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Summary:
1. A Simple Rotating Loop between Curved Pole Faces
The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
Getting
Getting DC voltage out of the Rotating Loop
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
2. Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction
L di/dt Voltages
Solutions to the Problems with Commutation
3. The Internal Generated Voltage and Induced Torque
Equations of Real DC Machine
4. The Construction of DC Machine
5 Power Flow and Losses in DC Machines
5.
DcmotorAnimation
Magneticinductioninawiremovinginafield.
Righthand
Right
handruleformagneticinduction.
rule for magnetic induction.
xxx
x
yyy
y
DCgeneratorwithcommutator andbrushes.
bc
ad
cb
da
DCgeneratorwithfieldcontrol.
10
DC generator fourpole
DCgeneratorfour
polefield.
field.
11
12
Coilandoutputwaveformsforatwowinding
rotor.
13
154
15
4MotorActionandtheDCMotor
Motor Action and the DC Motor
F=BLI
F=theresultingmechanicalforceinnewtons(N)
B=thefluxdensityinteslas(T)
L=theeffectivelengthofthewire(meters)inthefieldmultipliedby
the number of turns
thenumberofturns
I=thecurrentintheconductorinamperes(A)
Ia(start) =thearmaturestartingcurrentinamperes(A)
= the armature starting current in amperes (A)
Vt =theappliedvoltageinvolts(V)
Vb =thebrushdropinvolts(V)
Ra =thearmatureresistanceinohms()
the armature resistance in ohms ()
Ia =(Vt Vb Vcemf)/Ra
Vcemf =theinducedcounteremfinthearmaturewindingsinvolts(V).
14
Forceonacurrentcarryingwireina
magneticfield.
i fi ld
15
Fluxcompressionandresultingforce.
16
Simple dc motor.
Simpledcmotor.
17
DCmotorwithelectromagneticfield.
18
Segments
b
Mica
Bruches
DCMachines Construction
20
Rotorwithseveralrotorcoilsand
commutatorsegments.
21
DC Machines Construction
DCMachines
BadariahBais
KKKF163IntroductiontoEESemII
2006/07
22
b
a
DCgeneratorwithcommutator andbrushes.
Q v = r
TheAreaUnderpolefaces
AP = rl
rl =
AP
In general
general, the voltage in any real machine will
depend on the same 3 factors:
the flux in the machine
The speed of rotation
A constant representing the
construction of the machine.
ind = 2 rilB
ilB
The Area Under pole faces
TheAreaUnderpolefaces
AP = rl
rl =
AP
thetorqueexpressioncanbereducedto:
ind = i
ind = i
Elementsofanarmaturewindings
g
Lapwinding
Wavewinding
E d f th
Endsofthecoilsareconnectedtothecommutator
il
t d t th
t t bars
b
InDCmachinesmostofthecoilsarefullpitch.
Elementsofanarmaturewindings
Lap winding
Lapwinding
Commutatorbar
Onecoilbetweenadjacentcommutator bars
1/poftotalcoilsareconnectedinseries
No.ofpoles
No of poles no.
no ofbrushes
of brushes no.ofparallelpaths
no of parallel paths
Elementsofanarmaturewindings
g
Elementsofanarmaturewindings
Wavewinding
p/2coilsinseriesbetweenadjacentcommutator
/2 il i
i b
dj
b
bars
ofallcoilsbetweenbrushes
Regardlessofno.ofpoles,therearealways2parallelpath
Thedistancebetweenendcoils(commutator
(
pitch)) is2(C1)/p
p
(
)/p
whereCistheno.ofcommutator bars
Elementsofanarmaturewindings
g
Theripplecanbefurtherreducedbytheuseofa
e pp e ca be u t e educed by t e use o a
cylindricalironcoreandbyshapingthepole
pieces
thisproducesan
approximately
uniform field in the
uniformfieldinthe
narrowairgap
thearrangement
ofcoilsandcore
f il
d
isknownasthe
armature
Afour
A fourpole
poleDCgenerator
DC generator
Rotorwithseveralrotorcoilsand
commutator segments.
44
TheInternalGeneratedVoltageandInducedTorqueEquationsof
RealDCMachine
Thevoltageinanysingleconductorunderthepolefaceswaspreviously
shown to be
showntobe
ZvBl
a
WhereZisthetotalnumberofconductorsandaisthenumberofcurrentpaths.
Q v = r
A 2rl
AP = =
P
P
ZP
K=
2a
ZrBl
EA =
a
Ia
ArmatureReaction
C
If
m
x
If
Ia
ArmatureReaction
C
If
x
x
If
Ia
ArmatureReaction
C
If
m
x
If
Ia
TheInternalGeneratedTorqueEquationsofRealDCMachine
Theforceinanysingleconductorunderthepolefaces:
y g
p
Tind =
ZI a Blr
a
WhereZisthetotalnumberofconductorsandaisthenumberofcurrentpaths.
