Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
In Green Chemistry
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-metabolism-14026182
+
Molecule 1
+
Molecule 3
Molecule
Molecule
Molecule343
Molecule 2
Molecule 5
Molecule 6
Example
Boots process for ibuprofen (analgesic like
aspirin) synthesis
(1960) : 6 steps and numerous non
recyclable waste.
Green Chemistry
Reduce the impact of chemistry on the environment by preventing pollution at its source
and using fewer natural resources
1990
1998
12 principles of green
chemistry by P. Anasta
and J. Warner
2007
REACH European rules : to secure production and utilisation of chemicals
Innocuous
degradation
products
Non-toxic
substances
Atom economy
Efficient
production
Green
Chemistry
Avoid
derivatisations
Preventing
waste
Diminishing
accidents
Real time
measurement
Save energy
Renewable
feedstock
Example
Green process
Biocatalysis
"The vast number of chemical
reactions taking part in a living
cell are controlled by organic
catalysts. Life is the
orchestrated combination of
processes catalyzed by enzymes."
Human
4500 genes
1518 enzymes
1700 reactions
~ 25000 genes
~ 20000 proteins
~ 15000 enzymes
Eukaryotic cell
Amino acids
Dipeptide
Oligopeptide
Protein
Soybean protein
Enzymes at work
They cut molecular assemblies into smaller molecules
Enzymes at work
Key and lock concept
http://biosciences.dupont.com/about-us/guide-to-industrial-enzymes/
Enzymes at work
http://science.halleyhosting.com/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt8/chpt8.htm
http://culturesciences.chimie.ens.fr/dossiers-reactivite-catalyse-autresdocs-Enzymes_Laage_1.html#menu
http://www.classhelp.info/Biology/AUnit3Biochemistry.htm
Enzymes at work
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/protein-function-14123348
Enzymes production
How industrial enzymes are made? And in the lab?
http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/futurefuels/iogen/enzyme-technology/index.shtml
inactive
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/vanish/8
APPLICATIONS
Detergent, food, pharmaceutical, chemical and leather industries
are producing and/or using enzymes
In food? Vanillin
Industrial synthesis, artificial aroma
(From lignin)
https://chempics.wordpress.com/category/industrial-chemistry/
Enzymes at home?
http://www.teknoscienze.com/Articles/HPC-Today-Detergent-enzymes-ndash-from-discovery-to-product-Thepower-of.aspx#.U3eWhXJPHqM
Amylase
Cellulase
Protease
In cars? Bioethanol
CELL FACTORIES
http://total.com/en/energies-expertise/renewable-energies/biomass/projects-achievements/futurol
http://www.nature.com/nchembio/journal/v8/n6/fig_tab/nchembio.970_F1.html
Directed evolution of
existing enzymes
Directed evolution
Desired biocatalyst
??
Wild-type biocatalyst
Directed evolution
NEW GENES => NEW ENZYMES WITH NEW PROPERTIES => SCREENING
Evolution
Molecular biology
Screening
From biodivsersity
Harvest the DNA (genes) from
the environment
Databases
New enzymes
http://www.uniprot.org
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do
http://biology.unm.edu/biology/maggieww/Public_Html/ANALYSIS.HTM (list of databases)
CONCLUSION
Innocuous
degradation
products
Non-toxic
substances
Atom economy
Efficient
production
Green
Chemistry
Avoid
derivatisations
Preventing
waste
Diminishing
accidents
Real time
measurement
Save energy
Renewable
feedstock