematical model, obtain the set of original data, apply the
algorithm designed to minimize the errors with some criteria,
and finally, the set of estimated parameters is obtained [1]-[7]
and [11].
Regarding the set of original data, some references use the
manufacturer information [5], [6] and [11]; others use
laboratory tests [7]; but other possibility arises: determine new
theoretical operating points from manufacturer information
[2].
The algorithms are designed to minimize the errors obtained
using the estimated parameters. These algorithms require
iterative mathematic calculations, some of them very
sophisticated [2]-[4].
In this research, the set of parameters calculated using both
models provides a good performance only around the full-load
point. However, these results could be applied to analyze the
performance of the machine in some cases, like the effects of
voltage sags or unbalanced voltage in the supply of an
induction motor, because the results in [9] and [10] shown that
when one motor is submitted to this kind of perturbation
(when it was working at the full-load point) the effects on
speed and torque determine values near such full-load point.

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Is

Rs

425 motors; 900 min-1, 69 motors; 750 min-1, 284 motors.

Xsd

Im

Ir

F. Start and maximum torques ratio

The distribution by the relation between the start and
maximum torques is: 0.300 < TST/TM 0.800, 716 motors;
0.800 < TST/TM 0.900, 654 motors; 0.900 < TST/TM 1.000,
630 motors; 1.000 < TST/TM 2.273: 167 motors.

Xrd

Xm

Vs

Rr/s

Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit for single-cage model of the induction machine.

Is
+
Vs

Rs

III. DATA CATALOG

Typically, in the catalogs the manufacturers provide, for
each motor, the following data: 1) full-load power (rated
power), PFL; 2) supply voltage, Vs; 3) synchronous speed, ns;
4) full-load torque (rated torque), TFL; 5) full-load speed (rated
speed), nFL; 6) full-load current (rated current), IFL; 7) full-load
efficiency (rated efficiency), FL; 8) full-load power factor
(rated power factor), cos FL; 9) start torque, TST/TFL; 10) start
current, IST/IFL; and 11) maximum torque, TM/TFL.

Xsd
Im
Xm

I1

I2

X1d

X2d

R1/s

R2/s

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit for double-cage model of the induction machine.

IV. MATHEMATICAL MODELS

II. MOTORS SELECTION

A significant sample of motors has been chosen. The total
number of motors in the sample is 2167, corresponding to the
data catalogs from seven manufacturers published in 2010.
The main characteristics of this sample are summarized below.
A. Full-load Power
The minimum and maximum full-load power (PFL) are 0.045
and 1,000 kW respectively.
The distribution by power range is: 0 < PFL 1 kW, 224
motors; 1 < PFL 10 kW, 598 motors; 10 <PFL 100 kW, 804
motors; 100 < PFL 1000 kW, 541 motors.
B. Poles
The distribution by numbers of poles is: 2 poles, 639
motors; 4 poles, 648 motors; 6 poles, 527 motors; 8 poles, 353
motors.
C. Supply voltage
The distribution by supply voltage is: 400 V and 50 Hz,
1746 motors; 460 V and 60 Hz, 421 motors.

In this work, the single- and double-cage models, with

constant parameters, are considered for each of the 2167
motors. The equivalent circuit for the single-cage model is
shown in Fig. 1, and the circuit for the double-cage model is
shown in Fig. 2.

V. PARAMETERS DETERMINATIONS
There are many different techniques to determine the
equivalent circuit parameters. In this research, the direct
determination (without algorithms) of those parameters from
data provided by the manufacturer (without any laboratory
test) has been selected.
This technique has been evaluated using all motors from the
sample, with two different models of the induction machine:
single- and double-cage, following the mathematical
expressions shown in [1] to determine the set of initial values
of the parameters. In the cited work, this set of parameters is
the initial point for the iterative algorithm used to determine
the final set of parameters.
The two models have the same equations for parameters Rs,
Xm and Xsd. In all cases the parameters correspond to a star
connection reference.
R s = 1 .5 R r

D. Manufacturer Data
The distribution by manufacturer is: ABB, 573 motors;
CMG, 47 motors; Leroy Somer, 336 motors; Marelli, 206
motors; Rossi, 171 motors; Siemens, 454 motors; WEG, 380
motors.
E. Synchronous speed
The distribution by synchronous speed is: 3600 min-1, 125
motors; 3000 min-1, 514 motors; 1800 min-1, 125 motors;
1500 min-1, 523 motors; 1200 min-1, 102 motors; 1000 min-1,

Xm =

(1)

Vs
QFL

X sd = 0 . 05 X m

(2)
(3)

Where QFL is the full-load reactive power.