A 2rl
AP = =
P
P
ZP
=
I a = KI a
2a
ZP
K=
2a
Tind
P ZI a
=
2 a
PZ
=
I a
2a
Classification Of DC Machines
DC Generator
Self Excited
(b)
((c))
Long shunt
Short shunt
Load
L
(a)
Compound Field
Load
L
Shunt Field
Loaad
Series Field
Load
d
Load
Separetly Excited
(d)
DC Mortor
Separetly Excited
Self Excited
Series Field
Shunt Field
Compound Field
Long shunt
Short shunt
(a)
(b)
( )
(c)
(d)
P Z ZP
EA =
=
= K
2 a
2a
the torque induced is
thetorqueinducedis
Tind
ZP
=
I a = KI a
2a
TheMagnetizationCurveofaDCMachine
SeparatelyExcitedandShuntDCMotors
VT = EA + IARA
E = K em
V = E + I a Ra
V = K em + I a Ra
V
Ra
m =
Ia
K e K e
T = K e I a
T
Ia =
K e
Ra
V
m =
Tind
2
K e (K e )
NonlinearAnalysisofaShuntDCMotor
The total mmf in a shunt dc motor is the field circuit mmf less the mmf due to
armature
t
reaction
ti (AR):
(AR)
I F*
FAR
= IF
NF
EA
n
=
E A0 n0
Example9.2
A 50HP, 250V, 1200r/min DC shunt motor without compensating windings
has an armature resistance (including the brushes and interpoles) of 0.06
0 06
. Its field circuit has a total resistance R-adj -+ R-F- of 50 , which produces
a no-load speed of 1200r/min. There are 1200 turns per pole on the shunt field
winding, and the armature reaction produces a demagnetising magnetomotive
force of 840 A turns at a load current of 200A. The magnetization curve of this
machine is shown below:
VT
Ia = I L I F = I L
RF
250
I a = 200
= 195A
50
IF=VT/RF
EA(=Kw),
I A = T R A
A
Figureaboveshowsashuntdcmotorwithaninternalresistanceof
0.25.Itiscurrentlyoperatingwithaterminalvoltageof250Vandan
internal generated voltage of 245V Therefore the armature current
internalgeneratedvoltageof245V.Therefore,thearmaturecurrent
flowisIA =(250V245V)/0.25=20A.
Whathappensinthismotorifthereisa1%decreaseinflux?Iftheflux
decreaseby1%,thenEAmustdecreaseby1%too,becauseEA=Kfw.
Therefore,EAwilldropto:
EA2 =0.99EA1
EA2
0.99 EA1 =0.99(245)
0.99 (245) =242.55V
242.55V
The armature current must then rise to
IA = (250-242.55)/0.25 = 29.8 A
Thus a 1% decrease in flux produced a 49% increase in armature current
Thus,
current.
So, to get back to the original discussion, the increase in current predominates over
the decrease in flux. so, ind>load , the motor speeds up.
However, as the motor speeds up, EA rises, causing IA to fall. Thus, induced
torque ind drops too, and finally ind equals load at a higher steady-sate speed than
originally.
),
Th Effect
The
Eff t off an Open
O
Field
Fi ld Circuit
Ci
it
This method involves changing the voltage applied to the armature of the motor
without
ith t changing
h
i th
the voltage
lt
applied
li d to
t the
th fi
field.
ld
If the voltage VA is increased, then the IA must rise [ IA = (VA -EA)/RA]. As IA
increases the induced torque ind =K increases,
increases,
increases making ind > load , and the
speed of the motor increases.
But, as the speed increases,
But
increases the EA ((=K)
K) increases
increases, causing the armature
current to decrease. This decrease in IA decreases the induced torque, causing ind =
load at a higher rotational speed.
Theinsertionofaresistorisavery
wastefulmethodofspeedcontrol,
sincethelossesintheinserted
i
th l
i th i
t d
resistorareverylarge.Forthis
reason,itisrarelyused.
Example9.3
Figure above shows a 100hp, 250 V, 1200 r/min shunt dc motor with an armature
resistance of 0.03 ohms and a field resistance of 41.67 ohms. The motor has
compensating
ti windings,
i di
so armature
t
reaction
ti can b
be iignored.
d M
Mechanical
h i l and
d core
losses may be assumed to be negligible for the purposes of this problem. The motor is
assumed to be driving a load with a line current of 126A and an initial speed of 1103
r/min. To simplify the problem, assume that the amount of armature current drawn by
the motor remains constant.
(a) If the machines magnetization curve is as in Example 9.2, what is the motors speed
if the field resistance is raised to 50 ohms?
Example 9.4
The motor in Example 9.3 is now connected separately excited as shown below.
The motor is initially running with V-A- = 250V, I-A- = 120A, and n= 1103 r/min,
while supplying a constant-torque load. What will the speed of this motor be if
V-A- is reduced to 200V?
TheSeriesDCMotor
A series DC motor is a dc motor whose field windings consist of
relatively
l ti l few
f
turns
t
connected
t d in
i series
i with
ith th
the armature
t
circuit.
i it
= EA + IA (RA + RS)
ind = K = cIA2
=cIA
SeriesDCMotor
E = K e K f I am
V = E + I a Ra
= K f Ia
T = K e I a
T = KeK
2
f Ia
V = K e K f I am + I a Ra
T
V
Ra
I
=
a
m =
K
K
e
f
Ke K f I a Ke K f
V
1
Ra
m =
Ke K f T Ke K f
. TheCompoundedDCMotor
A compounded dc motor is a motor with both a shunt and a series
fi ld Thi
field.
This is
i shown
h
b
below:
l
VT = EA + IA (RA + RS)
IA =IIL
IF = VT/RF
IFF =F F F
net
F
SE
AR
IF* =IF (NSE/NF)IA FAR/NF