A. Single-cage model
Expressions for the calculation of the rotor parameters are

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shown below.

3 V / 3 sFL
Rr = s
PFL

(4)

X rd = 0 . 05 X m

(5)

B. Double-cage model
Expressions for the calculation of the rotor parameters are
shown below.

Fig. 3. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, WEG; 515 kW;

2 poles; 60 Hz.

3 V / 3 sFL
R1 = s
= Rr
PFL
R 2 = 5 R1

(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

X 1d = 1 . 2 X sd
X 2d = 1 . 0 X sd

VI. RESULTS
From the calculated parameters the simulated values for the
different variables (torque, current, power, etc) can be
obtained with a new set of expressions. The expressions are
different for single- and double-cage models.

Fig. 4. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, WEG; 45 kW;

4 poles; 60 Hz.

A. Single-cage model
Expressions for the single-cage model are shown in (10)(14).

TSC =

3 Rr 2
Ir
s s

(10)

Vs
Z in, SC

(11)

I s,SC =

1
PSC = 3 1 R r I r2
s

cos SC =

SC

real (Z in, SC )
Z in, SC

2
1 Rr I r
s

100
=
1
R S I S2 + R r I r2
s

(12)
(13)

(14)

Fig. 6. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, Marelli; 0.75 kW;

8 poles; 60 Hz.

TDC =

Where the impedance Zi,SC is:

Z in, SC = R s + j X s +

Fig. 5. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, Marelli; 3 kW;

6 poles; 60 Hz.

I s, DC =

1
1
1
+
j X m R r + j X r

3
(R1 I 12 + R 2 I 22 )
s s

(15)

B. Double-cage model
Expressions for the double-cage model are shown in (16)(20).
239

Vs
Z in, DC

1
PDC = 3 1 (R1 I 12 + R 2 I 22 )
s
cos DC =

real (Z in, DC )
Z in, DC

(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)

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Fig. 7. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, ABB; 80 kW;

2 poles; 50 Hz.

Fig. 11. Torque errors for star point (ST) and the maximum torque (M).

Fig. 12. Torque and speed errors for the full-load point.

Fig. 8. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, Siemens; 900 kW;

4 poles; 50 Hz.

In (14) and (20) the magnetic losses and the mechanical

losses have been neglected.

VII. INITIAL QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Fig. 9. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, Leroy Somer;

0.37 kW; 6 poles; 50 Hz.

Fig. 10. Torque versus mechanical speed. Manufacturer, Rossi; 5.5 kW;
8 poles; 50 Hz.

DC

2
2
1 R1 I 1 R 2 I 2
s

100
=
1
R s I s2 + R1 I 12 + R 22
s

(20)

VIII. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

To quantify the errors between simulated results from the
obtained parameters, and the manufacturers data in the
different operating points, the expression (22) has been used.

Where the impedance Zi,DC is:

Z in, DC = Rs + j X s +

1
1
1
1
+
+
j X m R1 + j X 1 R2 + j X 2

Initially, a set of eight motors from the sample has been

selected to compare some information supplied by the
manufacturer to simulated values. It is a representative set
from the large sample of motors defined in Section II.
Furthermore, the torque-speed characteristic has been
chosen as the tool for the qualitative analysis. The results are
shown from Fig. 3 to Fig. 10. Each of these figures are related
to one specific motor and the data represented are: simulated
torque-speed characteristic for single-cage model (solid blue
line); simulated torque-speed characteristic for double-cage
model (solid green line); start torque by the manufacturer;
maximum torque by the manufacturer (solid red line); fullload point; synchronous point.
In the full-load point, the characteristics of single- and
double-cage provide good results when the motors has not
fractional power (less than 1 kW), since the lines run close to
the full-load operating point.
On the other hand, large errors are observed for some
motors with the start torque and the maximum torque using
both models.

(21)

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TABLE I
ERRORS (%), FOR FULL-LOAD POWER
1 < P 10 kW
10 < P 100 kW
598 motors
804 motors

0 < P 1 kW
224 motors

Error

mean
Start torque SC
Start torque DC
Start current SC
Start current DC
Max torque SC
Max torque DC
Rated torque SC
Rated torque DC
Rated speed SC
Rated speed DC
Rated current SC
Rated current DC
Rated power SC
Rated power DC
Rated power factor SC
Rated power factor DC
Rated efficiency SC
Rated efficiency DC

-26.10
-33.67
-37.31
-37.31
-23.44
-27.86
-3.12
-2.49
-5.62
-3.87
-27.26
-25.65
-9.28
-6.88
23.01
22.32
3.99
5.16

std
26.68
23.36
18.05
18.05
23.26
20.96
6.21
5.71
4.22
3.70
13.15
13.33
9.37
8.53
13.45
13.98
15.08
15.19

mean
-21.84
-22.70
-13.15
-13.15
-4.78
-15.30
-0.20
-0.07
-1.55
-0.71
-8.76
-7.18
-1.86
-0.85
5.76
4.49
2.03
2.60

std

mean

36.24
29.55
45.40
45.40
27.20
24.72
0.49
0.64
1.31
0.92
6.19
6.45
2.05
1.65
7.13
7.39
5.12
4.95

-53.70
-29.06
-8.08
-8.08
14.89
-3.71
-0.14
0.11
-0.41
-0.07
-0.73
1.19
-0.57
0.03
-1.48
-2.95
1.76
1.97

100 < P 1000 kW

541 motors

std

mean

26.92
22.13
23.17
23.17
26.68
23.50
1.33
0.98
0.23
0.09
2.96
3.18
1.43
1.11
2.80
2.99
1.54
1.48

-74.94
-38.78
-7.16
-7.16
31.64
6.82
-3.15
1.54
-0.16
-0.00
0.53
5.09
-3.30
1.55
-4.37
-4.97
1.62
1.73

std
14.67
28.12
14.37
14.37
30.85
27.82
5.67
1.31
0.73
0.02
23.36
1.64
5.64
1.26
4.79
1.80
1.87
0.91

TABLE II
ERRORS (%), FOR RATIO START TORQUE VERSUS MAXIMUM TORQUE
0.800 < TO/TM 0.900
0.900 < TO/TM 1.000
1.000 < TO/TM 2.273
0.300 < TO/TM 0.800
716 motors
654 motors
630 motors
167 motors

Error

mean
Start torque SC
Start torque DC
Start current SC
Start current DC
Max torque SC
Max torque DC
Rated torque SC
Rated torque DC
Rated speed SC
Rated speed DC
Rated current SC
Rated current DC
Rated power SC
Rated power DC
Rated power factor SC
Rated power factor DC
Rated efficiency SC
Rated efficiency DC

ex =

-39.34
-18.53
-6.05
-6.05
11.00
-6.23
-1.55
0.50
-0.73
-0.27
-3.76
-1.36
-2.33
0.19
0.46
-0.47
2.57
2.89

std
44.05
33.30
40.40
40.40
27.45
24.00
4.16
1.41
1.42
0.95
21.60
8.66
4.48
2.32
9.23
8.42
4.75
4.57

xsimulated xdata
100
xdata

mean
-48.28
-31.36
-12.43
-12.43
9.35
-7.09
-0.75
0.25
-0.92
-0.39
-4.22
-1.72
-1.71
-0.18
1.45
0.18
1.92
2.26

std

mean

30.53
21.13
21.82
21.82
28.31
23.72
2.84
1.16
1.43
1.00
7.87
8.38
3.35
1.97
7.73
7.89
5.03
5.03

(22)

A. Start point
The speed is zero in this point, nST = 0 min-1. The
manufacturer provides ratios: IST/IFL and TST/TFL (and IFL and
TFL values).
In this case, the torque and current errors are calculated. In
Fig. 11, the torque error for the start point is shown.
B. Maximum torque
At this point, the manufacturer provides only the torque
value, TM, but not the speed or current values.
In Fig. 11, the error for the maximum torque is shown.

-52.51
-38.29
-16.97
-16.97
7.75
-7.88
-1.26
-0.18
-1.80
-1.07
-7.86
-5.37
-3.20
-1.37
4.64
3.48
1.80
2.27

std

mean

25.73
18.85
25.14
25.14
36.69
29.20
4.07
3.25
2.94
2.31
12.80
13.34
6.02
5.10
11.90
12.20
7.22
7.30

-58.69
-45.28
-20.58
-20.58
12.65
-3.76
-1.46
-0.51
-2.08
-1.32
-7.44
-5.07
-3.76
-2.04
5.05
3.91
1.07
1.52

std
21.61
18.21
22.86
22.86
48.31
39.31
4.61
3.99
3.54
2.90
13.23
13.50
7.50
6.65
13.76
14.26
5.58
5.58

Total
2167 motors
mean

std

-47.35
-30.21
-12.27
-12.27
9.68
-6.78
-1.22
0.15
-1.21
-0.62
-5.37
-2.92
-2.51
-0.55
2.33
1.21
2.03
2.42

34.48
26.67
30.50
30.50
32.59
26.96
3.84
2.34
2.24
1.72
15.39
10.72
5.03
3.81
10.26
10.21
5.73
5.70

Total
2167 motors
mean
-47.36
-30.21
-12.27
-12.27
9.68
-6.78
-1.22
0.15
-1.20
-0.62
-5.37
-2.92
-2.51
-0.55
2.33
1.21
2.03
2.42

std
34.48
26.67
30.50
30.50
32.59
26.96
3.84
2.34
2.24
1.72
15.39
10.72
5.03
3.81
10.26
10.21
5.73
5.70

C. Full-load point
It is the point where motors are designed to work in steady
state. At this point, the manufacturer provides: TFL, nFL, IFL,
PFL, FL, cos FL.
In this case, the point of the torque-speed characteristic that
determines a smaller square error with respect to the full-load
operating point, eFL, was searched following the expression
(23).

eFL = eT,2 FL + en,2 FL

(23)

Where eT,FL and en,FL are the torque and speed errors at the
full-load point respectivily. All errors are represented in

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Fig. 12.
Once the algorithm determines the minimum square error
fixed, the errors calculated are: torque, speed, current, power,
power factor and efficiency.

the contrary, just the opposite performance was expected for

the double-cage model. Finally, the results show that the errors
behavior is very similar for all values of the ratio TST/TM.
X. CONCLUSION

IX. DISCUSSION
Each of the calculate error for the 2167 induction motors
are shown in Table I for results organized by full-load power,
and in Table II for results organized by the ratio TST/TM.
In this work, the analysis of errors has been divided
considering four different aspects: operating point,
mathematical model, full-load power, ratio TST/TM.

A. Operating point
Large errors are observed in the start and maximum torque
points for all cases. However, the errors in the full-load point
are small, except sometimes, when the motor has a fractional
full-load power.
The speed for the maximum torque point is not provided by
the manufacturers (only the torque). For this reason, it is not
possible to know the real torque-speed characteristic between
the maximum torque point and the full-load point, and it is not
possible to know the limits of the zone around the full-load
point where the simulated torque-speed characteristics are
close to the real characteristic. Nevertheless, the simulated
torque-speed characteristics of the eight motors selected from
the set of section VII (Fig. 3 to Fig. 10), show a very similar
performance between the single- and double-cage models
around the full-load point. However, it is not possible to
define this zone without having additional information about
the motor, but the simulated torque-speed characteristics looks
like a good adjustment between a synchronous speed point and
a theoretical middle point between the maximum torque given
by the manufacturer and the full-load torque.
B. Mathematical model
In general, the double-cage model presents lower error
compared to the single-cage model. Differences are smaller in
the full-load point.
C. Full-load power
Most of the errors, for the fractional full-load power, are
large when using motors with PFL > 1 kW. However, the
errors behavior when the full-load power is analyzed is not the
same for the different kind of magnitudes: torque, current,
efficiency, etc.
D. Torque Ratio TST/TM
Initially, Table II was made to see whether TST/TM is a good
ratio to make a classification for the errors. The expectation
was that the single-cage model provides large errors when
TST/TM are high, and small errors when TST/TM are small. On

The parameters for 2167 induction motors are directly

calculated using the Pedra technique, for single- and doublecage models. In order to determine if this technique is correct,
different kind of errors are calculated in the three operating
points given by the manufacturer. The most important
conclusion is that the errors are small in the full-load point, for
both single- and double-cage models, showing best results for
the double-cage model. The errors in the start and maximum
torque points are large.
This technique, for both models, can be used only when the
motor is working around the full-load point, for example,
when the motor has some disturbances in its electric supply:
voltage sags, unbalance voltage, etc.

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